（精選）水利水電專業(yè)英語論文--英文對照及翻譯

1、 Earth and rock damSummaryEarth and rock dam, with another name as "local material dam",is mainly built with earth and rock materials near the site. It can be classified based on the materials it used, earth dam mainly with earth, sand, grit, and gravel, and rock dam mainly with rock balla

2、st, gravel, and exploded rocks.Features of earth and rock damStrong pointsWith convenient supply of materials, many building materials such as steel, cement, and timbers can be saved.With granular structure more suitable to foundation deformation, it demands less on the foundation.Very flexible from

3、 simple artificial filling to highly mechanized construction, the procedure become simple, the construction become efficient, and the quality guarantee become easy.Simply structured, the cost is low, the operation is convenient, works is reliable, and maintenance and height adding is convi

4、ent. Weak pointsOverflow not allowed, spillway has to be built.Diversion less convenient, cost increases.Section larger, earth to be filled is easy to be affected by climate. This kind of difficult means possible extention of time limit and cost increase概述土石壩又稱“當?shù)夭牧蠅巍?，主要由壩址附近的土石料填筑而成，根?jù)壩體所用材料不同

5、又可分為土壩和堆石壩。壩體材料以當?shù)赝亮虾蜕啊⑸暗[、卵礫為主的稱土壩，以石渣、卵石、爆破石料為主的稱堆石壩。 土石壩的特點優(yōu)點筑壩材料就地取材?？晒?jié)省大量鋼材、水泥、木材等建筑材料。適應(yīng)地基變形能力強。土石壩散粒體結(jié)構(gòu)具有適應(yīng)地基變形的良好條件，對地基的要求比混凝土壩低。施工方法選擇靈活性大。能適應(yīng)不同的施工方法，從簡單的人工填筑到高度機械化施工都可以；且工序簡單、施工速度快，質(zhì)量也易保證。結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。造價低廉、運行管理方便、工作可靠，便于維修加高。缺點壩頂不能溢流，常須另開溢洪道施工。導流不如混凝土壩方便，因而相應(yīng)增加了工程造價壩體斷面大，土料填筑的質(zhì)量易受氣候影響。這給施工帶來困難，甚至延長

6、工期、增加造價。Earth and rock dam typesBased on constructing ways, earth and rock dams can be classified into rolled ones of earth & rock, thrown rock-filled ones, rock-filled ones with directional detonation, ones with earth thrown into the water, and ones filled by hydraulic forces. Am

7、ong them, rolled ones are most popular.Based on the earth proportion and the location of anti-seepage parts, there are homogeneous (even-granular) dams,  zoned earth dams, and dams with artificial anti-seepage materials. Strong points of homogeneous dams: one fold materials, simple process

8、 weak points: flat gradient, large section, weather-limited, strong water pressure in holes. Zoned dams are classified into ones with core anti-seepage and ones with front anti-seepage. Less amount of earth, less affect of season. interfering with the filling of the dam body. Less interference with

9、the construction of the dam body. weaker anti-earthquake and uneven sinking. The anti-seepage parts of dams with artificial anti-seepage materials use asphalt concrete, reinforced concrete or other artifical materials. Sometimes, the anti-seepage parts are in the dam front facing the upstream, somet

10、imes, they are at the core of the dam. Working conditionsTrapeziform sectionEarth-rock dam is a water retaining structure built with loose granules of earth and rocks filled and roller compacted. With weaker strength between these granules, both upsteam and downsteam slopes have to be kept at a

11、 certain degree to avoid landslide. So the土石壩的類型土石壩按施工方法的不同可分為：碾壓式土石壩，拋填式堆石壩，定向爆破堆石壩，水中倒土壩和水力沖填壩等。其中尤以碾壓式土石壩應(yīng)用最廣。按土料在壩體中配置和防滲體的位置不同，又可分為均質(zhì)壩，分區(qū)壩，人工防滲材料壩。均質(zhì)壩優(yōu)點：材料單一、工序簡單；缺點：壩坡較緩、剖面大，受氣候限制，壩體孔隙水壓力大，高壩很少采用。分區(qū)壩分心墻壩、斜墻壩等，前者優(yōu)點：土料占總方量比重不大，施工受季節(jié)影響小。缺點：心墻與壩體大體要同時填筑，相互干擾。后者優(yōu)點：與壩體施工干擾小。缺點：抗震性能和適應(yīng)不均勻沉陷的能力不如

