After Life： The Strange Science of Decay《生命循環(huán)：奇異的腐爛科學(xué)（2011）》完整中英文對照劇本

1、Decay.腐爛It happens to everything and everyone.時刻都在發(fā)生 每個人都遇到過We try to keep it out of our everyday lives.我們努力去驅(qū)趕,讓它遠離每天的生活But decay is one of the most important forces in nature.但是在自然界中,腐爛發(fā)揮著一個很重要的作用It underpins all life on Earth.它為地球上生命活動打下基礎(chǔ)So what would we see, if we let it loose in our homes?假如讓它

2、自行滋生在家里，我們會看到什么現(xiàn)象？To find out, we've built a home of our own為了尋求真♥相♥，我們特別建造了一個居家環(huán)境inside this box.就在這個房♥子里We've filled it with everything you might find in a typical kitchen and garden.我們放置的物品很常見，在普通的廚房♥和花♥園♥都能找到And now we'

3、;re going to let it all rot.我們將要讓它們?nèi)扛癄€喬治.邁克加文 博士主持人Well, here it is.萬事俱備A team of engineers and scientists have spent eight months由技師和科學(xué)家共同組成的團隊，耗時8個月recreating a kitchen and garden.建造了模擬的廚房♥和花♥園♥On the inside is all the food you'd expect,放入大家所熟識的食物as if a famil

4、y were just about to have a party.非常豐盛，簡直就象是準(zhǔn)備舉♥行♥聚會一樣Also on the inside are the bacteria and fungal spores that are going細(xì)菌和真菌的孢子當(dāng)然也在里面，它們將啟動腐爛進程to start the process of decay. I can't wait to see what happens next.我迫不及待地想知道接下來發(fā)生的事情Over eight weeks, we're going to track

5、 every step在這八周里，我們會跟蹤每一個細(xì)節(jié)of the extraordinary process that breaks down and recycles our everyday things.對破壞和重復(fù)利用日常食物的奇特過程，進行詳細(xì)觀察The house will be our lab, as we reveal the unexpected order房♥子就是我們的實驗室，將會讓我們驚訝于behind the chaos of decay,腐爛混而不亂的現(xiàn)象and will help us understand將會幫助我們明白why life

6、itself depends on this process.為什么生活與腐爛過程息息相關(guān)At times what we find might be disturbing and repellent.在探究的過程中，有時可能令人反感This is probably going to be absolutely atrocious.甚至極度不適But there will also be moments of surprise.但也有驚奇的瞬間The mould has just covered that entire box.霉菌基本上覆蓋了整個盒子.as we uncover hidden

7、 beauty.里面隱藏著別樣風(fēng)光And I'll go beyond the box我將密切關(guān)注房♥內(nèi)情況to see how decay affects our lives.看看腐爛是如何影響我們的生活.how we detect it.看看我們怎樣調(diào)查它Do you remember seeing the film The Blob?記得變形怪體電影嗎？.how we fight it.看看我們?nèi)绾螌顾麵t's definitely the best two-year-old sandwich I've ever had.我吃過的三明治，要

8、數(shù)兩年貯存的最好吃Something on this scale has never been attempted before,從來沒有人象我們這樣嘗試過so things might not go according to plan.所以事情不一定完全按計劃進行Ah! Now that's where all the flies went.呵！蒼蠅全跑到這里來了But whatever happens, it will be a fascinating journey但無論如何，接下來將是一個奇妙的旅程into the fate that awaits all living thi

9、ngs.我們將見證所有生物的宿命To be broken down.涅磐To be recycled.輪回To be reborn.重生It's a surprising thought,令人驚訝的是life relies on death.生命依賴腐爛Living things, us included,一切生物，包括人類can only be made from the remains of dead things.都由死亡后留下的東西所構(gòu)建And that's the incredible cycle we hope to capture,我們希望能夠把這個難以置信的循環(huán)

10、過程inside our After Life House.呈現(xiàn)在我們的"生命真♥相♥實驗室"里As a biologist, I can't wait to see作為生物學(xué)家，我急切地想觀察what new life will emerge from these會有什么樣的新生物dead things by the time we're done.產(chǎn)生于我們放置的物體中This is day one. We have eight weeks to go.這是第一天.后面我們還要經(jīng)歷8周This is my fi

