M7U1及物動詞與不及物動詞

1、單元語法及物動詞與不及物動詞一、要點精講基本概念在英語中，按動詞后可否直接跟賓語，可把實義動詞分成兩種：及物動詞（vt.）和不及物動詞（vi.）。及物動詞后必須跟有動作的對象（即賓語），并且可直接跟賓語，有被動形式。不及物動詞后不能直接跟有動作的對象（即賓語），不可直接跟賓語；若要跟賓語，必須先在其后添加上合適的介詞（如to, of, at, for, about）后方可跟賓語，不及物動詞無被動形式。及物動詞后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的實義動詞被稱作及物動詞：有的動詞必須接一個賓語，有的必須接兩個賓語。（1）單賓語He's reading a magazine. He reached P

2、aris the day before yesterday. I believe that the will consider my suggestion. “How long can I keep the book?” Harry asked. （2）雙賓語（間接賓語人+直接賓語物） The accident cost the accident his life. 這次事故使司機丟了命。 He promised (me) a quick answer. 他答應（我）從速回復。Please hand me the book (=hand the book to me) over there.

3、My father bought me a smart phone (=bought a smart phone for me) on my birthday. 間接賓語由to引導的動詞：award 授予，bring 帶來，feed 喂，give 給，hand 遞給，leave 留給，lend 借給，loan 借出，mail 郵寄，offer 給，owe 欠，pass 遞給，pay 支付，repay 償還，post 郵寄，promise 答應給，read 讀，rent 租，sell 賣，send 送，serve 端，show給看，take 帶，teach 教，tell 告訴，write寫，su

4、pply 提供，等。 間接賓語由for引導的動詞：book 預訂，bring 帶來，build 建造，buy 買，carry攜帶/拿，cook 煮，cut 剪/切/割，design 設計，fetch 取來，find 找來，fix 確定/修理/安裝，get 弄來/買，leave 留給，make 制造/做，order 點菜，pour 倒(茶)，prepare 準備，provide 提供，save 節(jié)省，set 定（時），sing 唱歌，spare 抽出（時間），等。win 贏，write 寫。 同一動詞后面跟to和for意義上有時有區(qū)別：He read the letter to her. 他把這

5、封信讀給她聽。He read the letter for her. 他代她讀這封信。She wrote a letter to him. 她給他寫了一封信。She wrote a letter for him. 她代他寫了一封信。He fed the chicken to her. 他把那雞肉喂給她吃。He fed the chicken for her. 他替她給那小雞喂食。（3）復合賓語（賓語+補語）a. call（把叫作）/name（把叫作）/make（使成為）/elect（選舉為）/choose（選當）/appoint（任命為）+賓語+表職務的名詞b. make/let/have+賓

6、語+動詞原形（使/讓） She made her husband change his mind./ Her husband was made to change his mind. Dont let your future be ruined by playing computer games. c. see/watch/observe/notice/look at/hear/listen to/feel+賓語+動詞原形/現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞 They saw a stranger leave the house/A stranger was seen to leave the house.

7、We often heard her singing the song in the next room/She was heard singing the song in the next room. d. have/get/keep/leave/set/send+賓語+分詞/形容詞等（使處于某種狀態(tài)）The disease left him lying in the hospital for a month. e. advise/allow/ask/beg/cause(使得)/get/set(使得)/consider(認為)/direct(指示/命令)/expect (期待)/forbid

8、 (禁止)/force(迫使)/guide(指導)/help/intend(想要)/invite/need/order/permit(允許)/persuade/prefer(寧愿)/remind(提醒)/request(請求)require(要求)/teach(教導)/tell/want/warn (警告)/wish/appeal to(呼吁)/call on(號召)/depend on(依靠)/hope for(期望)/long for(渴望)/wait for(等待)/would like+賓語to do The professor forced his nephew to go on t

9、he trip with him. f. admit(承認)/believe/declare(宣布)/discover/find/guess/imagine/judge/know/prove/suppose /take/hold(認為)+賓語+to beHe declared it to be true. 他斷言那是真實的。g. make/think consider/find/feel/believe/take it+形容詞/名詞+to do sth./doing sth. I consider it no good/use wasting time arguing about the ma

10、tter. 主要用作及物的動詞：achieve 達到，admire 欽佩，affect 影響，afford 買得起，avoid 避免，bear 忍受，believe 相信，blame 責備，borrow 借，bring帶來，build 建造，buy 購買，carry 攜帶，catch 抓住，complete 完成，consider 考慮，control 控制，correct 糾正，cover 覆蓋，create 創(chuàng)造，cut 切/割/剪，damage 損害，demand 要求，describe 描述，design 設計，destroy 毀滅，discover 發(fā)現(xiàn)，discuss 討論，dis

11、play 陳列，do 做，enjoy 喜歡，expect 期待，experience經歷，express 表達，fear 害怕，fill 填補，find 發(fā)現(xiàn)，finish 完成，get 得到，hate討厭/恨，have 有，hear聽見，hire 雇傭，hit 打，include 包括，influence影響，introduce 介紹，keep 保存，kill 殺死，know 知道，lack 缺少，like 喜歡，love 愛，make 制造/做，mean 意思是，mention 提起，name 命名，need 需要，owe 欠，own 擁有，plant 栽種，please 使高興，pref