12、前者。人工防滲材料壩的防滲體由瀝青混凝土、鋼筋混凝土或其他人工材料組成，其余部分由土石料筑成。其中防滲體在上游的稱為斜墻壩（面板壩），在壩體中央的稱為心墻壩。工作條件梯形剖面土石壩是由松散顆粒土石料填筑碾壓而成的擋水建筑物。由于土粒間的抗剪強度小，上下游坡如不維持一定的坡度，就可能發(fā)生坍塌現(xiàn)象。所以，土石壩的剖面一般呈梯形。失穩(wěn)的形式則是壩坡滑動或壩坡連同地基一起滑動的剪切破壞，這是與其他建筑物的不同之處 dam section is usually trapeziform. It can be destablized in two ways, simple slope s

13、liding and sametime sliding of slope and foundation caused by shear damage. It's a difference from other structuresSeepage effectsWith a large section, the dam is generally kept from entire sliding unless caused by weak interlayers. Effected by water levels at the upsteam and downsteam, see

14、page is easy to happen with streams passing the  faying surfaces between the dam and foundation, and between dam earth and concrete buildings. The seeping streams form a free water surface inside the dam. Under the surface, all the earth body is saturated.  Dipped in the water, the ea

15、rth become lighter in effect. And its angle of internal friction is narrowed, and  cohesive force weakened. With the hydrodynamic pressure from the seeping steams, more sliding of dam slopes is possible. When seeping steams move in soil, the dam body and foundation will be deform

16、ed from too steep hydraulic gradient.  Sometimes the dam even crashes.Scour effectIts anti-scour ability is weak because the cohesive force between earth granules is small. On the one hand, the rain water enters the dam and lower the stability of the dam, and on the other hand, the rain sc

17、our the dam surface along the slope. At the same time, the waves inside the reservoir also wash out the dam surface, putting the surface in the risk of being damaged. Sometime, landslide even happens due to this. So effective protecting measures have to be taken for dam slopes both upstrea

18、m and downstream.滲流影響土壩擋水后，由于壩體斷面較大，除壩基有水平軟弱夾層外，產(chǎn)生整體滑動的可能性較小。但在上下游水位的作用下，水流經(jīng)過壩身及壩基（包括兩岸）的結(jié)合面和壩體土與混凝土等建筑物的結(jié)合面易產(chǎn)生滲漏。滲流在壩體內(nèi)形成自由水面，浸潤線以下的土體全部處于飽和狀態(tài)。飽和區(qū)的土體受水的浸泡而使土的有效重量減輕，并使土的內(nèi)摩擦角和粘結(jié)力減小。同時，滲透水流對土體還有動水壓力的作用，這些力增加了壩坡滑動的可能性。滲透水流在土壤中運動時，如滲透坡降超過允許滲透坡降，還會引起壩體和壩基的滲透變形，嚴重時會導致壩的失事。沖刷影響由于土料顆粒間的粘結(jié)力很小，因此土石壩抗沖能力較低。雨水

19、一方面侵入壩內(nèi)降低壩的穩(wěn)定性，另一方面將沿壩坡面下流而沖刷壩面；庫內(nèi)風浪對壩面也將產(chǎn)生沖擊和淘刷作用，使壩面容易受到破壞，甚至滑坡。因此，上下游壩坡均需采取有效的保護措施。Sinking effectThe dam body and foundation will sink under their self weight and water load besides the space between earth granules. If it sinks too much, the elevation level will not be sufficient, and then the op