11、rst chance to see inside the box.這還是我第一次來到房♥子里觀察And a party was obviously just about to happen.眼前就象是聚會剛開始的情景Over here we've got cooked rice and chilli, there's cups of tea.這里有煮熟的大米、辣椒，那是幾杯咖啡Over in the corner there's a raw fish,角落處有未煮的鮮魚that's going to get very smelly pret

12、ty fast.很快就會散發(fā)相當(dāng)難聞的氣味Cheese and a fruit bowl here, masses of fruit flies on that, probably,這是奶酪和水果盤，盤里滿是水果I mean, we don't know, it hasn't been tried before.我的意思是,不知道以前是否有人這樣做過A vegetable box over here, again, it all looks fresh,這是一堆蔬菜，看起來很新鮮but that will, in a week or two, begin to rot down

13、.但是在一兩周后，就會開始腐爛起來And look at this, a raw chicken.請看這里，生鮮的雞肉Sausages, hamburgers, all this is香腸、漢堡包，這里所有的一切g(shù)oing to attract flies like nobody's business.都會毫無打擾地交由蒼蠅肆虐Out here in the garden you've got a whole pig on a spit.在外側(cè)的花♥園♥里，架著整個的豬只That's going to become very

14、smelly indeed.這將會發(fā)出難聞的氣味But it's not just food items out here in the garden.但是，在花♥園♥里不僅只有食物We have a compost heap. We have a woodpile.我們還放置了一堆混合肥料，還有一堆木柴They'll rot down too.它們也一樣會腐爛的It'll be interesting to see how, as all the things decay,我們會有趣地看到所有東西如何腐爛the wood a

15、nd the plants and the pig, how they will interact.木頭、植物和豬只，它們將怎什么樣去互相作用Over there in the corner we have a dead rat as well.在那邊的角落，我們還放了一只死老鼠In fact everything in here has been carefully arranged to help us這里的東西都是我們精心安排的unravel the underlying patterns of decay.以便讓我們很好地展現(xiàn)腐爛的基本形式We're going to keep

16、 an eye on how humid it is, and how hot it is.我們會密切地保持溫度是多少，濕度是多少It's already up to 66% RH which will make things go really quite fast.已經(jīng)升到66%的相對濕度了，這會加速我們的實驗I'm not sure if I'll be overcome by the heat, the stench or the flies.我不敢肯定，自己能不能忍♥受高溫、惡臭或者蒼蠅Insects are my own special

17、ity.昆蟲是我的核心研究對象Together with moulds and bacteria, they are key agents of decay,另外還有霉菌和細(xì)菌，它們是腐爛的關(guān)鍵作用者things that will break all this down.物質(zhì)會在它們的影響下變質(zhì)To make sure they are all present in our house from the start,為了確保它們從一開始，都能出席房♥子里的盛會we're introducing a selection of common species.我們挑選

18、了常見的品種Look at that, straight underneath!瞧這里，它直接鉆到底下了These guys, blow flies, are going to be the ones這些大頭蒼蠅將會是主角之一to watch in the early stages.出現(xiàn)在腐爛的早期階段And there they go.它們飛走了Well, that's it. We're up and running好了,我們的實驗現(xiàn)在開始and it's time to leave all this to the agents of decay.該離開這些腐爛的作

19、用者了Now, for nearly two months,從現(xiàn)在開始，在大約兩個月內(nèi)we're going to track every stage in the process of decay.我們會追蹤腐爛的每一個階段And we're not the only ones following events.并不是只有我們在關(guān)注The box and its contents are on display to the public within房♥子和里面的東西是對公眾開放的Edinburgh zoo, to help explore our re

20、actions就設(shè)在艾丁堡動物園內(nèi)，以便探究人們to this little-understood process.對這個鮮為人知的過程的反響Oh my God, I've never seen anything like it噢，天哪，我從來沒見過這樣的情景That's a real pig.那真是一頭豬Ew, that's gross!哇，真惡心Oh, there's a mouse.噢，那里有一只老鼠That's disgusting, eugh!真令人作嘔，哇Look at that fish.看看那條魚Can we go out now cos

