科技英語翻譯技巧_比較全的翻譯技巧

1、Translation SkillTranslation Skill專業(yè)英語翻譯技巧Characteristics of Specialty EnglishCharacteristics of Specialty English（科技英語的特點(diǎn)）Translation SkillTranslation Skill （英語科技論文翻譯技巧）Characteristics of Language Structure ：（語言結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)）Nouns （大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)）；Passive sentences （廣泛使用被動(dòng)句）；Non-finite verbs（非限定動(dòng)詞）；Postpositiona

2、l attributives（后置定語）；Long sentences（長(zhǎng)句）。 科技英語要求行文簡(jiǎn)潔、表達(dá)客觀、內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確、信息量大，常強(qiáng)調(diào)存在的事實(shí)，而非某一行為，所以大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)。Nouns （大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)）The earth rotates on its own axis, which causes the change from day to night.The rotation of the earth on own axis causes the change from day to night. 科技文章側(cè)重?cái)⑹隆⑼评?，?qiáng)調(diào)客觀、準(zhǔn)確，因而大量采用第三人稱敘述，使用被

3、動(dòng)語態(tài)。過多使用第一、第二人稱，會(huì)造成主觀臆斷的現(xiàn)象。科技英語中的謂語至少三分之一是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Passive sentences （廣泛使用被動(dòng)句）The safety policy should be put into practice through careful planning of the safety activities. Occupational safety and health has received increasing attention due to its undeniable influence on economic development and soci

4、al stability. 由于科技文章要求書寫簡(jiǎn)練、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，因而常常使用分詞短語代替定語從句；使用分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)代替狀語從句或并列分句；使用不定式代替各種從句，“介詞+動(dòng)名詞短語”代替定語從句或狀語從句。這樣，既可縮短句子，又比較醒目。Non-finite verbs（非限定動(dòng)詞）Organizational culture is a major component affecting organizational performance and behavior.A safety policy is the management s expression of the direction

5、to be followed in the organization.The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers health and safety at work. 大量使用后置定語是科技文章的特點(diǎn)之一。常用的句子結(jié)構(gòu)形式有：介詞短語后置、形容詞及形容詞短語后置、副詞后置、定語從句后置。Postpositional attributives（后置定語）In small and medium-sized companies, the safety manager and the s

6、afety representative often have other duties besides their health and safety tasks. (介詞短語后置)The safety managers role is to act an expert who is aware of the health and safety legislation and other obligations concerning the company. (定語從句后置)The efforts necessary to assure that sufficient emphasis is

7、 placed on system safety are often organized into formal programs. (“形容詞短語+從句”后置) 為了表達(dá)一個(gè)復(fù)雜概念，使之邏輯嚴(yán)密，科技文章中常常出現(xiàn)許多長(zhǎng)句。Long Sentences （長(zhǎng)句）One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said that organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions-inv

8、ented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration-that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those

9、problems”.Translation Skill Semantic Extension （翻譯技巧 詞義引申）Nouns （詞義轉(zhuǎn)譯）；Concretizing （詞義具體化）；Abstracting（詞義抽象化）；（詞的搭配）。 詞義的引申是指在一個(gè)詞所具有的原始意義的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)一步加以引申，選擇適當(dāng)確切的目標(biāo)語詞語來表達(dá)，避免生搬硬套地逐句死譯，使譯文更加通順流暢。值得注意的是，詞義的引申不得超出原始意義所允許的范圍。詞詞 義義 轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn) 譯譯 翻譯時(shí)，如果完全生搬硬套字典所給的字面意思，“對(duì)號(hào)入座”，會(huì)使譯文生硬晦澀，含糊不清，甚至令人不知所云。因此，遇到一些無法直

10、譯的詞或詞組時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和原詞的字面意思，作適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)化。Like any precision device, the monitor of methane requires careful treatment. 譯：跟任何精密儀器一樣，瓦斯監(jiān)測(cè)儀也需要精心維護(hù)。（不譯“待遇”）The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.譯：可能影響投資開支的因素并不止這些。（不譯“不停留在這里”）Solar energy seems to offer more hope than any ot

11、her source of energy.譯：太陽能似乎比其他能源更有前途。（不譯“提供更多希望”）Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend.譯：不管你對(duì)它的態(tài)度如何，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化已成為我們生活的一部分，這個(gè)趨勢(shì)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。（不譯“呆在這里”）Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years service.譯：我們的產(chǎn)品如果適當(dāng)?shù)囟ㄆ?/p>

