本科畢業(yè)論文-基于51單片機(jī)控制的紅外報(bào)警器設(shè)計(jì)

1、基于單片機(jī)控制的紅外報(bào)警器設(shè)計(jì)一、選題背景及類型1.1背景現(xiàn)代社會(huì)智能化水平越來(lái)越高，給我們的生活帶來(lái)了很大便利。人們對(duì)安全有了很高的要求，以前的機(jī)械報(bào)警器已經(jīng)不能滿足人們對(duì)安全的要求了，電子報(bào)警器代替了機(jī)械報(bào)警器，電子報(bào)警器安裝方便，成本價(jià)格低，安全性高，已經(jīng)走進(jìn)人們的視野，在對(duì)于企業(yè)來(lái)講，高端技術(shù)的應(yīng)用能夠給企業(yè)帶來(lái)很高的利潤(rùn)，減少不必要的安全損失或者是財(cái)產(chǎn)損失；對(duì)于居民而言，生活水平的提高使大部分人都住進(jìn)了樓房，安全問(wèn)題就出現(xiàn)了，為了防止不必要的損失，加強(qiáng)自身財(cái)產(chǎn)的安全管理，使用報(bào)警器就是必然的了。這不僅加強(qiáng)了安全，而且還使得我們應(yīng)用更方便、更經(jīng)濟(jì)，為此更準(zhǔn)確與更經(jīng)濟(jì)的控制方式使我們一直

2、追求的目標(biāo)。單片機(jī)控制的紅外線報(bào)警器就是一種比較實(shí)用而且價(jià)格實(shí)惠的報(bào)警器，在這方面的應(yīng)用是比較好的。1.2報(bào)警器的分類報(bào)警器是一種為防止或預(yù)防某事件發(fā)生所造成的后果，以聲音、光、氣壓等形式來(lái)提醒或警示我們應(yīng)當(dāng)采取某種行動(dòng)的電子產(chǎn)品。分為兩種報(bào)警器：機(jī)械報(bào)警器和電子報(bào)警器。隨著科技的進(jìn)步，機(jī)械式報(bào)警器越來(lái)越多地被先進(jìn)的電子報(bào)警器代替，經(jīng)常應(yīng)用于系統(tǒng)故障、安全防范、交通運(yùn)輸、醫(yī)療救護(hù)、應(yīng)急救災(zāi)、感應(yīng)檢測(cè)等領(lǐng)域，與社會(huì)生產(chǎn)密不可分。以下是常見(jiàn)的報(bào)警器。（1）氣體報(bào)警器（2）煙霧報(bào)警器（3）燃?xì)鈭?bào)警器（4）可燃性氣體報(bào)警器（5）紅外線報(bào)警器本文主要介紹的是紅外線報(bào)警器，以下就著重說(shuō)一下有關(guān)紅外線報(bào)警器

3、的一些知識(shí)。紅外線報(bào)警器分為主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式兩種。主動(dòng)式紅外線報(bào)警器，是報(bào)警器主動(dòng)發(fā)出紅外線，紅外線碰到障礙物，就會(huì)反彈回來(lái)，被報(bào)警器的探頭接收。如果探頭監(jiān)測(cè)到，紅外線是靜止不動(dòng)的，也就是不斷發(fā)出紅線線又不斷反彈的，那么報(bào)警器就不會(huì)報(bào)警。當(dāng)有會(huì)動(dòng)的物體觸犯了這根看不見(jiàn)的紅線的時(shí)候，探頭就會(huì)檢測(cè)到有異常，就會(huì)報(bào)警。 被動(dòng)式報(bào)警器少了一項(xiàng)功能，就是發(fā)射紅外線。物理學(xué)上告訴我們，當(dāng)物體的溫度高于0K的時(shí)候，就會(huì)發(fā)出紅外線，換句話說(shuō)任何物體都能發(fā)出紅外線。而其后的原理，被動(dòng)式報(bào)警器和主動(dòng)式是一樣的。 紅外線報(bào)警器對(duì)溫度敏感,溫度越高的物體輻射出的紅外線越強(qiáng),當(dāng)感應(yīng)到環(huán)境中存在高出背景強(qiáng)度的輻射時(shí),就觸發(fā)