21、 it's going to make us feel sick?在這里感到難受,我們馬上離開,好嗎?I agree.我贊成For the first 24 hours of our project,在試驗開始的第一個24小時里visible signs of decay are subtle.腐爛的痕跡還不太明顯But the agents of decay are already battling it out to decompose the food但這些腐爛的作用者已經(jīng)開始分解食物and get to the nutrients locked inside.搶掠里面的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)

22、I want to investigate我要去了解who's got the advantage in this opening stage在試驗的開始階段,誰是罪魁禍?zhǔn)譝ell, it's the second day and it's really warm in here,it's 25 degrees.現(xiàn)在是第二天,這里很溫暖，25That's like a warm summer day, so some things are drying out如同置身于暖和夏日，因此許多東西都變干了the chilli con carne is alre

23、ady growing a layer of mould,辣味牛肉已經(jīng)長起了一層霉all the time and settling on food.時刻都在運動著,然后有些停留在食物上Over here, the sandwiches which originally filled the box,up to the top,這里的三明治原來是高到盒頂have sagged down to about half their height.但現(xiàn)在縮小到只有原來的一半高了But what's really interesting me is what's happening ov

24、er here.我覺得那邊的情形最有趣The most obvious change so far has been on the surface of our chicken.雞只的表面發(fā)生了相當(dāng)明顯的變化Our time lapse cameras show these blotches appearing on its skin,慢速攝影機顯示,大塊的斑痕出現(xiàn)在雞的皮膚上over the course the past day.而這僅僅是一天的功夫To find out what's producing them,為了尋找產(chǎn)生變化的原因I've asked Dr Clar

25、e Taylor, a microbiologist, to join me.我邀請到了微生物學(xué)家克蕾雅.泰勒博士Well, Clare, that chicken is beginning to look a bit discoloured.嘿，克蕾雅，那只雞看起來變了一點顏色to be a slight whiff.還有一點異味 是開始變臭了What have you got on this?你怎么看待這個現(xiàn)象?I tell you what I've got a UV light我將使用紫外線光so we can take a look more closely at the s

26、urface.這樣我們能夠更好地觀察表皮Now, ultraviolet I use for other things,我通常用紫外線作其它用途but I'm interested to see what happens here.但我很好奇,通過它會觀察到什么樣的情況Now you can't see it. No, can't see anything.現(xiàn)在你還看不到 是的,看不出什么來Take a look at that!注意看著那里It's glowing! So all these areas are glowing sort of blue.太奇妙

27、了!所有地方都變藍了Exactly, so where you can see those glowing bits, that's bacteria.是的.你所看到泛白的地方,那就是細(xì)菌Any particular kind? That's likely to be pseudomonas.什么細(xì)菌? 應(yīng)該是假單胞菌Pseudomonas is a common type of food spoilage bacteria.假單胞菌可以讓食物腐爛,是很常見的種類Our microscope shows a whole colony glowing under the UV l

28、ight.在紫外線下,通過顯微鏡可以見到細(xì)菌群不斷繁殖There could be as many as a billion individual bacterial cells這里就有十億個細(xì)菌in this sample alone.而這僅是一個樣本上的數(shù)量In sheer number terms,總而言之bacteria are the most common agents of decay on the planet.細(xì)菌是地球上最普遍的腐爛作用者And, on dead animals, they're the first to attack.在動物尸體上,它們是腐爛的先頭

29、部隊Because they're already on the scene.因為它們早就捷足先登了All creatures carry bacteria while they're alive.所有生物在還活著的時候,就攜帶著細(xì)菌These pseudomonas bacteria were on our chicken before it was killed,在我們的雞只被宰殺前,假單胞菌已經(jīng)被攜帶上了feeding on its skin secretions.當(dāng)時它們以雞皮的分泌物為生Now it's dead, they've quickly sw

