漢譯英實(shí)用技巧介紹_多定語與長定語的處理

1、» 1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved httpv'a MYeoch Yourself漢譯英實(shí)用技巧介紹（vn）多定語與長定語的處鋰（王躍戎上海交通大學(xué)王大偉上海海運(yùn)學(xué)院）一、譯例評(píng)析：中文的定語一般都在被修飾詞之前，而英語的定語位置則比較靈活。在漢譯英的時(shí)候，如何將 多個(gè)定語的關(guān)系理順，結(jié)構(gòu)擺平也是需要一定技巧的。本文介紹若干種處理辦法：將多個(gè)定語分 別安置在被修飾詞之前和之后，以求結(jié)構(gòu)平衡。將英語隔離的詞組定語改為從句定語，以便使修 飾關(guān)系更為清

2、楚。在后置定語特別長或結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜的情況下應(yīng)考虎引入從句結(jié)構(gòu)，使語法修飾 關(guān)系更清晰。在定語過長時(shí)，重復(fù)被修飾詞，可起到截?cái)嚅L定語和分流信息的作用。在定語超 長，特別是在主干結(jié)構(gòu)語義不突顯的情況下.可改變整個(gè)句型，例如町讓漢語的定語結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)為英語 的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。（一）平衡前置定語與后證定語例1.我國進(jìn)行了卓有成效的雙邊和多邊外交活動(dòng)。譯文 1 .China has conducted fruitful bilateral and multilateral diplomatic activities.譯文2. China has conducted fruitful diplomatic activ

3、ities in both bilateral and multilateral contexts.“活動(dòng)“之前有四個(gè)修飾定語：“卓有成效”、“雙邊”、“多邊”、“外交"，在英譯時(shí)將兩個(gè)定語前 置，兩個(gè)后置，顯得十分平衡。如果像譯文1中四個(gè)定語全部前置，則定語顯得太長了一些。（二）將英語隔離的詞組定語改為從句定語有時(shí)英語后窗定語詞組與被修飾詞之間被其它詞語隔離開來.造成其修飾關(guān)系不易看清。這時(shí) 可用升格為定語從句的辦法來澄清修飾關(guān)系。與詞組相比，從句是相對(duì)獨(dú)立的結(jié)構(gòu)，有自己的主語、 謂語、賓語，便于讀者看清語法關(guān)系和修飾關(guān)系。因此，當(dāng)詞組的修飾關(guān)系顯得模糊不清時(shí)，將其 升格為whic

4、h/thatl導(dǎo)的從句便可能使整句的語法關(guān)系顯得更清晰。例2.本市冇進(jìn)出口經(jīng)營權(quán)的所有企業(yè)（包括外商投資企業(yè)）在進(jìn)行國際運(yùn)費(fèi)費(fèi)用結(jié)算時(shí)必須 使用“統(tǒng)一發(fā)票”。譯文 1力 enterprises of this municipality authorized with the right to import or export must use the Uniform Invoices in their international transport fee settlement.譯文 2. AU enterprises of this municipality that are authori

5、zed with the right to import or export must use the Uniform Invoices in their international transport fee settlement.衽譯文I中，authorized引導(dǎo)的后置定語與被修飾對(duì)象All enteiprises被隔離開廠 讀者可能看 不清 authorized 是修飾 All enterprises,還是 this municipality,譯文 2 改用從句 that are authorized,只足 能修飾復(fù)數(shù)的All enterprises,因此譯文準(zhǔn)確無誤。（三）將長定語譯

6、為從句例3.（.包括以下幾種合同：）專有技術(shù)許可合同。專有技術(shù)許可合同是指提供或者傳授未公 開過、未取得工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)法律保護(hù)的制造某種產(chǎn)品或者應(yīng)用某項(xiàng)工藝以及產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、工藝流程、配方、 質(zhì)量控制和管理等方面的技術(shù)知識(shí)的合問。譯文 1. Contracts for licensing of know-how. Contracts for licensing of know-how refer to those for provision or impartment of technical knowledge for manufacturing a product or applying a tec

7、hnology as wellHtlWas for product designs, technological processes, formulae, quality control and management neither publicized nor under legal protection of industrial property rights.譯文 2. Contracts for licensing of know-how. Contracts for licensing of know-how refer to those for provision or impa

8、rtment of technical knowledge for manufacturing a product or applying a technology as well as for product designs, technological processes, formulae, quality control and management which is neither publicized nor under legal prvtectioii of industrial property rights.漢語中的前置定語“提供或者和管理等方面”，長達(dá)58個(gè)字，修飾“技術(shù)

9、知識(shí)的合同”。在 英語中不宜使用過長的前置定語，可考虔轉(zhuǎn)為后定語。但由于后覺定語會(huì)很長，往往要引入從句 結(jié)構(gòu)才能描述清楚。如譯文1不使用which is,讀者很難發(fā)現(xiàn)neither publicized nor under legal protection 在修飾遠(yuǎn)處的technical knowledge.,譯文2加上which is后，便于讀者有更多的時(shí)間去思考句中的語 法關(guān)系，而且is提示讀者which應(yīng)指代一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞。（四）重復(fù)被修飾的中心詞例4.對(duì)在設(shè)備的搬遷和拆除、沉船的打撈、水下工程的善后處理中，遺留有妨礙航冇和作業(yè) 安全的隱息，對(duì)違法單位處以10000元至30000元的罰款。

