IP地址和IP子網(wǎng)的規(guī)劃

1、 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)通過路由器實現(xiàn)了各個通信子網(wǎng)的互連。通互聯(lián)網(wǎng)通過路由器實現(xiàn)了各個通信子網(wǎng)的互連。通信子網(wǎng)又稱為物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)，在物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)的結(jié)點都存在一信子網(wǎng)又稱為物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)，在物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)的結(jié)點都存在一個物理地址，這是各個結(jié)點的惟一標識。在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)中，個物理地址，這是各個結(jié)點的惟一標識。在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)中，不同的物理地址連成虛擬網(wǎng)后必須有一個統(tǒng)一的地址，不同的物理地址連成虛擬網(wǎng)后必須有一個統(tǒng)一的地址，以便在整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)上有一個惟一的結(jié)點標識，這就是以便在整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)上有一個惟一的結(jié)點標識，這就是IPIP地地址（即邏輯地址）。址（即邏輯地址）。 IPIP地址對各個物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址的統(tǒng)一是通過上層軟件地址對各個物理網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址的統(tǒng)一是通過

2、上層軟件的邏輯編址進行的，這種編址沒有改變?nèi)魏挝锢淼刂?，的邏輯編址進行的，這種編址沒有改變?nèi)魏挝锢淼刂?，而是實現(xiàn)了物理地址的屏蔽，建立了一種而是實現(xiàn)了物理地址的屏蔽，建立了一種IPIP地址與物理地址與物理地址之間的映射關(guān)系。地址之間的映射關(guān)系。廠商自己分配廠商自己分配IEEE 分配分配32bitsNetwork IDHostwork ID32bits00000000=000000001=100000010=200000011=3 . .11111101=25311111110=25411111111=255128 6432168421xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xxxx 網(wǎng)絡(luò)號網(wǎng)絡(luò)號主機號主

3、機號192.168.1.3 網(wǎng)絡(luò)號網(wǎng)絡(luò)號 主機號主機號xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xxxx網(wǎng)絡(luò)號網(wǎng)絡(luò)號主機號主機號192.168.1.3 網(wǎng)絡(luò)號網(wǎng)絡(luò)號 主機號主機號NetworkHostHostHostNetwork NetworkHostHostNetwork Network NetworkHost8 bits8 bits8 bits8 bits10NNNNNNNHostHostHost8 916 1724 2532(1-126)A類類:110NNNNNNNetworkHostHost8 916 1724 2532(128-191)B類類:1110NNNNNNetworkNetworkHo

4、st8 916 17242532(192-223)C類類:11110MMMMMulticast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group8 916 17242532(224-239)D類類:111110MMM保留保留保留保留保留保留8 916 17242532(240-247)E類類:網(wǎng)絡(luò)號網(wǎng)絡(luò)號主機號主機號0 xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx網(wǎng)絡(luò)號網(wǎng)絡(luò)號主機號主機號10 xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx網(wǎng)絡(luò)號網(wǎng)絡(luò)號主機號主機號110 xxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxx

5、xxxx“有限廣播有限廣播”：網(wǎng)絡(luò)號和主機號全網(wǎng)絡(luò)號和主機號全1 ，代表本網(wǎng)絡(luò)的有限廣播代表本網(wǎng)絡(luò)的有限廣播 11111111111111111111111111111111255 . 255 . 255 . 255“本機本機”：網(wǎng)絡(luò)號和主機號全：網(wǎng)絡(luò)號和主機號全0 0，代表，代表本機本機0 . 0 . 0 . 000000000000000000000000000000000“無意義無意義”：網(wǎng)絡(luò)號全網(wǎng)絡(luò)號全1 ，無意義，無意義 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx1111111111111111255 . 255 . x . x“本網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的主機本網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的主機”：網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)號全號全0 0，代，代

6、表這是本網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的一臺主機表這是本網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的一臺主機0 . 0 . x . x0000000000000000 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx“直接廣播直接廣播”：主機號全：主機號全1 1，用于向某，用于向某個網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)送廣播個網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)送廣播x . x . 255.255xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx1111111111111111“本機或標識本網(wǎng)絡(luò)的地址本機或標識本網(wǎng)絡(luò)的地址”：以：以0 0作作為主機號，代表當前網(wǎng)絡(luò)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)號為主機號，代表當前網(wǎng)絡(luò)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)號 0000000000000000 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . x . 0.0“標識本網(wǎng)絡(luò)子網(wǎng)掩碼標識本網(wǎng)絡(luò)子網(wǎng)掩碼”：網(wǎng)絡(luò)號全網(wǎng)絡(luò)號

7、全1，主機號全主機號全0 ，代表著本網(wǎng)絡(luò)的子網(wǎng)掩碼，代表著本網(wǎng)絡(luò)的子網(wǎng)掩碼00000000 000000001111111111111111255 . 255 . 0 . 0“直接廣播直接廣播”：網(wǎng)絡(luò)號全：網(wǎng)絡(luò)號全0 0，主機號全，主機號全1 1，代表，代表本網(wǎng)絡(luò)本網(wǎng)絡(luò)的直接廣播的直接廣播0 . 0 . 255 . 2550000000000000000111111111111111110.2.1.1128.63.2.100201.222.5.64192.6.141.2130.113.64.16256.241.201.10地址 類別 網(wǎng)絡(luò) 主機A10.0.0.00.2.1.1例如：例如：10.