30、itched to decomposing its flesh.如果雞只死亡,它們很快轉(zhuǎn)為蠶食雞肉With ample food, and enough moisture,有了豐盛的食物和充足的水份they've multiplied rapidly.它們繁殖迅速As colonies of bacteria like this expand, something surprising happens.隨著細(xì)菌規(guī)模的擴大,就會出現(xiàn)奇異現(xiàn)象The bacteria start to coordinate their actions.這些細(xì)菌開始相互配合行動Working together

31、 to benefit the colony.同心協(xié)力 相得益彰The bacteria send signals to each other to direct what they do.每個細(xì)菌會發(fā)出信息,向其它同類傳遞當(dāng)前狀況So the bacteria are talking to each other, telling each other where they need to go.通過互通有無,別的細(xì)菌就知道應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣行動These E-coli bacteria have been genetically modified這些是發(fā)生了基因轉(zhuǎn)變的大腸桿菌to allow us t

32、o see this in action.是我們?yōu)榱擞^察細(xì)菌的運作而特意安排的When the colony reaches a critical size all the bacteria start flashing in unison.在區(qū)域達到臨界大小時,所有細(xì)菌會開始一齊閃爍Bacteria are constantly exchanging chemicals that allow them細(xì)菌在不斷地釋放化學(xué)物質(zhì)to sense their own numbers and those of rival colonies.進行探測自己團體的個體數(shù)量,以及鄰近區(qū)域里同類的情況They

33、 can even detect when they have the numbers它們甚至能夠估算,在什么時候達到一定的個體數(shù)量to overwhelm a competitor.才能夠壓制鄰近區(qū)域的競爭Back on our chicken, these tactics have allowed food spoilage bacteria to gain the upper hand.在我們的雞只上，這個策略讓細(xì)菌們的利益得以最大化But their actions are setting off a chain of events但是它們的行動引起了連鎖反應(yīng)that will att

34、ract a whole new set of decomposers.吸引來了新的分解機制As they break down the cells of the chicken to feast on the protein inside,在它們破壞雞肉細(xì)胞,吞噬里面的蛋白質(zhì)的時候the bacteria are releasing strong smelling gases.細(xì)菌會同時釋放出強烈的臭氣blow flies can pick up the smell of decomposing flesh大頭蒼蠅會沿著分解肉類而產(chǎn)生的臭氣within minutes of an anima

35、l's death.在動物死亡后的數(shù)分鐘內(nèi),就迅速趕到So it's likely they've already laid eggs on the chicken and other meat throughout the box.因此極可能它們已經(jīng)在雞肉和其它肉類里,進行產(chǎn)卵了We'll find out if we start seeing maggots in the next few days.在接下來的幾天后,我們將查看是否能夠看到蠅蛆These gases send a signal to us too.這些氣味對我們來說也是一個信&hea

36、rts;號♥♥It's our most important clue這是一個很重要線索that food spoilage bacteria have been at work.讓我們知道腐爛食物的細(xì)菌正在活動Right, let's see what folks make of these chicken drumsticks.注意了,讓我們看看人們對這些雞腿的反應(yīng)I want to see how sensitive we are to even the smallest signs of decay.對微小的變質(zhì),看看是如何的

37、微妙反應(yīng)Hi, guys, would you care to have a smell of this?嘿,朋友,你愿意幫忙聞一下這個嗎?Erggh! I can smell it from here. Urgh!呃!我在這里都聞到了. 哇!(THEY LAUGH)(笑聲)It's horrible. Stop it. It's not nice.太惡心了.別搞了! 真不太好受!So, if you found that in your house, what would you do?呵,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)這個在你的房♥子里,你會怎么辦?I wouldn'

38、;t eat it. I think I'd put it in the bin.不會再吃了.我會把它丟到垃圾箱的I'd throw it away immediately. Throw it out.我會立即扔掉它,越遠越好It's disgusting.真的令人作嘔We fight a daily battle to keep this kind of decay我們每天都要與腐爛作斗爭out of our kitchens.將它驅(qū)逐出廚房♥Looking round the box already makes me think about w

39、hat a challenge this really is.通過房♥子里的事情,使我覺得這真是一個艱巨的任務(wù)Decay is a relentless opponent.腐爛是毫無憐憫心的So, I'm interested in exploring what we've learnt about delaying its effects.所以,我對探究如何緩減腐爛很感興趣And in America, there's a team that's taking on在美國,有一個團隊the ultimate food preservati