12、er更喜歡，prevent 防止，produce 生產，protect 保護，provide 提供，raise 種/養(yǎng)/舉起/提出，reach 到達，receive 收到，remember記住，remove 去除，respect 尊重，risk 冒.險，seat使,就坐，see 看見，seek 尋找，sell 賣，send寄/送，spend話費/度過，support支持，take 帶，test 檢測，threaten威脅，trust 信任，upset 攪亂，use 使用，value 重視，want 想要，waste浪費，wear穿/戴，welcome歡迎，等。不及物動詞本身意義完整后面不須跟賓

13、語的實義動詞被稱作不及物動詞。如：Birds fly.鳥會飛。My watch has stopped. 我的表停了。What happened yesterday? 昨天發(fā)生了什么？This is the room where I once lived. 這是我曾經住過的屋子。The students work very hard. 學生們很努力地學習。She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。 主要用作不及物的動詞ache 疼痛，advance 進展，agree 同意，appear 出現(xiàn)，arise 出現(xiàn)，arrive到達，belong屬于，bleed 流血，

14、cease停止，come 來，cough 咳嗽，crawl 爬，cry 哭，die 死，dine 就餐，disappear 消失，exist 存在，faint 頭昏，fail 失敗，fall 掉落/倒，float 飄/浮，flow 流，fly 飛，go 去，hang 懸掛，happen 發(fā)生，hesitate 猶豫，hurry匆忙，kneel 跪，laugh 笑，lie 躺/撒謊，listen聽，live 住/生活，occur 發(fā)生，pause 暫停，persist 堅持，remain 仍然是，rise 上升，run 跑/流，scream 尖叫，shine 照耀，sigh 嘆息，sit 坐，s

15、leep 睡覺，smile 微笑，speak說話，spread 傳開/蔓延，stand 站，stay 逗留/保持，strike打/敲，succeed成功，surrender 投降，swim 游泳，talk 談話，travel 旅行，vary 變化，wait 等待，walk走路，break out 爆發(fā)，come about發(fā)生，come true 實現(xiàn)，come up 發(fā)生/被提起，get around 傳開，give out 被用完；耗盡；(機器等)失靈，run out 用完，run shout 缺乏，take place 發(fā)生，turn out 結果是，turn up 出現(xiàn)，work ou

16、t 鍛煉，等。 連系動詞為不及物動詞，用主動形式表示被動意思，不用于被動語態(tài)。The flower smells so nice. Silk feels soft and smooth. The soup tastes bitter. The price sounds pleasant. 又如：appear calm，come easy (safe)，go mad (crazy, bad, sour, wrong, hungry, blind)，get angry (ill, wet, excited, married, paid)，fall asleep( fall ill, fall sh

17、ort, fall flat)，feel good (sleepy)，keep quiet (silent)，look fit (well, young, tired)，make certain (sure, ready, a good teacher) ，prove an effective method (correct, accurate)，remain still (unchanged)，rise red，seem happy，stand still，stay young (stay fresh, the same)，turn teacher=become a teacher (yel

18、low)，turn out true 部分不及物動詞可以帶同源賓語 dream a terrible dream, live a happy life, smell a nice smell, smile a sweet smile, die a glorious death 某些不及物動詞可用主動形式表示被動意思句式主要有兩種：不及物動詞+副詞(well, easily等)；wont/wouldnt+不及物動詞This apple tastes good and sells well. 這蘋果口味好，銷路好。China damages easily. 瓷器很容易損壞。Wet wood won

19、t burn easily. 濕木頭不易燃。The door wouldnt open, no matter how hard he pushed 這門就是打不開，無論他怎么使勁推。這類動詞主要有：act 演(得如何)，bake烘, 烤，begin 開始，break 斷/折斷，burn 燃燒/燒，close 關上/關門/關閉，conclude結束，cook (飯)被煮/在煮，cut 切起來/剪起來/鋸起來(情況如何)，damage 損壞/損害，dry 變干，end 結束/結果，fill被充滿/充盈，finish 結束，fit 適合/合身，form 形成，keep 保持住(不壞)，lock 鎖/

20、鎖上，measure 尺寸是/面積為，move 動/移動，open開/開門，perform（機器）性能（如何），play (戲)演得/開(收音機)./放(錄音機、唱片等)，read 讀起來(感覺如何)，sell 賣/出售(情況如何)，show展出/放映/播放，start 開始，stop 停止，tear 被撕/掛破，translate 翻譯起來(感覺如何)，turn 轉動/轉彎，wash 經洗(不褪色)/耐洗/好洗，wear經磨/耐用，weigh 重量為/稱得(多少重)，write 書寫(情況如何)，等兼作及物和不及物的動詞實際上英語中很多動詞既是及物動詞，又是不及物動詞。例如write：如I

