語言學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料-

1、IV. Define the following terms:1. Apocope : Apocope is the deletion of a word-final vowel segment.2. Metathesis: Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as metathesis. It involves a reversal in position of two neighbouring sound seg-ments.3. Derivation: It is a process by which new words

2、 are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems or words.4. back-formation: It is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the supposed suffix of an existing word.5. semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word be-comes less general or i

3、nclusive than its historically earlier meaning.6. Protolanguage: It is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.7. Haplology: It refers to the phenon of the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence.8. Epenthesis: A change that involves the insertion of a c

4、onsonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.9. Compounding: It is a process of combining two or more than two words into one lexical unit.10. Blending: It is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.11. semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refe

5、rs to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denota-tion.62. semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning.63. Great V owel Shi

6、ft: It is a series of systematic sound change at the end of the Middle English period approximately between 1400 and 1600 in the history of English that involved seven long vowels and consequently led to one of the major discrepancies between English pronunciation and its spelling system.64. Acronym

7、: An acronym is a word created by combining the initials ofa number of words.65. sound assimilation: Sound assimilation refers to the physiological effect of one sound on an-other. In an assimilative process, successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another in terms of place or

8、manner of articulation, or of haplology.V. Answer the following questions:66. What is the purpose or significance of the historical study of language?1 Researches in historical linguistics shed light on prehistoric developments in the evolution of language and the connections of earlierand later var

9、iants of the same lan-guage and provide valuable insights into the kinship patterns of different languages.2 The identification of the changes that a particular language has undergone enables us to reconstruct the linguistic history of that language, and thereby hypothesizes its earlier forms from w

10、hich current speech and writing have evolved.3 The historical study of language also en-ables them to determine how non - linguistic factors, such as social, cultural and psychological factors, interact over time to cause linguistic change.67. What are the characteristics of the nature of language c

11、hange?All living languages change with time and language change is inevitable. As a general rule, language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable de-gree, regular and systematic. Language change is extensive, taking place in virtually all aspects of the grammar.Although language chan

12、ge is universal, inevitable, and in some cases, vigorous, it is never an overnight occurrence, but a gradual and constant process, often indiscernible to speakers of the same generation.33. _b_ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech commu

13、nities.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Historical linguisticsD. General linguistics34. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _c_.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes35. _a_ is speech variation according to the particular area where a s

14、peaker comes from.A. Regional variationB. Language variationC. Social variationD. Register variation36. _a_ are the major source of regional variation of language.A. Geographical barriersB. Loyalty to and confidence in ones native speechC. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD.

15、 Social barriers37. _c_ means that certain authorities, such as the gov-ernment choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer38. _d_ in a persons speech or wr

16、iting usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.A. Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. Variation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation39. A _a_ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication

17、among groups of people for diverse linguistic back-grounds .A. lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language40. Although _c_ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.A. vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidginsD. sociolects41.

18、 In normal situations, _a_ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their _ counterparts with the same social back-ground. A. female; male B. male; femaleC. old; youngD. young; old42. A linguistic _d_ refers to a word or expression that is prohibit-ed by the "polite" society from g

19、eneral use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. taboo43. sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts.44. speech community: The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community or a speech community is a group of peoplewho form a community and sha

20、re the same language or a particular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community. They may share closely related language varieties, as well as attit

21、udes toward linguistic norms. 45. speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. The distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a comb

22、ination of linguistic features. 46. language planning: language standardization is known as lan-guage planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and

23、spelling systems, across regional boundaries. 47. Idiolect: An idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that com-bines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and stylistic variation, in one form or another. In a narrower sense, what makes up ones idiolect includes als

24、o such factors as voice quality, pitch and speech rhythm, which all contribute to the identifying features in an individual' s speech. 48. standard language : The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the ju

25、diciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language. 49. nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard languages 50. lingua franca: A lingua fr

26、anca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds. 51. pidgin: A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication. 52. Creole: A Creole language is

27、originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. 53. diglossia : Diglossia usually describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriat

28、e for certain situations. 54. Bilingualism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. 55. ethnic dialect: Within a society, speech variation may come about because of different ethnic backgro