教師考試語法復(fù)習(xí)-助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

1、教師考試語法復(fù)習(xí)十一:助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(一助動(dòng)詞有be, have, do, will, shall。它們本身沒有詞義,只和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的一定形式構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語,用來表示時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài),構(gòu)成否定、疑問及加強(qiáng)語氣等。1、be (am, is, are, were, been(l“be + -ing”構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài);(2“be + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài);(3“be + 動(dòng)詞不定式”構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語:表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year. 總理將于明年訪問日本。用于命令。You're to do your homework

2、before you watch TV.你得做完了作業(yè)才能看電視。2、have (has, had(1“have+過去分詞”構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。如:Have you seen the film ? (2“have been + -ing”構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如:What have you been doing these days? 這些日子你一直在干什么?3、do (does, did(1“do not + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成行為動(dòng)詞的否定式。如:His brother doesnt like playing basket.;(2“Do + 主語+ 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成行為動(dòng)詞的一般疑問句。Does he g

3、o to school by bike every day? (3“do + 動(dòng)詞原形”用于祈使句或陳述句中表示加強(qiáng)語氣。如:I did go to see him, but he wasnt in我確實(shí)去看望他了,但他不在家。Do do some work. 請一定做點(diǎn)什么;(4代替前面剛出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞以避免重復(fù)。My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did.4.will, shall (would, should“will (shall+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí),一般來說shall用于第一人稱,will用于第二人稱或第三人稱,口語中常用will代

4、替shll,如:We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.(二情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說話人對某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度,可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必須”或“應(yīng)當(dāng)”等之意。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。但不能單獨(dú)作謂語動(dòng)詞用,必須和不帶to的不定式連用構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞。只有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞ought要和帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式連用,在句中作謂語用。將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語之前即構(gòu)成其疑問式,在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后加not既構(gòu)成其否定式?，F(xiàn)將各情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法分述如下:1、can和could (could為can的過去式 的基本用法(1表示能力,如:He can speak

5、 English better than you. (2在疑問句和否定句中表示“懷疑”、“猜測”或“可能性”,如:Can this green bike be Liu Dong's? (3表示“許可”時(shí)can可以和may換用,如:You can (may go home now. (4如果要表示語氣婉轉(zhuǎn),可用could代替can,這時(shí)could不再是can的過去式,如:Could you come again tomorrow? (5can和be able to都可表示能力,兩者在意思上沒有什么區(qū)別。但是can只能有現(xiàn)在式和過去式,而be able to則有更多的形式,如:He wil

6、l be able to do the work better.2、may和might (might為may的過去式的基本用法(1表示允許或征詢對方許可,有“可以”之意,如:You may use my dictionary. 在回答對方說“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”時(shí),一般多不用may或may not,以避免語氣生硬或不容氣。而用比較婉轉(zhuǎn)的說法進(jìn)行回答。如:- May I use this dictionary? - Yes, please. 或- Certainly. 在請求對方許可時(shí),如果Might I? 就比用May I? 語氣更婉轉(zhuǎn)些,如:May I have a look at

7、 your new computer? 但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”對方做某事時(shí),要用must not代替may not,如:- May we swim in this lake? - No, you mustnt. Its too dangerous.(2may或might都可以表示可能性,表示“或許”、“可能”之意,如果用might表示可能性,則語氣更加不肯定,如:They may (might be in the library now .3、must的基本用法(1must表示“必須”、“應(yīng)該”之意,其否定式must not,縮寫形式為mustn't,表示“不應(yīng)該”,“不準(zhǔn)”、“不

8、許可”或“禁止”之意,如:We must study hard and make progress every day. You mustn't touch the fire. (2對以must提出的疑問句,如作否定回答時(shí),要用needn't或用don't (doesn't have to (不必來回答,而不用mustn't,因?yàn)閙ustn't表示的是“禁止”或“不許可”之意,如:- Must we finish the work tomorrow? - No, you needn't (don't have to, but yo

9、u must finish it in three days. (3在肯定句中must可以表示推測,表示“一定”或“必定”之意,如:- Whose new bike can it be? - It must be Liu Dong's. I know his father has just bought him a new one.4、can, could, may, must后接完成式的用法(1can, could后接完成式的用法:在否定句或疑問句中表示對過去發(fā)生過的事情的“懷疑”或“不肯定”的態(tài)度,Could he have said so? 在肯定句中,可以表示過去可能做到而實(shí)際

