名詞和指示代詞的用法

1、名詞和指示代詞的用法一、 名詞 名詞可以分為專有名詞（Proper Nouns）和普通名詞 (Common Nouns），專有名詞是某個（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類： 1）個體名詞（Individual Nouns）：表示某類人或東西中的個體，如：gun。 2）集體名詞（Collective Nouns）：表示若干個個體組成的集合體，如：family。 3）物質(zhì)名詞（Material Nouns）：表示無法分為個體的實(shí)物，如：air。 4）抽象名詞（Abs

2、tract Nouns）：表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計算，稱為可數(shù)名詞（Countable Nouns），物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞（Uncountable Nouns）。歸納一下，名詞的分類可以下圖表示： _|專有名詞 | 名 | | 個體名詞 | | | 可數(shù)名詞| | | 集體名詞 | |普通名詞 | | 詞 | | 物質(zhì)名詞 | | | 不可數(shù)名詞| | 抽象名詞 | |1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化_情況 構(gòu)成方法 讀音例詞_一般情況加 -s 1.清輔音后讀/s/; map-maps 2.濁輔音和元音后 bag

3、-bags讀 /z/;car-cars_以s,sh,ch,x等結(jié)尾的詞加 -es 讀 /iz/bus-buses watch-watches_以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞 加 -s讀 /iz/license-licenses_以輔音字母+y 變y 為i結(jié)尾的詞 再加es 讀 /z/baby-babies_2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化1) 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)： 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeysholiday-holidays比較： 層樓：storey -storeys story-storie

4、s 2) 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時：a. 加s，如： photo-photospiano-pianos radio-radioszoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesc. 均可，如：zero-zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livest

5、hief-thieves；c. 均可,如：handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves 3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1）child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-miceman-men woman-women 注意：與 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。2）單復(fù)同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chi

6、nese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin但除人民幣元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如： peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Ja

7、panese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國民總稱時，作復(fù)數(shù)用。如： The Chinese are industries and brave.中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。 4）以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如： a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，為不可數(shù)名詞，是單數(shù)。 b. news 是不可數(shù)名詞。 c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。 d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。&q

8、uot;The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。5) 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses (眼鏡)trousers,clothes 若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對，雙);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚4 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示1）物質(zhì)名詞a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化

9、為個體名詞時。 比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。 (不可數(shù))These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。 (可數(shù))b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時，名詞可數(shù)。This factory produces steel.(不可數(shù))We need various steels.(可數(shù))c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時，可數(shù)。Our country is famous for tea. 我國因茶葉而聞名。Two teas, please.請來兩杯茶。2） 抽象名詞有時也可數(shù)。four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernization

10、s四個現(xiàn)代化物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量。如：5 定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。 如：sports meeting 運(yùn)動會 students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語時，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。 如：men workerswomen teachers gentlemen officials3) 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語時，s保留。 如：goods

11、train (貨車) arms produce武器生產(chǎn) customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush衣刷4) 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時，這個名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。 如：two-dozen eggs兩打/（二十四個雞蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan.一個五年計劃 個別的有用復(fù)數(shù)作定語的，如： a seven-years child6 不同國家的人的單復(fù)數(shù)名稱 總稱(謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）一個人 兩個人中國人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa S

12、wiss two Swiss澳大利亞人theantwoAustraliansAustralianAustralians 俄國人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italian two Italians希臘人the Greek a Greektwo Greeks法國人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanese two Japanese美國人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Ind

13、ian two Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadian two Canadians德國人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英國人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes7 名詞的格在英語中有些名詞可以加"'s"來表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加"'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要

14、加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room 男廁所。2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加"'"，如：the workers' struggle工人的斗爭。3） 凡不能加"'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發(fā)店。5） 如果兩個名

15、詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個's，則表示'共有'。 如：John's and Mary's room（兩間）John and Mary's room（一間）6） 復(fù)合名詞或短語，'s 加在最后一個詞的詞尾。 如：a month or two's absence二、指示代詞1. 指示代詞分單數(shù)（this / that）和復(fù)數(shù)（these / those）兩種形式，既可作限定詞又可做代詞，例如：單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)限定詞：This girl is Mary.Those men are myteac

16、hers.代詞：This is Mary. Those are myteachers.2. 指示代詞的句法功能；a. 作主語 This is the way to do it. 這事兒就該這樣做。 b. 作賓語 I like this better than that. 我喜歡這個甚至那個。 c. 作主語補(bǔ)語 My point is this. 我的觀點(diǎn)就是如此。 d. 作介詞賓語 I don't say no to that. 我并未拒絕那個。 There is no fear of that. 那并不可怕。說明1：指示代詞在作主語時可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分時只能指物，不能指

17、人，例如：(對)That is my teacher.那是我的老師。（ that作主語，指人） (對)He is going to marry this girl.他要和這個姑娘結(jié)婚。（this作限定詞）(錯)He is going to marry this.（this作賓語時不能指人）(對)I bought this.我買這個。(this指物，可作賓語)說明2：That和those可作定語從句的先行詞，但this和 these不能，同時，在作先行詞時，只有those可指人，試比較：(對) He admired that which looked beautiful.他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。(

18、對) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）(錯) He admired that who danced well.（that作賓語時不能指人）(對) He admired those who danced well.他贊賞跳舞好的人。（those指人）(對) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。（those指物）名詞專練1將下列名詞按要求歸類milk, orange, meat, fruit, food, paper, weather, s

19、heep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, people, bus, dish, potato, photo, bamboo, family, deer, coffee, news, wood, toothpaste, bread, water, paper翻譯下列詞組一杯咖啡_三條新聞_兩管牙膏_ 十張紙_一片面包_一杯水_ 一個建議_一罐果醬_ 三塊肥皂_ 七盒火柴_一滴油_兩雙鞋_答案：a cup of coffee three pieces of news two tubes of toothpaste ten pieces of paper a piece of b

20、read a glass of water a piece of advice a jar of jam three bars of soap seven boxes of matches a drop of oil two pairs of shoes 1單項(xiàng)選擇(   )1. There are some _ on the hill.A. sheeps B. a sheep C. sheep D. sheepes(   )2. Mr Black often gives us _ by Email. A.some good information B.