12、檢修，至少可以使用20年。 （不譯“看見20年的服務(wù)”）International business as a field of management training deals with the special features of business activities that cross national boundaries.譯：作為管理訓(xùn)練一個(gè)領(lǐng)域的國際商務(wù)具有跨國商務(wù)活動(dòng)的專門特征。（不譯“安排，處理，涉及，做生意”）詞義的具體化詞義的具體化 英語中常用代表抽象意義的詞表示一種具體事物，譯成漢語時(shí)一般須作具體化的引申，否則意義會(huì)不明朗。因此，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，把文中

13、抽象籠統(tǒng)的詞語引申為意義明確具體的詞語。The purpose of a driller is to holes.譯：鉆機(jī)的功能是鉆孔。（不譯“洞”）There is more to their life than political and social and economic problem, more than transient everydayness.譯：他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的、社會(huì)的和經(jīng)濟(jì)的問題，遠(yuǎn)不止一時(shí)的柴米油鹽問題。（不譯“日常性”）The factory is famous for its arsenal of technical geniuses.譯：這家工廠以擁

14、有眾多技術(shù)精英而著稱。（不譯“軍火庫”）A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes.譯：普通車床是用單刃刀具來車螺紋的。（不譯“切、砍”）Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market 譯：許多人要求建立阿拉伯共同市場(chǎng)。（不譯“許多聲音”）詞義的抽象化詞義的抽象化 翻譯時(shí)把原文中詞義較具體的詞引申為詞義較抽象的詞，或把詞義較形象的詞引申為詞義較一般的詞。The major contributor

15、s in component technology have been the semi-conductor components.譯：元件技術(shù)中起主要作用的是半導(dǎo)體元件。（不譯”主要貢獻(xiàn)者“）The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent.譯：利率一直在10到15之間不斷波動(dòng)。（不譯“蹺蹺板一上一下的交替擺動(dòng)” ）There were times when emigration bottleneck was extremely rigid and nobody was allowed to leave the count

16、ry out of his personal preference.譯：過去有過這種情況：移民限制極為嚴(yán)格，不允許任何人出于個(gè)人考慮而遷居他國。（bottleneck不譯“瓶頸”或“（交通）狹口”，preference不譯“偏愛” ）There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.譯：我們要完全掌握集成電路，還必須經(jīng)過三個(gè)階段。（不譯”畢業(yè)于“）詞的搭配詞的搭配 翻譯時(shí)遇到動(dòng)詞、形容詞與名詞搭配時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)漢語的搭配習(xí)慣，而不應(yīng)受原文字面意義的束

17、縛。The iron ore used to make steel comes from open-pit and underground mines.譯：煉鋼用的鐵礦石來自露天開采的礦山和地下礦井。（不譯“制造剛”）An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes.譯：絕緣體對(duì)電流通過有很大阻力。（不譯“高阻力”）The translation of poetry，especially into poetry，presents very special d

18、ifficulties，and the better the original poem，the harder the translators task 譯：譯詩，特別是以詩譯詩，有十分特殊的困難。原詩越是精彩，譯者的任務(wù)就越艱巨。 （不譯“說明”、“出面”、“提出”等）So he（the swallow）flew round and round her，touching the water with his wings，and making silver ripples 譯：他便在她身邊不停地飛來飛去，用他的翅膀點(diǎn)水，激起許多銀色的連猗。(touch不譯“觸摸”、“觸及”，make不譯“制造

19、”、“做出”、“使”)Translation Skill Semantic Extension （翻譯技巧 詞量增減）Nouns （詞量增加）；Concretizing （詞量減少）。 詞量增減是指在英譯漢時(shí)，根據(jù)漢語的習(xí)慣，在譯文中增加一些原文中無其形而有其意的詞，或減去原文中某些在譯文中屬于多于的詞。詞量增加詞量增加Mater can be changed into energy, and energy into mater.譯：物質(zhì)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為能，能也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)。（增補(bǔ)英語中省略的詞）The best conductor has the least resistance and the