10、并沒做到的事情,有“勸告”或“責(zé)備”的語氣。如:- When did you answer her letter? - Only yesterday. - It's too late. You could have answered it earlier, I am sure. (2may, might 后接完成式的用法表示對過去某事的推測,認(rèn)為某一件事情在過去可能發(fā)生了。如果使用might,語氣就比較婉轉(zhuǎn)或更加不肯定,如:Mary might have learned some Chinese before. 可以表示過去本來可以做到而實(shí)際沒有做到的事情,有“勸告”或“責(zé)備”的語氣,

11、如: You didn't do the work well that day. You might have done it better. (3must后接完成式的用法:表示對過去某事的推測,認(rèn)為某事在過去一定做到了,如:Liu Dong isnt in the classroom. He must have gone to the library.5、have to 的基本用法:have to和must的意義相近,只是must側(cè)重表示說話人的主觀看法,而have to 則表示客觀需要,如:I must study hard. I had to give it up because

12、 of illness.6、ought to的基本用法(l表示根據(jù)某種義務(wù)或必要“應(yīng)當(dāng)”做某事,語氣比should強(qiáng),例如:Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations. (2表示推測,注意與must表示推測時(shí)的區(qū)別:He must be home by now .(斷定他已到家,He ought to be home by now .(不十分肯定,This is where the oil must be.(比較直率 ,This is where the oil ought to be. (比較含蓄 ;(3“ought + have+ 過去分詞

13、”表示過去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。例如:You ought to have he lped him. (but you didnt這時(shí), ought與should可以互相換用。注意,在美國英語中ought to 用于否定和疑問句時(shí)to可以省略。例如:Ought you smoke so much? You oughtnt smoke so much.7、dare的基本用法(ldare (dared為其過去式 作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí),主要用于否定句,疑問句和條件從句中,如:Dared he bread the traffic regulations again? (2在現(xiàn)代英語中dare常用作行為動(dòng)詞,其變

14、化與一般行為動(dòng)詞相同,如:She dares to stay at home alone at night.8、need的基本用法(1need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí),主要用于否定句和疑問句中,如:He needn't worry about us now.(2need也可作為行為動(dòng)詞用,可用于肯定句,否定句和疑問句中,其后可接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞或帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式為其賓語。如:You need to practise reading aloud every day.(3needn't后接完成式可以表示過去做了一件本來不必要做的事情,如:- Did you answer the let

15、ter yesterday? - Yes, I did. - But you neednt have answered it.9、shall的基本用法(1shall用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),用于第二、三人稱,表示說活人的意愿,可表示“命令”、“警告”、“強(qiáng)制”、“威脅”或“允諾”等意,如:He shall go first, whether he wants to or not. (2在疑問句中,shall用于第一、三人稱,表示說話人的征詢對方意見或請求指示,如:Shall I open the door?10、should的基本用法(1should作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可以表示“建議”或“勸告”,有“應(yīng)該”之意

16、,如:You should learn from each other. (2should后接完成式表示過去沒有做到本來應(yīng)該做的事情,或是做了本來不應(yīng)該做的事情。如:You should have give him more help.11、will的基本用法(1用于各人稱,可以表示“意志”或“決心”,如:I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen. (2在疑問句中用于第二人稱,表示說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣埱蠡蛟儐枌Ψ降囊庠?如:Will you please tell me how to get t

17、o the Capital Gymnasium? (3will可以表示一種習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,有“總是”或“會(huì)要”之意,如:Every morning he will have a walk along this river.12、would的基本用法(1would作為will的過去式,可用于各人稱,表示過去時(shí)間的“意志”或“決心”,如: He promised he would never smoke again. (2在疑問句中,用于第二人稱,表示說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣埱蠡蛟S問對方的意愿時(shí),比用will的氣更加婉轉(zhuǎn),如:Would you like some more coffee? (3在日常生活

18、中,學(xué)用“I would like to”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意,以使語氣婉轉(zhuǎn),如:I would like to do Ex.2 first. (4would可以表示過去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作,比used to 正式,并沒有“現(xiàn)已無此習(xí)慣”的含義。如:Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class. / During the vacation he would visit me every week. (5表料想或猜想,如:It would be about ten when