4、反警。把報(bào)警主機(jī)通電放在固定位置，把報(bào)警探頭掛在約2米高的地方，使其向前下方傾斜，以獲得較高的靈敏度。接通電源，經(jīng)過(guò)1分鐘左右的延時(shí)后，報(bào)警器進(jìn)入警戒狀態(tài)，這時(shí)，若有人進(jìn)入監(jiān)控區(qū)，即刻報(bào)警。報(bào)警約1分鐘，自動(dòng)停止。然后重新處于警戒狀態(tài)。主人進(jìn)入時(shí)，首先按一下遙控器上的關(guān)機(jī)鍵，隨著報(bào)警器一聲“嘀”響，即關(guān)閉了報(bào)警器，進(jìn)入警戒區(qū)也不再報(bào)警。當(dāng)主人離開(kāi)警戒區(qū)后，按一下開(kāi)機(jī)鍵，隨一聲“嘀”響，報(bào)警器重處于警戒狀態(tài)。遇到緊急情況，按一下緊急報(bào)警鍵，報(bào)警器即緊急報(bào)警。報(bào)警器內(nèi)設(shè)有高，中，低三檔靈敏度調(diào)整，用戶可根據(jù)需要自行調(diào)整。二、硬件部分2.1DS18B20（溫度傳感器）的簡(jiǎn)介 基于單片機(jī)控制的紅外報(bào)警

5、器中的傳感器是DS18B20（溫度傳感器），該傳感器由DALLS半導(dǎo)公司生產(chǎn)的DS18B20型單線智能溫度傳感器，屬于新一代適配微處理器的智能溫度傳感器，可廣泛用于工業(yè)、民用、軍事等領(lǐng)域的溫度測(cè)量及控制儀測(cè)控系統(tǒng)和大型設(shè)備中。它具有體積小，接口方便，傳輸距離遠(yuǎn)等特點(diǎn)。下面主要是溫度傳感器的性能特點(diǎn)、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)及控制方法。2.1.1DS18B20性能特點(diǎn)（1）采用單總線專用技術(shù)，既可通過(guò)串行口線，也可通過(guò)其它I/O口線與微機(jī)接口，無(wú)須經(jīng)過(guò)其它變換電路，直接輸出被測(cè)溫度值（9位二進(jìn)制數(shù)，含符號(hào)位）。（2）測(cè)溫范圍為-55-+125，測(cè)量分辨率為0.0625。（3）內(nèi)含64位經(jīng)過(guò)激光修正的只讀存儲(chǔ)器R

6、OM。（4）適配各種單片機(jī)或系統(tǒng)機(jī)。（5）用戶可分別設(shè)定各路溫度的上、下限。（6）內(nèi)含寄生電源 。2.1.2 DS18B20內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu) DS18B20內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)主要由四部分組成：64位光刻ROM（它是出廠前被光刻好的，它可以看作是該DS18B20的地址序列號(hào)。不同的器件地址序列號(hào)不同。）,溫度傳感器,非揮發(fā)的溫度報(bào)警觸發(fā)器TH和TL,高速暫存器。DS18B20的管腳排列如圖1所示。 圖1 DS18B20引腳分布圖  2.1.3DS18B20控制方法 在硬件上，DS18B20與單片機(jī)的連接有兩種方法，一種是Vcc接外部電源，GND接地，I/O與單片機(jī)的I/O線相連；另一

7、種是用寄生電源供電，此時(shí)UDD、GND接地，I/O接單片機(jī)I/O。無(wú)論是內(nèi)部寄生電源還是外部供電，I/O口線要接5K左右的上拉電阻。 DS18B20有六條控制命令，如表1所示： 指    令約定代碼操      作    說(shuō)      明 溫度轉(zhuǎn)換44H啟動(dòng)DS18B20進(jìn)行溫度轉(zhuǎn)換 讀暫存器BEH讀暫存器9個(gè)字節(jié)內(nèi)容 寫暫存器4EH將數(shù)據(jù)寫入暫存器的TH、TL字節(jié) 復(fù)制暫存器48H把暫存器的TH、TL字節(jié)寫到E2RAM中 重新調(diào)E2R