21、am writing.（我正在寫作。）和I am writing a letter.（我正在寫一封信。）前一個句子中write是不及物動詞，后一個句子中write是及物動詞。又如，see是及物動詞，但在特殊情況下，如seeing is believing（眼見為實）則是不及物動詞。兩用且意義不變的動詞英語中有不少實義動詞可兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。這樣的動詞又有兩種不同的情況：如begin都是作"開始"講。Everybody, our game begins. Let us begin our game. 類似的還有：change (改變)，cook, conclude（結

22、束）, end, finish, leave（離開）, start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, study, prepare, pay, hurt, improve, stop, teach, fail, lose, write等。又如：Shall I start at once? 我可以立刻開始嗎? She started working as a librarian after she left school. 她畢業(yè)后當圖書管理員。When did they leave Chicago? 他們何時離開芝加哥的？

23、They left last week. 他們是上周離開的。兩用且意義不同的動詞英語中還有一類實義動詞，它們作不及物動詞是一個意義，而作及物動詞時卻是另一個意義。如lift，作不及物動詞時，它指煙霧的"消散"。如：We saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物動詞時，它則指"升高；舉起"。如：He lifted his glass and drank.Wash your hands before meals. 飯前要洗手。Does this cloth wash well? 這布經得起洗嗎?類似的還有：be

24、at vi. 跳動 vt. 揍，打，打??；grow vi. 生長 vt. 種植；play vi. 玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球），演奏；smell vi. 發(fā)出（氣味）vt. 嗅；ring vi.（電話、鈴）響vt. 打電話；speak vi. 講話 vt. 說（語言）；hang vi. 懸掛 vt. 絞死；operate vi. 動手術 vt. 操作；sign vi. 打手勢 vt. 簽名；與漢語的比較有時英語動詞的及物和不及物的用法，與漢語的用法不一樣，請注意下列兩種情況：（1）有的動詞在英語里只能用作不及物動詞，而漢語則可用作及物動詞，如arrive到達，agree同意，listen聽。英語

25、里這些動詞后面需接介詞。如：We arrived at the airport at noon.我們中午到達機場。（at不能省去）（比較：We reached the railway station at noon.)Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每個人都很有興趣地聽講課。（to不可省去）（比較：We all heard the lecture.) Do they agree to the plan? 他們同意這個計劃嗎? (to不可省去） （2）有的動詞在英語里能用作及物動詞，而在漢語里則不能用作及物動詞，如ser

26、ve為服務，greet與打招呼：Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly. 我們的兒童被教以全心全意為人民服務。Whenever he meets with his teachers, he greets them. 每當他遇到老師，他都跟他們打招呼。使用中的注意事項在英語錯誤中，“及物動詞+介詞+賓語”是常見的一種。所謂及物動詞，就是不必通過介詞引薦賓語的動詞。相反的，不及物動詞是不帶賓語的。有許多動詞，雖然性質是及物的，但不一定要有賓語，如下列的a和a便是這種情形：a. We study every day.b.

27、Do you study English every day?a. Please write clearly next time.b. Can you write your composition now?如果本質上就是不及物動詞，就不會有賓語；若要跟賓語，就要借助于介詞才行（不及物動詞+介詞+賓語），如b和b；a和a是錯的；*a. The children are listening the music. b. The children are listening to the music. *a. She is laughing the crippled man.b. She is lau

28、ghing at the crippled man. 反之，及物動詞不必靠介詞就可帶賓語，如上述的b和b ，又如和： John is giving a book to me. Who will answer this question?如果無意中把介詞加上，就錯了，如：* Who will answer to this question?下列這句從房地產廣告中看到的句子，也犯了同樣的錯：“We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.”await是一個及物動詞，后面的介詞for是多余的，要去掉；不然把“awaiting”改為“wai

29、ting”也行。許多人習慣上喜歡把介詞加到及物動詞后面，然后才帶出賓語。最常見的是“emphasize/stress on/upon”和“discuss about”，如： Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains. In our education system, we stress upon examination results. World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems.顯然，以上三句里的介詞“on/up

30、on”和“about”是多余的。更多錯句 The young must obey to their elders. Do not approach to that odd-looking man. The audience attacked on the rude speaker. Nothing can escape from his parents' eyes. Do you hope to serve for your nation? When did Susan marry with Paul?以上句子中的介詞“to, on, from, for, with”都要去掉才對。二、

31、考點精練單項選擇1. (2012重慶) Food supplies in the flood-stricken area_. We must act immediately before theres none left.A. have run out B. are running out C. have been run out D. are being run out2. (2012全國) The party will be held in the garden, weather _ .A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit3.

32、(2012北京) -Have you heard about that fire in the market?-Yes, fortunately no one _.A. hurt B. was hurt C. has hurt D. had been hurt4. (2012福建) China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from _in the South China Sea.A. attacking B. having att

33、acked C. being attacked D. having been attacked5. (2012福建) Pressed from his parents, and _that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.A. realizing B. realized C. to realize D. being realized6. (2011全國大綱) The island, _ to the mainland by the bridge, is easy to go to. A. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined7. (2010重慶) The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the ori