20、 poorest has the greatest.譯：最好的導(dǎo)體電阻最小，最差的導(dǎo)體電阻最大（增補(bǔ)英語中省略的詞）If A is equal to D, A plus B equals D plus B.譯：若A=D，則A+B=D+B（增加關(guān)聯(lián)詞）The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes and other components, and this made the equipment very large and bulky.譯：第一代電子計(jì)算機(jī)使用真空管和其他元件，這使得設(shè)備又大又笨。（增加表示復(fù)數(shù)的詞）Oxidation will

21、 make iron and steel rusty.譯：氧化作用會(huì)使鋼鐵生銹。（增加具有動(dòng)作意義的抽象名詞）The cost of such a power plant is a relatively small portion of the total cost of the development.譯：這樣一個(gè)發(fā)電站的修建費(fèi)用僅占該開發(fā)工程總費(fèi)用的一小部分。（增加具有動(dòng)作意義的抽象名詞）The resistance of the pipe to the flow of water through it depends upon the length of the pipe, the di

22、ameter of the pipe, and the feature of the inside walls (rough or smooth).譯：水管對(duì)通過的水流的阻力取決于下列三個(gè)因素：管道長(zhǎng)度、管道直徑、管道內(nèi)壁的特性（粗糙或光滑）。（補(bǔ)充概括性的詞）Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere, generating winds.譯：太陽發(fā)出的熱能攪動(dòng)大氣，于是產(chǎn)生了風(fēng)。（修辭加詞，語氣連貫）In general, all the metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copp

23、er the second.譯：一般來說，金屬都是良導(dǎo)體，其中以銀為最好，銅次之。（修辭加詞，語氣連貫）詞量減少詞量減少The world of work injury insurance is complex.譯：工傷保險(xiǎn)是復(fù)雜的。（名詞省譯）A wire lengthens while it is heated.譯：金屬絲受熱則伸長(zhǎng)。（代詞省譯）Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength.譯：不銹鋼硬度大、強(qiáng)度高。（動(dòng)詞省譯）Practically all substances expand when heated an

24、d contract when cooled.譯：幾乎所有的物質(zhì)都是熱脹冷縮的。（連詞省譯）Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas.譯：任何物質(zhì)，不論是固體、液體或氣體，都是由原子組成的。（冠詞省譯）In the absence of force, a body will either remain at rest, or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line. 譯：無外力作用，物體則保持靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)，或作勻速直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。

25、（介詞省譯）Translation Skill Word Conversion （翻譯技巧 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換） 轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動(dòng)詞；轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動(dòng)詞； 轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞；轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞； 轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語形容詞；轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語形容詞； 轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語副詞。轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語副詞。 由于英漢兩種語言屬于不同的語系，所以它們?cè)谡Z言結(jié)構(gòu)與表達(dá)形式方面各有特點(diǎn)。要使譯文既忠實(shí)于原意，又順暢可讀，就不能局限于逐詞對(duì)等，必須采用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~性轉(zhuǎn)換。轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語動(dòng)詞A change of state from a solid to a liquid form requires heat energy.譯：從固態(tài)變?yōu)橐簯B(tài)需要熱能。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)

26、譯成動(dòng)詞）The term laser stands for amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.譯：“激光”這個(gè)術(shù)語指的是利用輻射的受激發(fā)射放大光波。（介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞）Both of the substances are not soluble in water.譯：這兩種物質(zhì)都不溶于水。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞）In this case the temperature in furnace is up.譯：在這種情況下，爐溫就升高。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞）轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞Such materials are characte

27、rized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.譯：這些材料的特點(diǎn)是：絕緣性好，耐磨性強(qiáng)。（動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞）The result of this experiment is much better than those of previous ones.譯：這次實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果比前幾次的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果都好得多。（代詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞）All structural materials behave plastically above their elastic range.譯：超過彈性極限時(shí)，一切結(jié)構(gòu)材料都會(huì)顯示出塑性。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞）某些表示事物特征的

28、形容詞做表語時(shí)可將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞，其后往往加上“性” 、“度” 、“體”等。帶有定冠詞的某些形容詞用作名詞，應(yīng)譯成名詞。The cutting tool must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant.譯：刀具必須具有足夠的強(qiáng)度、硬度、韌性和耐磨性。Both the compounds are acids, the former is strong, the latter is weak.譯：這兩種化合物都是酸，前者是強(qiáng)酸，后者是弱酸轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語形容詞This experiment was a success. 譯：這個(gè)試驗(yàn)是成功的。

29、（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞）This man-machine system is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation and the ease with which it can be maintained.譯：這種人機(jī)系統(tǒng)的主要特點(diǎn)是操作簡(jiǎn)單，容易維修。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞）It is demonstrated that dust is extremely hazardous.譯：已經(jīng)證實(shí)，粉塵具有極大的危害。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞） The equations below are derived from those above.譯：

30、下面的方程式是由上面的那些方程式推導(dǎo)出來的。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞）轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語副詞The mechanical automatization makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.譯：機(jī)械自動(dòng)化可以大大地提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞） A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.譯：直升飛機(jī)幾乎可以自由地飛到任何地方去。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞）Rapid evaporation at the heating surface tends to make the steam wet.