8、2.1.1128.63.2.100201.222.5.64192.6.141.2130.113.64.16256.241.201.10地址 類別 網(wǎng)絡(luò) 主機ABCCB錯誤的錯誤的IP10.0.0.0128.63.0.0201.222.5.0192.6.141.0130.113.0.00.2.1.10.0.2.1000.0.0.640.0.0.20.0.64.16例如：例如：192.168.18.2 11000000 10101000 00010010 00000010 255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000AND 11000000 1

9、0101000 00010010 00000000192. 168 . 18 . 0 網(wǎng)絡(luò)號網(wǎng)絡(luò)號網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò) 172.16.0.0172.16.0.0172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.3172.16.255.253 172.16.255.254網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò) 172.16.0.0172.16.1.0172.16.2.0172.16.3.0172.16.4.0128.10.1.1E1E0128.10.1.2128.10.1.3128.10.2.1128.10.2.2128.10.2.3Internet到128.10.0.0/24的分組16網(wǎng)絡(luò)位網(wǎng)絡(luò)位主機位主機位1720010

10、1011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000000000000000000010100000000000000000000000000010172.16.2.160 255.255.0.0網(wǎng)絡(luò)號網(wǎng)絡(luò)號擴展了擴展了8位地址的網(wǎng)絡(luò)位地址的網(wǎng)絡(luò)16網(wǎng)絡(luò)位網(wǎng)絡(luò)位主機位主機位172.16.2.160 255.255.255.01722101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000000000000000000000000010子網(wǎng)位子網(wǎng)位網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)ID：1281

11、922242402482522542550網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)主機主機172.16.2.160 255.255.255.192101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010子網(wǎng)子網(wǎng)擴展了擴展了10位地址的網(wǎng)絡(luò)位地址的網(wǎng)絡(luò)161722128網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)ID：12819222424024825225425512819222424024825225425516192216011000000000100001010000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroa

12、dcastLastFirst192.16.2.160255.255.255.19211100000011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst192.16.2.160255.255.255.192121619221601100000011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst192.16.2.160255.255.255.1921

13、271619221603110000001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst192.16.2.160255.255.255.192124161922160110000000001000000000010192.16.2.128311000000111111110001000011111111111111111010000011000000100000000000001010111111HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastF

14、irst192.16.2.160255.255.255.1921245161922160110000000001000000000010192.16.2.128311000000111111110001000011111111111111111010000011000000100000000000001010111111HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst192.16.2.160255.255.255.1921245161922160110000000001000000000010110000000001000000000010192.16.2.128192.16.

15、2.19131100000011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000010000000000000101011111110000001HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst192.16.2.160255.255.255.19212456161922160110000000001000000000010110000000001000000000010192.16.2.128192.16.2.1913110000001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000

16、0000000000101011111110000001HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst192.16.2.160255.255.255.19212456161922160110000000001000000000010110000000001000000000010110000000001000000000010192.16.2.128192.16.2.191192.16.2.1293110000001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000000000000010101111111000000110

17、111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst192.16.2.160255.255.255.192124567161922160110000000001000000000010110000000001000000000010110000000001000000000010192.16.2.128192.16.2.191192.16.2.1293110000001111111111000000000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010110000000001000

18、00000001010111111110000000001000000000010 1000000111000000000100000000001010111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst192.16.2.160255.255.255.192124567161922160192.16.2.128192.16.2.191192.16.2.129192.16.2.1903IP Host Address: 172.16.2.121Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0NetworkSubnetHost10101100000100000000001

19、011111111172.16.2.121:255.255.255.0:1010110011111111Subnet: 1010110000010000000100001111111100000010000000101111111101111001 0000000000000000Broadcast:Network11111000IP Host Address: 192.168.5.121Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.248NetworkSubnet Host192.168.5.121: 1100000011111111Subnet: 1100000010101000101

20、010001111111100000101000001011111111101111001 01111000255.255.255.248:Broadcast:NetworkNetwork11000000101010000000010101111111地址地址子網(wǎng)掩碼子網(wǎng)掩碼類別類別子網(wǎng)子網(wǎng)172.16.2.1010.6.24.2010.30.36.12255.255.255.0255.255.240.0255.255.255.0地址地址子網(wǎng)掩碼子網(wǎng)掩碼類別類別子網(wǎng)子網(wǎng)172.16.2.1010.6.24.2010.30.36.12255.255.255.0255.255.240.0255.2

21、55.255.0BAA172.16.2.010.6.16.010.30.36.0地址地址類別類別子網(wǎng)子網(wǎng)廣播地址廣播地址201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248子網(wǎng)掩碼子網(wǎng)掩碼15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128地址地址類別類別子網(wǎng)子網(wǎng)廣播地址廣播地址子網(wǎng)掩碼子網(wǎng)掩碼153.50.6.127C201.222.10.63201.222.10.56A15.16.199.25515.16.192.0B128.16.32.15128.16.32.12B153.50.6.0201.222.10.60 255.255.255.24815.16.193.6 255.255.248.0128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128 192.60.128.0 (192.60.10000000.00000000) 192.60.129.0 (19