19、 he left home./ What would she be doing there?/ I thought he would have told you about it.13、used to, had better, would rather的用法(1used to表示過去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在已不存在,在間接引語中,其形式可不變,例如:He told us he used to play foot ball when he was young. 在疑問句、否定句、否定疑問句或強(qiáng)調(diào)句中,可有兩種形式。疑問句:Did you use to/ Used you to go to the

20、same school as your brother? 否定句:I usednt to / didnt use to go there. (usednt 也可寫作usent;否定疑問句: Usent you to/ Didnt you use to be interested in the theatre? 強(qiáng)調(diào)句:I certainly used to/ did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago.;其反意疑問句或簡略回答中,也有兩種形式:She used to be very fat. didnt she?/ use(dnt she? Did

21、 you use to play chess? Yes, I did./ Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did./ used to. (2had better意為“最好”,后接不帶to的不定式,例如:- We had better go now . - Yes, we had (we'd better/ we had better./ Hadnt we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?/ I think Id better be going. (用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),表“

22、最好立即”/ You had better have done that (用于完成時(shí)態(tài),表未完成動(dòng)作 注:had better用于同輩或小輩,對長輩不可用。(3would rather意為“寧愿”,表選擇,后接不帶to的不定式,例如:Id rather not say anything./ Would you rather work on a farm?/ - Wouldnt you rather stay here? - No, I would not. Id rather go there. 由于would rather表選擇,因而后可接than,例如:I would rather wo

23、rk on a farm than in a factory. / I would rather watch TV than go to see the film/ I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie./ Id rather you didnt talk about this to anyone. (句中的'd rather不是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,would 在此是表愿望的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞練習(xí)、助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1. If they _ to do this work, he might

24、 do it some other way.A. wereB. shouldC. willD. can2. I was told yesterday that the company _ me to Rome next week for a business conference.A. should have sentB. were going to sendC. should be sendingD. should send3. Let's take a walk, _? A. will we B. don't we C. do we D. shall we4. He was

25、 a good swimmer so he _ swim to the river bank when the boat sank.A. couldB. mightC. shouldD. was able to5. I went to the doctor's yesterday, I had to wait for half an hour before he _ see me.A. canB. mayC. mightD. could6. - _ this book be yours? - No, it _ not be mine. It _ be his.A. Can, must,

26、 mayB. May, might, mustC. Can, may, mustD. Must, can, may7. "We didn't see him at the lecture yesterday. " "He _ it. "A. mustn't attendB. can't have attendedC. would have not attendedD. needed have attended8. They _ the plane, or perhaps they have been prevented from

27、coming for some reason.A. can have missedB. may have missedC. can have lostD. may have lost9. Since the ground is white, it _ last night.A. had snowedB. must have snowedC. must be snowingD. must have been snowing10. You must be fifty, _?A. mustn't youB. needn't youC. aren't youD. mnyn

28、9;t you11. You must have seen him off yesterday, _?A. haven't youB. didn't youC. mustn't youD. needn't you12. - That must be a mistake. - No .it _ be.A. can'tB. isn't able toC. canD. was able to13. He had known the matter before you told him, so you _ have told it to him.A. m

29、ustn'tB. can'tC. needn'tD. shouldn't14. How _ so?A. dare you to sayB. dare you sayC. do you dare sayD. dare to say15. You are their teacher. You _ care of them.A. should to takeB. might to takeC. ought to takeD. need to take16. She is studying medical science now but she _ a lawyer.A

30、. used to beB. would beC. wereD. had been17. If you were in an English-speaking country, you, too, _ English every day.A. will be used to speakB. will be used to speakingC. must be used to speakD. would be used to speaking18. I did not call to make my airline reservation (預(yù)訂 but I _.A. should have B

31、, may have C. must have D. shall have19. As a girl, she _ get up at six every day.A. wouldB. willC. mightD. should20. Don't you remember that we _ to the cinema tonight?A. would goB. goC. are goingD. will be gone21. - Shall I tell John about it? - No, you _. I've told him already.A. needn'tB. wouldn'tC. mustn'tD