31、譯：加熱面上的迅速蒸發(fā)，往往使蒸汽的濕度變大。Translation Skill Semantic Extension （翻譯技巧 句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換）謂語、表語、賓語、狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語；主語、定語、表語、狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語；主語、狀語、賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語；定語、謂語、主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語；主語、狀語、謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語；主語、賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成表語。 句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換是指詞類不變而成分改變的譯法。通過改變?cè)闹心承┚渥映煞?，以達(dá)到譯文邏輯正確、通順流暢、重點(diǎn)突出等目的。謂語、表語、賓語、狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語謂語、表語、賓語、狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語Gases differ from liquids in that the former have

32、 greater compressibility than the latter.譯：氣體和固體的區(qū)別，在于前者比后者有更大的壓縮性。（謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語）Rubber is a better dielectric but a poorer insulator than air.譯：橡膠的介電性比空氣好，但絕緣性比空氣差。（表語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語）Water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic foot.譯：水的密度是每立方英尺62.4磅。（賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語） Aluminum is very light in weight, being only one thir

33、d as heavy as iron.譯：鋁的重量很輕，只有鐵的1/3.（狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語） The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world.譯：全世界都使用同樣的數(shù)學(xué)記號(hào)和符號(hào)。（狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語主語、定語、表語、狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語主語、定語、表語、狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語The prevention of many types of occupational diseases isdistinctly within the realm of possibility.譯：許多職業(yè)病顯然可以預(yù)防。（主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語）A

34、 semiconductor has a poor conductivity at room temperature, but it may become a good conductor at high temperature.譯：在室溫下，半導(dǎo)體導(dǎo)電率差，但在高溫下，它可能成為良導(dǎo)體。（定語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語） The wide applications of computers affect tremendously the development of science and technology.譯：計(jì)算機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用，對(duì)科學(xué)技術(shù)的影響極大。（狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語）Also present in s

35、olids are numbers of free electrons.譯：固體中也存在著大量的自由電子。（表語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語）主語、狀語、賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語主語、狀語、賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語CMOS chips in the computer work a thousand times more rapidly than nerve cells in the human brain.譯：電腦芯片的工作比人類大腦中的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞要快1000倍。（主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語） In Britain the first stand-by gas-turbine electricity generator was in opera

36、tion in Manchester in 1952.譯：英國的第一臺(tái)輔助燃?xì)獍l(fā)電機(jī)于1952年在曼徹斯特開始運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。（狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語） By 1914 Einstein had gained world fame.譯：1914年愛因斯坦已成了著名的科學(xué)家。（賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語）定語、謂語、主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語定語、謂語、主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語After more experiments, Galileo succeeded in making a much better telescope.譯：又做了一些實(shí)驗(yàn)之后，伽利略成功地制造了一架好得多的望遠(yuǎn)鏡。（謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語） The result of its re

37、volutionary design is that the engine is much smaller, works more smoothly, and has fewer moving parts.譯：由于他在設(shè)計(jì)上的革新，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)變得小多了，工作得更平穩(wěn)了，活動(dòng)部件也少了。（主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語）It was an amazing piece of scientific clairvoyance, comparable perhaps to Charles Babbages anticipation of the principle of the computer.譯：這個(gè)理論在科學(xué)上充滿了

38、元件卓識(shí)，也許可以跟巴貝奇的計(jì)算機(jī)原理相提并論。（定語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語）主語、狀語、謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語主語、狀語、謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator.譯：利用發(fā)電機(jī)可以把機(jī)械能重新轉(zhuǎn)變成電能。（主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語） Television has been successfully sent by laser, too.譯：用激光發(fā)射電視也獲得了成功。（狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語） The sun affects tremendously both the mind