20、eration of the dam will be affected. And, too much uneven sinkage will cause fracture of the dam boday, and even a seepage passage, putting the dam at risk.Other effectsIn freezing regions, an ice-covered layer will be formed over the reservoir when the temperature is below 0 degree. Then the bank s

21、lope and dam slope will be frozen together with the ice. When the ice expands, slopes will be pressed. In this way, the protecting slopes will be damaged. Besides, the clay above the water level will have holes and cracks effected by freezing and thawing. In summer, with water lost, the clay will cr

22、acked, making seepage much easier.Earthquakes have to be taken into account. They can make landslide more possible. If the foundation is made of silty sand, liquidified damage is more possible.Materials for building earth and rock damObtaining raw material locally is a basic design principle. Genera

23、lly speaking, familiar earth and rock materials can be used. exceptions include swampy soil, bentonite, surface soil, and other soil materials containing organic matter not completely decomposed. therefore, dam type is often determined based on availability of earth and rock materials nearby the sit

24、e. stockyard must be rich in storage and near in distance. As for the selection, technical and economic factors will be considered. The dam body is mainly made up of dam shell, antiseepage, drainage, and protection slope. They work under different conditions, so they demand differently. Materia

25、ls must be durable and suitable to their purpose.沉陷影響由于土料間存在孔隙，在壩體自重和水荷載作用下，壩體和地基（土基）都會由于壓縮而產(chǎn)生沉陷。沉陷量過大會造成壩頂高程不足而影響壩的正常工作；過大的不均勻沉陷量還會引起壩體開裂，甚至造成滲水通道而威脅大壩安全。其它影響在嚴寒地區(qū)，當氣溫低于零度時，庫水面結(jié)冰形成冰蓋層。當岸坡及壩坡凍結(jié)在一起，冰層的膨脹，對壩坡產(chǎn)生很大冰壓力，易導致護坡的破壞。位于水位以上的壩體粘土，在凍融作用下會造成孔穴、裂縫。在夏季，由于含水量的損失，上述土壤也可能干裂引起集中滲流。在地震區(qū)筑壩，還應(yīng)考慮地震影響。地震的作用

26、增加壩坡坍滑的可能性。粉沙地基在強烈振動作用下還容易引起液化破壞。土石壩的筑壩材料就地取材是土石壩設(shè)計的基本原則。一般而言，常見的土石料（沼澤土、斑脫土、地表土及含有未完全分解有機質(zhì)的土料除外）均可用作筑壩材料。因此，應(yīng)根據(jù)壩址附近土石料的具體條件選擇壩型。土石料場的選擇宜儲量充足，以近為原則，具體選用須通過技術(shù)經(jīng)濟比較而定。土石壩壩體主要由壩殼、防滲體、排水設(shè)備、護坡等組成。由于他們工作條件不同，因而對材料的要求也不同。筑壩材料應(yīng)具有與其使用目的相適應(yīng)的工程特性，并具有較好的長期穩(wěn)定性。Antiseepage and structure of dam crestSeepage-proofin

27、g work for a dam must be based on structural and constructing requirements, reducing seepage gradient, down-stream saturation line, and seepage to an allowance extent. We can use terrene seepage-proofting materials and artificial materials including asphalt concrete and reinforced concrete. ter

28、rene materials are more used. Road is built on crest. If traffic is necessary, road has to be built based on relevant standard. If traffic is not anticipated, single-layer masonry or gravels is sufficient for resisting rain scouring. anti-wave wall is built upstream, and railings are built downstrea

29、m. the wall, usually 1 to 1.3 meters high, is built with stone masonry or reinforcing concrete. its foundation must be firmly buried in the dam, protruding into anti-seepage. For the sake of rain, the road on the crest is usually built with slopes on one side or on both sides. When there is a a