8、AMB8H把E2RAM中的TH、TL字節(jié)寫到暫存器TH、TL字節(jié) 讀電源供電方式B4H啟動(dòng)DS18B20發(fā)送電源供電方式的信號(hào)給主CPU CPU對(duì)DS18B20的訪問(wèn)流程是：先對(duì)DS18B20初始化，再進(jìn)行ROM操作命令，最后才能對(duì)存儲(chǔ)器操作，數(shù)據(jù)操作。DS18B20每一步操作都要遵循嚴(yán)格的工作時(shí)序和通信協(xié)議。如主機(jī)控制DS18B20完成溫度轉(zhuǎn)換這一過(guò)程，根據(jù)DS18B20的通訊協(xié)議，須經(jīng)三個(gè)步驟：每一次讀寫之前都要對(duì)DS18B20進(jìn)行復(fù)位，復(fù)位成功后發(fā)送一條ROM指令，最后發(fā)送RAM指令，這樣才能對(duì)DS18B20進(jìn)行預(yù)定的操作。2.21602液晶屏 液晶顯示器以其微功耗、體積小、顯示內(nèi)容豐富

9、、超薄輕巧的諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在袖珍式儀表和低功耗應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)中得到越來(lái)越廣泛的應(yīng)用。液晶顯示器可以分為兩大類，一類是點(diǎn)陣型，另一類是字符型。點(diǎn)陣型通常面積較大，可以顯示圖形；而一般的字符型液晶只有兩行，面積小，只能顯示字符和一些簡(jiǎn)單的圖形，簡(jiǎn)單易控制且成本低。與此同時(shí)1062液晶屏的實(shí)用性很高。下面簡(jiǎn)要的說(shuō)明一下它的電氣連接。1.1電氣連接1602液晶屏采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的16腳接口，定義如下表2所示： 表2 1602液晶屏的引腳定義注： （1） 液晶顯示偏壓信號(hào)：是指用于驅(qū)動(dòng)1602液晶屏上的像素點(diǎn)改變顏色所用的電壓，此電壓可能接近GND，本實(shí)驗(yàn)板所用的1602液晶是接近GND。 （2） 讀寫選擇端是用于控制對(duì)

10、液晶的讀和寫的信號(hào)，在本實(shí)驗(yàn)板內(nèi)被直接連接在GND上，即采用只寫不讀的方式（只要在兩次寫中間加適當(dāng)?shù)难訒r(shí)即可）。第1腳：VSS為地電源。第2腳：VDD接5V正電源。第3腳：V0為液晶顯示器對(duì)比度調(diào)整端，接正電源時(shí)對(duì)比度最弱，接地電源時(shí)對(duì)比度最高，對(duì)比度過(guò)高時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生“鬼影”，使用時(shí)可以通過(guò)一個(gè)10K的電位器調(diào)整對(duì)比度。第4腳：RS為寄存器選擇，高電平時(shí)選擇數(shù)據(jù)寄存器、低電平時(shí)選擇指令寄存器。第5腳：RW為讀寫信號(hào)線，高電平時(shí)進(jìn)行讀操作，低電平時(shí)進(jìn)行寫操作。當(dāng)RS和RW共同為低電平時(shí)可以寫入指令或者顯示地址，當(dāng)RS為低電平RW為高電平時(shí)可以讀忙信號(hào)，當(dāng)RS為高電平RW為低電平時(shí)可以寫入數(shù)據(jù)。第6腳

11、：E端為使能端，當(dāng)E端由高電平跳變成低電平時(shí)，液晶模塊執(zhí)行命令。第714腳：D0D7為8位雙向數(shù)據(jù)線。 第1516腳：空腳。圖2 1602液晶屏2.3蜂鳴器蜂鳴器發(fā)聲原理是電流通過(guò)電磁線圈，使電磁線圈產(chǎn)生磁場(chǎng)來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)振動(dòng)膜發(fā)聲的，因此需要一定的電流才能驅(qū)動(dòng)它，單片機(jī)IO引腳輸出的電流較小，單片機(jī)輸出的TTL電平基本上驅(qū)動(dòng)不了蜂鳴器，因此需要增加一個(gè)電流放大的電路。實(shí)驗(yàn)板通過(guò)一個(gè)三極管Q1來(lái)放大驅(qū)動(dòng)蜂鳴器。蜂鳴器的正極接到Q1的集電極C極上面，蜂鳴器的負(fù)極地，三極管發(fā)射極E極接電源VCC，基級(jí)B經(jīng)過(guò)限流電阻R33后由單片機(jī)的P1.7引腳控制，當(dāng)P1.7輸出高電平時(shí)，三極管T1截止，沒(méi)有電流流過(guò)線圈