39、and body of a man. 譯：太陽對(duì)人的身體和精神都有極大的影響。（謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語）主語、賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成表語主語、賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成表語A great contribution of Edison was the carbon microphone.譯：炭精傳聲器是愛迪生的一大貢獻(xiàn)。（主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成表語） The production had considerable difficulty getting patent protection if it had no patent right.譯：如果產(chǎn)品沒有專利權(quán)，要獲得專利保護(hù)是相當(dāng)困難的。（賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成表語） 由此看來，句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)譯顯得變化萬

40、千，由此看來，句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)譯顯得變化萬千，異彩紛呈，難于窮究，幾乎所有的句子成分都可異彩紛呈，難于窮究，幾乎所有的句子成分都可以互相轉(zhuǎn)譯。進(jìn)行成分轉(zhuǎn)譯的目的是為了使譯文以互相轉(zhuǎn)譯。進(jìn)行成分轉(zhuǎn)譯的目的是為了使譯文通順，合乎漢語習(xí)慣和更好地跟上下文響應(yīng)。通順，合乎漢語習(xí)慣和更好地跟上下文響應(yīng)。Translation Skill Semantic Extension （翻譯技巧 常見多功能詞的譯法）as的譯法；it的譯法；that的譯法；what的譯法。 多功能詞as as，it it，thatthat，whatwhat在科技文章中廣泛使用，出現(xiàn)頻率很高，有必要提出來重點(diǎn)討論。as as的譯法的譯法

41、 as 作為介詞可引出主語補(bǔ)足語、賓語補(bǔ)足作為介詞可引出主語補(bǔ)足語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語、同位語等，可譯為語、狀語、同位語等，可譯為“作為作為”、“為為”、“以以”、“是是”、“當(dāng)作當(dāng)作”等。等。1.as 作為介詞的譯法Fire protection engineers define the term explosion as an “effect” produced by a sudden violent expansion of gases. 譯：消防工程師把爆炸定義為氣體瞬時(shí)劇烈膨脹的效應(yīng)。We take steel as the leading engineering 譯：我們把鋼作為主要

42、的工程材料。 as 作為關(guān)系代詞可以單獨(dú)使用，也可以與作為關(guān)系代詞可以單獨(dú)使用，也可以與suchsuch，the samethe same等詞搭配使用，引導(dǎo)定語從句。等詞搭配使用，引導(dǎo)定語從句。2.as 作為關(guān)系代詞的譯法 as單獨(dú)使用，引導(dǎo)定語從句或省略定語從句時(shí)，可譯為“正如”或“這”、“這樣”等，有時(shí)as可略去不譯。As known to us, inertia is an absolute quality possessed by all bodies. 譯：正如我們所知，慣性是所有物體都具有的一種絕對(duì)屬性。As have been found there are more than

43、a hundred elements. 譯：已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，元素有一百多種。（略去不譯） suchas，such as引出的定語從句，可譯為“像這（那）樣的”、“那樣（中）的”、“像之類的”等。Fire deals with such ideas as substance, temperature, explosion and combustion. 譯：火災(zāi)涉及到諸如物質(zhì)、溫度、爆炸和燃燒之類的概念。 the sameas，the same as引出的定語從句，可譯為“和一樣”、“與相同”、“和相等”等。The weight of an object on the moon is not the

44、same as its weight on the earth. 譯：某一物體在月球上的重量與該物體在地球上的重量不一樣。 as 作為關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的譯法，與作為關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的譯法，與作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的譯法基本相同。作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句的譯法基本相同。3.as 作為關(guān)系副詞的譯法A vector multiplied by a scalar quantity is a vector in the same direction as the original vector. 譯：乘以標(biāo)量的矢量是一個(gè)與原矢量同向的矢量。 as 作為連詞，可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間、原因、比較、作為連詞，

45、可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間、原因、比較、讓步等狀語從句。不同的狀語從句中的讓步等狀語從句。不同的狀語從句中的asas有有不同的譯法，分述于后。不同的譯法，分述于后。4.as 作為連詞的譯法 as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，可譯為“（當(dāng)）時(shí)” 、“隨著”等。the force of gravitational attraction between two bodies decrease as the distance between them increases. 譯：兩物體之間的引力隨著兩物體之間的距離增大而減小。 as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，可譯為“由于”、 “因?yàn)樗浴钡?。As liquids and gases flo