40、on challenge.在挑戰(zhàn)最大限度地保藏食物(GUNSHOTS)(槍聲)Keep your head down or it's going to get shot off you!保持低頭,不然子彈會打中你的腦瓜(GUNSHOTS)(槍聲)Now, this is not necessarily the first place I'd think of各位,這里當(dāng)然不是合適的場所when it comes to the latest advances in food science,能夠讓我們?nèi)ビ懻撟钚碌氖澄镌掝}but the US army is right on th

41、e frontline in the war against decay.但正是美國♥軍♥隊，處于與腐爛作斗爭的最前沿Feeding an army in the field has always presented a challenge.戰(zhàn)時的食品供應(yīng)通常會面臨一個挑戰(zhàn)Soldiers need food that is quick to prepare,戰(zhàn)士們要求食物能夠快速準(zhǔn)備light to carry and long lasting.攜帶輕便,而且保質(zhì)期長Traditionally, the US military uses vacuu

42、m packed food傳統(tǒng)上,美國♥軍♥人使用真空罐裝食物called MREs, meals ready to eat.統(tǒng)稱為MRE食品,意思是即食Special packaging stops moisture and oxygen getting in特殊包裝能阻止水分和空氣進入so bacteria can't grow.所以細(xì)菌不能生長MREs have a shelf life of three years.MRE食品的保質(zhì)期是三年There's a problem though.但是還是存在一個問題MREs are

43、not exactly popular with the people who have to eat them.MRE食品不太受食用者喜歡Hands-down-worst MRE made is the veggie omelette.毫無疑問,MRE讓人索然無味It's like eating a. I don't know.吃起來就象.我真不知怎么形容才好Wet, soggy cardboard is the best way I think you can describe it.濕膩膩 軟綿綿 沒什么口感If I had to eat an MRE every day

44、, that would basically suck.假如每天都是MRE,我只會勉強吃一點(GUNFIRE)(槍聲)So, when the army went looking for ways to spruce up the menu,因此,如要保持軍隊的戰(zhàn)斗力it wanted something more appealing.就必需更貼近戰(zhàn)士們的需要Something that was quick and easy to eat.食物不僅能夠快速準(zhǔn)備、易食And could deliver the huge amounts of energy that soldiers requir

45、e.而且能夠供給戰(zhàn)士們需要的足夠熱量The solution was a surprise.解決的方法很讓人驚訝A sandwich. But not just any sandwich.三明治，但不是普通的三明治A sandwich that remains fresh and tasty in the field軍用的三明治美味可口for up to three years,能夠三年保質(zhì)without refrigeration, freeze drying or the need to add water.不需要冷藏、烘干或加水That is extreme preservation.這

46、就是最極致的保存So how did they do it?那他們是怎么做到的呢？Food scientist Michelle Richardson食品學(xué)家米歇爾.理查森was part of the team that developed the sandwich.參與了這種三明治的研發(fā)Her first challenge was to control the moisture you'd find in a typical sandwich.她的第一個挑戰(zhàn)就是控制三明治中的水分These sandwiches do not look very happy.這些三明治看起來不太順

47、眼They really don't.是的 不是太好看That's a ham and cheese wedge that's been in the car for three days.里面有火腿和奶酪，而且在車?yán)锓派先炝薎f we open it up, we'll just have a look at this thing如果我們打開包裝，我們會看到cos if you had that in your backpack for three days.就象是把它放在背包三天了.That was just a normal shop-bought sa

48、ndwich.這是一個從普通商店買♥♥到的三明治Urgh! It's soggy. It's really soggy.呃！發(fā)潮了，潮得比較厲害Look at that.注意這里You wouldn't really want to eat that in the field?如果是在作戰(zhàn)中，你不會愿意吃掉它吧？You really wouldn't want to eat it for two reasons.不情愿的原因有兩個It wouldn't taste good,一方面是沒有口感because th