12、，蜂鳴器不發(fā)聲當(dāng)P17輸出低電平時(shí)，三極管導(dǎo)通，這樣蜂鳴器的電流形成回路，發(fā)出聲音。因此，我們可以通過(guò)程序控制P1.7腳的電平來(lái)使蜂鳴器發(fā)出聲音和關(guān)閉。程序中改變單片機(jī)P1.7引腳輸出波形的頻率，就可以調(diào)整控制蜂鳴器音調(diào)，產(chǎn)生各種不同音色、音調(diào)的聲音。另外，改變P1.7輸出電平的高低電平占空比，則可以控制蜂鳴器的聲音大小。2.4stc89c51單片機(jī)2.4.1簡(jiǎn)介單片機(jī)又稱單片微控制器,它不是完成某一個(gè)邏輯功能的芯片,而是把一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)集成到一個(gè)芯片上。概括的講：一塊芯片就成了一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。它的體積小、質(zhì)量輕、價(jià)格便宜、為學(xué)習(xí)、應(yīng)用和開(kāi)發(fā)提供了便利條件。同時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)使用單片機(jī)了解計(jì)算機(jī)原理與結(jié)構(gòu)

13、的最佳選擇.可以說(shuō)，二十世紀(jì)跨越了三個(gè)“電”的時(shí)代，即電氣時(shí)代、電子時(shí)代和現(xiàn)已進(jìn)入的電腦時(shí)代。不過(guò)，這種電腦，通常是指?jìng)€(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)，簡(jiǎn)稱PC機(jī)。它由主機(jī)、鍵盤、顯示器等組成（如圖1所示）。還有一類計(jì)算機(jī)，大多數(shù)人卻不怎么熟悉。這種計(jì)算機(jī)就是把智能賦予各種機(jī)械的單片機(jī)（亦稱微控制器，如圖2所示）。顧名思義，這種計(jì)算機(jī)的最小系統(tǒng)只用了一片集成電路，即可進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單運(yùn)算和控制。因?yàn)樗w積小，通常都藏在被控機(jī)械的“肚子”里。它在整個(gè)裝置中，起著有如人類頭腦的作用，它出了毛病，整個(gè)裝置就癱瘓了?，F(xiàn)在，這種單片機(jī)的使用領(lǐng)域已十分廣泛，如智能儀表、實(shí)時(shí)工控、通訊設(shè)備、導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、家用電器等。各種產(chǎn)品一旦用上了單片機(jī)

14、，就能起到使產(chǎn)品升級(jí)換代的功效，常在產(chǎn)品名稱前冠以形容詞“智能型”，如智能型洗衣機(jī)等?，F(xiàn)在有些工廠的技術(shù)人員或其它業(yè)余電子開(kāi)發(fā)者搞出來(lái)的某些產(chǎn)品，不是電路太復(fù)雜，就是功能太簡(jiǎn)單且極易被仿制。究其原因，可能就卡在產(chǎn)品未使用單片機(jī)或其它可編程邏輯器件上。在紅外線報(bào)警器當(dāng)中我們應(yīng)用的單片機(jī)是stc89c51單片機(jī)，由它來(lái)控制報(bào)警器的運(yùn)行。2.5紅外對(duì)管紅外對(duì)管是紅外線發(fā)射管與光敏接收管，或者紅外線接收管，或者紅外線接收頭配合在一起使用時(shí)候的總稱。下面主要是對(duì)紅外對(duì)管中紅外線以及功能的說(shuō)明。2.5.1紅外線 在光譜中波長(zhǎng)自0.76至400微米的一段稱為紅外線，紅外線是不可見(jiàn)光線。所有高于絕對(duì)零度（-2

15、73.15）的物質(zhì)都可以產(chǎn)生紅外線?，F(xiàn)代物理學(xué)稱之為熱射線。醫(yī)用紅外線可分為兩類：近紅外線與遠(yuǎn)紅外線。    圖3紅外線發(fā)射管紅外線發(fā)射管在LED封裝行業(yè)中主要有三個(gè)常用的波段，如下850NM、875NM、940NM。根據(jù)波長(zhǎng)的特性運(yùn)用的產(chǎn)品也有很大的差異，850NM波長(zhǎng)的主要用于紅外線監(jiān)控設(shè)備、875NM主要用于醫(yī)療設(shè)備、940NM波段的主要用于紅外線控制設(shè)備。EG：紅外線遙控器、光電開(kāi)關(guān)、光電記數(shù)設(shè)備等。2.5.2功能說(shuō)明（1）光敏接收管它是一個(gè)具有光敏特征的PN結(jié)，屬于光敏三極管，具有單向?qū)щ娦?，因此工作時(shí)需加上反向電壓。無(wú)光照時(shí),有很小的飽和反向漏電流（暗電流）。此