46、w, they are called fluids. 譯：由于液體和氣體能流動(dòng)，因此成為流體。 as引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句時(shí)， as+形容詞或副詞+as可譯為“與一樣（同樣）”、“又又”；not so+形容詞或副詞可譯為 “不如（沒有）（那樣）”； as long as可譯為“多久.多久”。The wheel turns as fast as stable. 譯：這只輪子轉(zhuǎn)得又快又穩(wěn)。The development stage lasts as long as it needs to.譯：研制階段需要持續(xù)多久，就持續(xù)多久。 as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句， 可譯為“雖然”、“盡管”。Complicated a

47、s the problem is, it can be worked out in a few minutes by a computer. 譯：盡管那個(gè)問題很復(fù)雜，計(jì)算機(jī)能在幾分鐘內(nèi)將它解出。 as引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句， 可譯為“正如一樣”、“像那樣”、“正如”等。Friction, as the term is understood in mechanics, is the resistance to relative motion between two bodies in contact. 譯：正如大家在力學(xué)中所知，摩擦就是兩個(gè)相接觸的物體產(chǎn)生相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的阻力。it it的譯法的譯法 it

48、用作無人稱主語，表示天氣、時(shí)間、距用作無人稱主語，表示天氣、時(shí)間、距離等；或用作先行主語、先行賓語，可略去離等；或用作先行主語、先行賓語，可略去不譯。不譯。1.it 的省略We found it necessary to use modern composite materials for tall buildings.譯：我們認(rèn)為，采用現(xiàn)代復(fù)合材料建造高層建筑是必要的。 無在這種句型上，無在這種句型上，itit本身無詞匯意義，但本身無詞匯意義，但在被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分的前面加譯在被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分的前面加譯“是是”、“正是正是”、“只有只有”等字。等字。2.it 引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的譯法It is to reduc

49、e accidents that safety valves are designed.譯：正是為了減少事故，才設(shè)計(jì)了安全閥。3.it 作為人稱代詞的譯法 it代替上文所提及的事物，一般可譯成“它”。A new science, safety behavior, has emerged, and it is very closely allied to management and psychology. 譯：出現(xiàn)了一門新興學(xué)科安全行為科學(xué)，它與心理學(xué)和管理學(xué)關(guān)系密切。 英語中的多數(shù)狀語從句可位于主句之前或之后，因此指代的某一事物在主句中可用名詞也可用代詞；但漢語中的狀語從句一般位于主句之前，

50、而指代某一事物總是先出現(xiàn)名詞后使用代詞?；谏鲜銮闆r，it往往譯成所代替的名詞。The light is slowed down as it goes through the lens. 譯：當(dāng)光線穿入透鏡時(shí)，速度就減慢下來。 it往代替上文所提及的某件事或上面的整個(gè)句子時(shí)，可譯成“這”、“這一點(diǎn)”。Is a structure safe when loaded? It is a problem to be studied. 譯：結(jié)構(gòu)受載后還安全嗎？這是一個(gè)需要研究的問題。thatthat的譯法的譯法1.that作為限定詞，可譯成“那”、“該”等Up to thatthat time wood

51、 and stone were still the main building materials. 譯：直到那那時(shí)，木材和石頭仍是主要建筑材料。2.that作為指示代詞的譯法 that代表前面的句子時(shí)，可譯成“這”。Plastics are light and strong and do not rust at all. That That is why they find such wide uses in industry. 譯：塑料既輕又牢，毫不生銹。這就是塑料在工業(yè)上如此廣泛應(yīng)用的原因。 that代替前面的某一名詞時(shí)，翻譯時(shí)往往重復(fù)所代替的名詞。Mid steel has a hig

52、h tensile strength, this being 200 times that that of concrete.譯：低碳鋼具有很高的抗拉強(qiáng)度，大約是混凝土的抗拉強(qiáng)度200倍。 that作為關(guān)系代詞，引出定語從句；定語從作為關(guān)系代詞，引出定語從句；定語從句可以合譯也可分譯，句可以合譯也可分譯，that的處理方法也隨之的處理方法也隨之而異。而異。3.that作為關(guān)系代詞的譯法 合譯時(shí)that不譯，在定語從句之末添“的”字。Powder is the rate thatthat mechanical move is performed at. 譯：功率是作機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)的的速率。 分譯時(shí)，t