49、e texture is not what you typically get.比普通的味道差得太多了And also because of that moisture excess再者是里面的水分太多you may have bacteria growing in it.可能已經(jīng)滋生細(xì)菌If you can control the moisture, you can slow down the process of decay.如果你能控制水分，就能緩減腐爛變質(zhì)的速度Without water, bacteria cannot grow.沒有水份，細(xì)菌就無從滋生That's why

50、drying is the classic way to stop food decaying.因此干燥能有效防止食物的腐爛But a sandwich without water would be inedible.但三明治如果沒有水份，肯定不適合食用So Michelle has taken inspiration from another classic preservation technique.從另一種效果良好的保藏技術(shù)中,米歇爾獲得靈感Well, this right here is strawberry jam這是草莓醬and as you can see in here, i

51、t's very firm. Yeah.你看這里，非常稠 是的It's made from strawberries. Most fruits and vegetables contain它是草莓做的.正如絕大多數(shù)果類和蔬菜a lot of water, probably 95% water,含有大量的水分,也許有95%的水but by adding different ingredients,但加入不同的物料后what that does is it holds the water in very tightly.就讓水份能夠非常牢固地保持Right, so it's

52、 locked away in there?這么說就是禁錮在里面了?Yes.是的The sugar added to jam acts as what's called a humectant.糖加入到果醬中,會起到類似保濕劑的作用It traps the water from the fruit inside the jam.它使果實中的水分保持在果醬中That's why the jam is moist enough to spread,這就能解釋為什么果醬濕潤,易于攤開but doesn't make the bread soggy.卻不會讓面包潮濕Crucia

53、lly for the battle against decay,在與腐爛變質(zhì)的抗?fàn)幹?這點是至關(guān)重要的the water is also now locked away from bacteria.水分能夠保持但遠離了細(xì)菌The army's sandwiches deploy a whole range of ingredients軍用的三明治使用了一系列的物料that have these water-retaining properties.去解決水分的問題Honey, sugar and salt have all been enlisted.蜂蜜、糖及鹽都要用到Bacter

54、ia need water to thrive.細(xì)菌需要水分才能滋生Most also need oxygen too.絕大多數(shù)還同時需要氧氣。Michelle has found a way to cut off supplies of that as well.米歇爾發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種釜底抽薪的辦法Now, when I opened the pack I found this inside我打開包裝后，在里面發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個東西and I assume that's not edible. No, it's not.我猜是不能食用的吧 不能What is this for?這個有什么作

55、用?This is an oxygen scavenger.這是一包除氧劑Basically what's contained in here are little iron shavings.實質(zhì)上里面是很細(xì)小的鐵質(zhì)Oh, right. Iron filings.噢,對,鐵粉If there is any oxygen or moisture still inside the packaging,如果包裝內(nèi)還有氧氣或水分they'll react with the iron filings, and become trapped in a layer of rust.它們就會

56、與鐵粉產(chǎn)生反應(yīng),生成鐵銹This will prevent yeast and mould from growing as well as bacteria but防止類似細(xì)菌的酵母和霉菌滋長it will also prevent chemical reactions that require oxygen from taking place.同時也能防止發(fā)生需氧的化學(xué)反應(yīng)This is one seriously hi-tech sandwich!這個真的是高科技的三明治!Yeah, it is.呵,沒錯These simple but ingenious solutions have c

57、ombined這些簡易的解決方法,結(jié)合起來卻很奇妙to make a food that is highly resistant to decay.從而讓食物能有效地抵抗腐爛But the ultimate test is whether anyone wants to eat it.但最后還是要測試,看人們是否喜歡它It's definitely the best two-year-old sandwich I've had.我吃過貯存了2年的三明治,很好吃Better than a lot of new ones too.甚至好過新鮮的I'm a big fan.

58、I like the bread.我是它的超級粉絲.我喜歡這種面包The bread just makes it, it's definitely great,面包就應(yīng)該這樣做,它非常棒especially for two-years-old.尤其是那種貯存兩年的These sandwiches don't stay fresh for ever.這些三明治不能永遠保持新鮮But they do show that, if you can reduce the moisture and oxygen that但他們做了前面的工作,進行防潮及除氧bacteria thrive on,細(xì)菌無以為生you can hold off de