16、時(shí)光敏管不導(dǎo)通。當(dāng)光照時(shí),飽和反向漏電流馬上增加，形成光電流,在一定的范圍內(nèi)它隨入射光強(qiáng)度的變化而增大。（2）紅外接收管功能與光敏接收管相似只是不受可見(jiàn)光的干擾，屬于光敏二極管，只對(duì)紅外線有反應(yīng)。（3）紅外線接收頭就是在紅外線接收管的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行放大的信號(hào)的作用，類似與三極管的放大效果。三、軟件部分3.1原理圖與程序3.1.1原理圖紅外線報(bào)警器是由單片機(jī)最小系統(tǒng)以及其他元件組成的，單片機(jī)最小系統(tǒng)是其中不可缺少的，是其中的核心元件，下面是紅外線報(bào)警器的原理圖。 圖4 紅外線報(bào)警器原理圖3.1.2以下是基于單片機(jī)控制紅外線報(bào)警器的程序 #include<reg51.h>#include&

17、lt;intrins.h>#include <absacc.h>#include "LCD1602.h"#include "ds18b20.c"#include "38khz.c"#define uchar unsigned char#define uint unsigned intsbit OUT=P22;sbit P32=P32;uchar bInt0 = 0;uint mstcnt=0;uchar t,set;bit outflag;bit write=0;bit flag;bit flag2;bit TR1_

18、flag; /控制蜂鳴器報(bào)警uchar code str0=" system running "uchar code str1=" OK SA: . C"uchar code str2="wrong SA: . C"void init_timer0(void); void displayfun1(void);uchar ReadOneChar(void);void WriteOneChar(unsigned char dat);void ReadTemperature(void);void playalarm(void); void

19、displayfun1(void)WriteCommandLCM(0x0c,1); DisplayListChar(0,0,str0);/DisplayListChar(0,1,str1); DisplayOneChar(11,1,temp1/10+0x30); DisplayOneChar(12,1,temp1%10+0x30);DisplayOneChar(14,1,temp2/10+0x30);void display() if(!TR1_flag) / 為0時(shí)顯示OK，為1時(shí)顯示W(wǎng)RONG DisplayListChar(0,1,str1); displayfun1(); delay_

20、LCM(1000); else DisplayListChar(0,1,str2); displayfun1(); delay_LCM(1000); /*timer t0 initialization*/void init_timer1(void) TMOD=TMOD|0x12; TH1=0x3c; TL1=0xb0; EA=1; ET1=1; /TR1=1; void timer1(void) interrupt 3 using 0 TH1=0x3c; TL1=0xb0; /OUT = OUT; OUT = 1;/蜂鳴器長(zhǎng)鳴 mstcnt+; if(mstcnt=400)/蜂鳴器響10秒 m

21、stcnt=0; TR1 = 0;TR0 = 1; flag = 0; /停止報(bào)警，進(jìn)入正常模式TR1_flag = 0;/切換顯示OUT = 0;/*the main funtion*/ void main(void) int_mcu(); P1=0xff; / initialize p1delay_LCM(500); /500ms time delayinitLCM( ); /initialize LCDinit_timer1( ); /initialize Timer0 Init_DS18B20( ); /initialize Ds18b20DisplayListChar(0,0,str

22、0);DisplayListChar(0,1,str1); /out_high();/測(cè)試輸出38k載波 TR1_flag = 0; while (1) /TR0 = 1; if(!flag) /flag為0時(shí)正常顯示，為1時(shí)執(zhí)行報(bào)警 OUT = 0; TR0 = 1;TR1_flag = 0; ReadTemperature(); /read temperaturedisplay();/for(m=0;m<8;m+) /讀取P32狀態(tài)8次，若有高電平則報(bào)警 / if(P32) delay_LCM(50); if(P32) flag = 1; flag2 = 1; TR1_flag =