53、hat有兩種譯法：a）重復(fù)所代替的名詞；b）譯成“它”。Matter is composed of molecules thatthat are composed of atoms. 譯：物質(zhì)由分子組成，而分子分子由原子組成。An element is a simple substance that that cannot be broken up into anything simpler.譯：元素是一種單質(zhì)，它它不能再分成任何更簡(jiǎn)單的物質(zhì)。4.that作為連詞引出同位語從句的譯法 同位語從句與主句分譯，that譯成“即”。Energy takes many forms, but all t

54、hese forms can be reduced to the statement that that energy is the capacity to do work. 譯：能量具有很多形式，但所有這些形式都可以歸納為這樣一句話，即即能量是做功的能力。 同位語從句與主句合譯，that譯成“這一”。The idea that that energy is conserved is the first law of thermodynamics.譯：能量守恒這這一概念是熱力學(xué)第一定律。 在主句與同位語從句之間加冒號(hào)，that略去不譯。In 1905 Einstein worked out a

55、 theory that that matter and energy were not completely different things. 譯：1905年，愛因斯坦提出了一個(gè)理論：物質(zhì)物質(zhì)和能量并非完全不同的東西。5.that引出表語從句時(shí)，一般略去不譯;如表語從句較長(zhǎng)，可在主句之間增加冒號(hào)，或增加“在于”。One of the advantages of concrete is that that it can be easily shaped into any desired form. 譯：混凝土的優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一是它易于制成所需的任何形狀。（略去不譯）The law of electr

56、ic current is thatthat an electric current varies directly as the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. 譯：電流定律就是：電流與電壓成正比，與電阻成反比。6.that引出主語從句、賓語從句；在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時(shí)，一律略去不譯；有時(shí)在賓語從句前加上逗號(hào)。It is generally believed that that oil is derived from marine plant and animal life. 譯：通常認(rèn)為石油來源于海生動(dòng)植物。（引出主語從句）

57、7.that作為連詞引出結(jié)果狀語從句和目的狀語從句；前者譯成“因而”、“以致”、“從而”等，后者譯成“才”、“以便”等。The climate is very hot and dry thatthat much evaporation takes place. 譯：氣候既很炎熱又很干燥，因而因而產(chǎn)生大量的蒸發(fā)。 The parts are of enough strength that that they may not break in use. 譯：零件具有足夠的強(qiáng)度，才才不會(huì)在使用中破損。whatwhat的譯法的譯法 what作為連接代詞可譯為：“所謂”，“什么”或可根據(jù)上下文譯成名詞W

58、hatWhat is large and whatwhat is small is only relative. 譯：所謂所謂大和小只是相對(duì)的。 Hydrogen and oxygen are whatwhat make up water.譯：氫和癢是組成水的元素元素。 what作為限定詞，此時(shí)what在從句中做定語，可譯成：“什么”、“什么樣的”、“哪”等。One of the important problems to be solved is whatwhat material is most suitable for this particular.譯：需要解決的重要問題之一是：對(duì)于這

59、個(gè)特定的零件用什什么么材料最合適。 what作為關(guān)系代詞，可譯為：“所的東西”，“所的”，還可根據(jù)上下文譯成“的+名詞”，“那種+名詞”等WhatWhat is worrying the world greatly now is a possible shortage of coal, oil, natural gas, or other sources of fuel in the not too distant future. 譯:現(xiàn)在令全世界所所擔(dān)心的是，在不久的將來可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)煤、石油、天然氣或其他能源的短缺。Translation Skill Semantic Extension （翻

60、譯技巧 數(shù)詞的譯法）as.as與數(shù)詞；倍數(shù)的比較；倍數(shù)的增加；倍數(shù)的減少；分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)增減的譯法。 科技英語中大量出現(xiàn)表示數(shù)量、倍數(shù)增減的詞語，在翻譯時(shí)要特別注意英漢兩種語言表達(dá)方式的異同。asasasas的譯法的譯法 as+形容詞+as+數(shù)詞+ 動(dòng)詞+as+副詞+數(shù)詞+ as large as + 數(shù)詞 可譯成“大到（至）” as many as + 數(shù)詞 可譯成“多達(dá)” as high as + 數(shù)詞 可譯成“高達(dá)” as heavy as + 數(shù)詞 可譯成“重達(dá)” as low as + 數(shù)詞 可譯成“低到（至）”The temperature at the suns center is