10、譯文 1 A fine from 10000 to 30000 yuan shall be imposed on a unit that has left potential hazards for navigation and safe operation, arising from the removal and dismantling of a piece of equipment, salvage of a sunken vessel and improper treatment after an underwater engineering project.譯文 2.A fine f

11、rom 10000 to 30000 yuan shall be imposed on a unit that has left potential hazards for navigation and safe operation, which arise from the removal and dismantling of a piece of equipment, salvage of a sunken vessel and improper treatment after an underwater engineering project.譯文 3 A fine from 10000

12、 to 30000 yuan shall be imposed on a unit that has left potential hazards for navigation and safe operation, hazards arising from the removal and dismantling of a piece of equipment, salvage of a sunken vessel and improper treatment after an underwater engineering project.“陰患"前的定語長達(dá)37個(gè)字，英譯時(shí)按后置定

13、語處理。但由于定語太長，其間的語法關(guān)系較 復(fù)雜。譯文lfflarising來修飾被隔離開的hazards,讀者可能會(huì)誤以為它修飾safb operation或navigation and safe operation0譯文2作了一些改進(jìn)，將arising改為從句which arise0因?yàn)閍rise是復(fù)數(shù)形式，縮 小了修飾范圍，不可能修飾safb operation。但它未能徹底解決問題，因?yàn)樗赡苄揎梟avigation and safe operation,譯文3將被修飾詞hazards作為同位語重復(fù)一遍。由干名詞hazards的語義比which更 突顯，所以全句的結(jié)構(gòu)也就變得一清二楚了。

14、第二個(gè)hazards把長定語截為兩段，分流了信息，容易 分別看僅。（五）改變句型結(jié)構(gòu)例5.這是我們黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)全國各族人民繼續(xù)沿著有中國特色社會(huì)主義邁路聞步前進(jìn)的五年.譯文 1 These are the five years in which our Party has led the people of all nationalities in our country in continuing to take big strides on the road to socialism with Chinese characteristics*譯文2In the five years, our P

15、arty has led the people of all nationalities in our countxy in continuing to take big strides on the road to socialism with Chinese characteristics.“五年”餡面的定語很長，達(dá)31個(gè)字。如按照譯文1使用英語后定語結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯，量怡語義 上沒有錯(cuò)，但顯得累費(fèi)、笨拙。鑒于漢語的主要語義體現(xiàn)在長定語之中，英譯時(shí)不妨改變句型，將 主要語義于主句之中，將漢語的主要結(jié)構(gòu)"這是一的五年”轉(zhuǎn)為英語從屬的狀語結(jié)構(gòu)In the five yearso二制譯練習(xí)（

16、修改以下譯文，以便便譯文見明了Mtt）：（一）平定語與后賣定語» 1994-2009 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved httpv'中華人民共和國技術(shù)引進(jìn)合同管理?xiàng)l例譯文 I.The Regulations on Administration of Technology Import Contracts of the People's Republic of China（二）將英語隔離的詞組定語改為從句定語該母公司在華的各家子公司現(xiàn)享受的高科技投資優(yōu)惠政策，從

17、四月一日起改為國民待遇。譯文 l.All subsidiaries under that parent company in China enjoying the preferential policies for their investment in high technology projects shall receive national treatment starting on April 1st.（三）將長定語譯為從句由國務(wù)院各部.委和各直屬機(jī)構(gòu)批浪可行性研究報(bào)告的項(xiàng)目，其技術(shù)引進(jìn)合同由經(jīng)貿(mào)部審批。譯文）.Technology import contracts forpro/e

18、cts with feasibility study reports approved by the ministries, commissions and departments under the State Council are to be examined and approved by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade.（四）重復(fù)被修飾的中心詞例子同上（將長定語譯為從句），但試著再用“重復(fù)被修飾的中心詞"這一技巧來增大譯文的清 晰度。（五）修改全句句型這次大會(huì)是堅(jiān)定不移地沿著十一屆三中全會(huì)以來正確路線

19、勝利笳進(jìn)的大會(huì)。譯文 1. This is a congress that will ensure that the whole Party will unswervingly and triumphantly go along the correct line adopted since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee.三、練習(xí)答案：（_）譯文2 The Administrative Regulations on Technology Import Contract of the People's Rep

20、ublic of China譯文1使用了很多介詞，亦即很多后置定語，讀上去雖然語言正規(guī)，但頗費(fèi)精神。譯文2將其 中之一on Administration轉(zhuǎn)為前畫定語Administrative,tt Regulations前后都有定語，既平衡，又易讀。（二）譯文 2 All subsidiaries under that parent company in China, which have enjoyed the preferential policies for their investment in high technology projects, shall receive nati

21、onal treatment starting on April 1st.譯文 1 的 enjoying 可修飾 All subsidiaries, the parent company.甚至 China。譯文 2 改用從句 which have enjoyed.,只能修飾復(fù)數(shù)的AU subsidiaries,因而消除了歧義。（三）譯文 2 A technology import contract for a project which had its feasibility study approved by a State Council ministry or commission or one of the various organs directly under the State Council shall be examined and approved by the Ministry of Foreign Economic