30、nti-wave wall, the slope is towards downstream, and there will be a lengthways drainage downstream the dam crest for gathering water. The water will go downstream through drainage.壩的防滲體和壩頂構(gòu)造壩的防滲體必須滿足將滲透坡降、下游壩體浸潤線及滲流量降低到允許范圍內(nèi)，還要滿足結(jié)構(gòu)上和施工上的要求。作為壩的防滲體的材料有土質(zhì)防滲體，人工材料（瀝青混凝土，鋼筋混凝土），其中用的最多的是土質(zhì)防滲體。在壩頂應(yīng)該設(shè)路面，如壩

31、頂有交通要求，則應(yīng)按道路要求設(shè)計，如沒有交通要求，則可用單層砌石或礫石護面以防雨水沖蝕。壩頂上游側(cè)通常設(shè)防浪墻，下游側(cè)設(shè)攔桿。防浪墻高度通常為11.3米。用漿砌石或鋼筋混凝土筑成。墻的基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)牢固地埋入壩內(nèi)，伸入防滲體內(nèi)。為排除雨水壩頂路面通常向兩側(cè)或一側(cè)做13%的斜坡。有防浪墻時坡向下游，并在壩頂下游側(cè)設(shè)縱向排水溝，以便匯集雨水，經(jīng)坡面排水溝排至下游。Dam slopeInfluencing dam stability and construction directly, dam slope is determined by dam type, dam height, dam scale, m

32、aterial of dam body and foundation, load to bear, and conditions for construction and operation. Generally speaking, dam slope is initially designed according to projects completed. Then a proper section is decided after calculation in terms of stability. To slopes made of sand and soil in a ro

33、lled dam, their gradient is between 1:2 and 1:4. For dam foundation which is weaker, the gradient should be slow.For slope design, we have to consider the shearing strength which of earth will be reduced due to being soaked in up-stream water. So if the upstream and downstream slopes are made o

34、f same earth materials, the former one has to be slow. for earth dams with inclined soil walls, their upstream slopes are slower than those of core dams, and their downstream slopes are steeper than those of core dams. for homogeneous dams of sandy loam and loam, their slopes are slower than those o

35、f dams made of sand and gravels. slopes of homogeneous dams made of cohesive soil have something to do with dam height. The higher the dam is, the slower the slope is. however, gradients of dam slopes made of sand or gravel have little to do with dam height.Generally, there is a road on downstream s

36、lope every 10 to 30 meters. When gradients changes, the road will be at the changing line. the road width is determined by its purposes, but never less than 1.5 to 2.0 meters. drainage ditches are built on road for collecting rainwater, resisting wash, observing, repairing, and traffic.壩坡土石壩壩坡對壩的穩(wěn)定和

37、工程有著直接的影響，主要取決于壩型、壩高、壩的等級、壩體及壩基的材料性質(zhì)、所承受的荷載、施工和運用條件等因素。一般先參照已建工程的實踐經(jīng)驗或用近似方法初步擬定壩坡，然后進行穩(wěn)定計算、確定合理的壩體斷面。對碾壓式土壩砂、壤土類壩坡，其平均坡度一般在1：2.01：4.0左右。當壩基較為軟弱時還需適當放緩。在擬定壩坡時，應(yīng)考慮到上游壩坡長期浸泡于水中，土的抗剪強度降低。所以當采用相同土料時壩的上游坡比下流坡要緩；在一般情況下土質(zhì)斜墻壩的上游坡比心墻壩緩，而下游坡則可比心墻壩陡些；砂壤土、壤土的均質(zhì)壩坡比砂或砂礫料的壩坡緩些；粘性土均質(zhì)壩的壩坡與壩高有一定關(guān)系，其高度越大，壩坡越緩。砂或砂料壩體的壩坡

38、與壩高的關(guān)系則很小。一般壩的下游坡每隔10至30米設(shè)置一條馬道。當壩的坡度自上到下有變化時，馬道則設(shè)在變坡處。馬道的寬度視其用途而定，但其最小寬度不得小于Slope protectionFor earth and rock dams, there must be protection upstream and downstream. For upstream, damages caused by wave scouring, damwise stream scouring, ice, and floater must be avoided. For downstream of homogeneous dams, damage