23、1; else delay_LCM(100); / else if(flag2) TR0 = 0;/關(guān)定時(shí)器0，停止發(fā)送脈沖 TR1 = 1;/啟動(dòng)定時(shí)器1，蜂鳴器響 display(); flag2 = 0; 附錄以下是紅外線報(bào)警器的實(shí)物圖圖5紅外線報(bào)警器實(shí)物為你提供優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文參考資料，請(qǐng)您刪除以下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest China's Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk

24、Road, Gansu's Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2015. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2014. It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang

25、Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2

26、016. Then they will come back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses

27、 and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54-year-old was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.He says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. &qu

28、ot;I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early '80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldn't help but sing the folk songs," Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people liv

29、ing there, made their lives lonely. "The nomadic people were very excited about our visits," Nasun recalls. "We didn't have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in." For him, the rewarding p

30、art about touring isn't just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as "red burgeon", and today's performers of the troupe still tour the region's villages and entertain nomadic familie

31、s, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijing's Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. "Being from the region allowed me to e

32、mbrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged," Nasun, the art troupe's president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his fri

33、endship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast China's Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Na

34、sun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25-year

35、-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle."Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various k

36、inds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root," he says. "Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled." The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week,

37、 but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sale rate showed a downturn this year. In the “Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight” session at China Guardian 2015 spring auctions,

38、 Pan Tianshous representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Kerans masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to 1.87 billion yuan from 2.22 billion yuan in the s

39、ame period the year before. The Huangchen 2015 Spring Auctions, which recorded 42.5 million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the

40、 booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. "The successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan

41、 once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the long-lasting high price. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,”

42、 said the president of China Guardians Hu Yanyan. "Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2015 Spring Auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mea

43、n that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.” Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled “Fine GiltBronze Buddhist Images” achiev

44、ed a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. The 5th Shamar Rinpoche Statue from 16-17th century of Tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. The Beijing Chengxuan Auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins and stamps in three sessions with good sale rate. T

45、he Huachen Auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition of large-scale decline of auction sessions. There was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of Zhen Huan to her homeland. It followed a couple years of hushed exci

46、tement as Chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was supposed to conquer the high ground of the North American market. Zhen Huan is, of course, the title character of The Legend of Zhen Huan, a 2011 television series that swept China off its feet and later took other Asian cou

47、ntries by storm. Two years ago, it was reported that HBO, a premium cable service headquartered in the United States, was going to air it in North America after some modification. Now, a condensed version that provides English subtitles but no dubbing has finally been made available on Netflix for o

48、nline streaming. This version, highly anticipated as a milestone in China's cultural foray overseas, has been widely panned by its home audience. Retitled Empresses in the Palace, the American version has been shortened from its original 76 episodes at 45 minutes each, to six 90-minute episodes.

49、 The quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more leisurely daytime-soap-style narrative rhythm. (Chinese TV stations would run two or three episodes every day.) I did not finish the full-length version and found the truncated one not difficult to follow. What's lost,

50、 I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art of storytelling. Much of the plot is still there. It is the flavor that was sacrificed. The American edition uses the framework of the Empress Dowager in her senior years reminiscing at the beginning and the end of eac

51、h episode, hinting at what's to come and recapping the key points. This device, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. They were written in English, but sung by Chinese with an uncomf

52、ortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an English-speaking base, but do not jibe with the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dialogue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine a typical American hit by a flurry of royal ranks

53、, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. The first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated into lengthy Chinese. I see the choice of verbatim t

54、ranslation as an effort for conveying exotica. It is fairly competent, with no error that I could detect, but fails to rise above words or capture the essence of the language. A cultural product usually crosses over to a foreign territory first by an emphasis on the commonalities. But whether inside

55、 or outside China, the temptation to sell it for the differences is just too great. Sure, the sumptuous sets and costumes are a big attraction, but the narrative technique has becomehow shall I put it?a bit anglicized, which is necessary for cultural export. Judging by the responses, this legend, wh

56、ich, contrary to the claim of the English trailer, is totally fictitious, has departed from China but not yet landed on American shores. I am a big fan of Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay titled Self-Reliance. If you've not yet read it, I strongly encourage you to do so. In this essay, the venerable Emerson talks about eschewing the trappings of society and finding one's own path. He urges the reader to find rectitude and lead a moral life. He professes that, o