21、some good informations C. good informations D. a good information(   )3. There are some new books in the school library. They are _ books.A. child B. childrens' C. children D. children's(   )4. I have worn out my shoes, so I want to buy a new _ .A. pair B. one C. ones D.

22、trousers(   )5. Meimei's handwriting is better than any other _ in his class.    A. students B. students C. student's D. students'(   )6. The hospital is a bit far from here. It's about _ . A.forty minutes's walk B. forty minute's walk C. fo

23、rty minutes walk D. forty minutes' walk(   )7. How many_ are there in your class ? A. Japanese B. American C. Australian D. Canadian(   )8. I found my black cat in_ room.  A. Jim and Mike B. Jim and Mike's C. Jim's and Mike's D. Jim's and Mike(  

24、; )9. How much are the _ ? A. bread B. meats. C. potatos D. tomatoes(   )10. There are many _ in our school.A. woman teachers B. woman's teachers C. women teachers D. women's teachers(   )11. Three months _ a long time for me.A. is B. are C. have D. has(   )12.

25、There are _ and _ on the table. A.two boxes cake; four bottle of oranges  B.two boxes cake; four bottle of orange  C.two boxes of cakes; four bottles of orange D.two box of cakes; four bottles of oranges 答案：16：CADCCD 712：ABDCAA選用下列正確的單詞或詞組1) Do you drink much (milk, milks)?2) I visited (To

26、m, Toms)house yesterday.3) He had two (cup, cups) of tea.4) This is (Tom and Marys, Toms and Marys )house.5) Give me a (piece of, pieces of )paper, please.6) I dont want (a , an ) old cap.7) Look at those (sheep, sheeps).8) How many (radioes, radios) can you see ?9) There are 36 (boys, boies) in my

27、class.10) That bag is my (fathers, fathers bag).用much, many, a lot of, some, any 填空11) He hasnt got any orange juice.12) Does he have any brothers or sisters ?13) He cant eat any meat and I cant eat any vegetables.14) Would you like some beer ?15) There is some frozen food but there isnt any fish th

28、ere.16) How much butter would you like ?17) How many sheep are there in the field?18) How many potatoes are you going to bake?19) How many bottles of water do you have?10)How many sweets does she want to buy?指示代詞專練( )1. A latest English newspaper, please!- Only one copy left. Would you like to have

29、_, sir?A. one B. it C. this D. that( )2. That boy always helps others , so he has _ friends.A. little B. few C. much D . many( )3.- Would you like a bag of rice?- Yes, I have only _ rice at home.A. some B. little c. a little( )4. _ is really hard _ them to climb Mount Qomolangman.A. This , to B. thi

30、s , for C. It , for D. It, to( )5. Who taught _ maths last year?A. them B. their C. they D. theirs( )6. Do you prefer milk or orange juice?-I dont like _. I usually drink coffee.A. another B. neither C. either D. other( )7.- Help _ to some mooncakes, boys.A. yourself B. oneself C. you D. yourselves(

31、 )8.Jack and John were _ very tired, but _ of them would stop to take a rest.A. each, none B. both, either C. both, neither D. all, none.( )9.- Would you like some wine? - Yes, just _.A. little B. a little C. very little D. little bit( )10. How many people are there in the room? - _ .A. None B. No o

32、ne C. Not one D. Anyone( )11.These shoes are too small for me. Would you show me _ ? A. the other B. others C. another D. other( )12. He was too happy to say _.A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing( )13.She has to wash her clothes _ seven days.A. each B. after c. every D. before( )14.- I

33、s _ here? - No, Lucy and Lily are away.A. everyone B. anyone C. someone D. nobody( )15. Now that the new machines have been bought, _ will you do with these old _?A. what, ones B. how, one C. what , one D. how , ones( )16. Everybody was there except Ann and _.A. I B. me C. my D. mine( )17. Wei Mings

34、 work is better than _.A. anyones else B. anyone else C. anyones D. anyone elses( )18. _ of them are afraid of death.A. No one B. None C. Each D. Every( )19. There are trees on _ side of the street.A. both B. all C. each D. none( )20. She has three sons . One is in Japan, _ two are in Shanghai.A. ot

35、hers B. other C. the other D. the others Keys:BDBCA CDCBA BBCAA B D B CC不定代詞練習(xí)( )1. Jane has sent several letters, but _ of them have (has)been answered. A. all B. both C. either D. none ( )2. There's _ in today's newspaper. A. important something B. important anything C. something important

36、 D. anything important ( )3. The assistant(圖書管理員) told me not to lend the book to _. A. others B. the other C. another D. anothers ( )4. _ is too difficult if you put your heart into it. A. Everything B. Anything C. Nothing D. Something ( )5. A few of _ are going to the park on foot. A. we girls B.

37、girls we C. us girls D. girls ( )6. Would you like _ to drink? A. something B. nothing C. anything D. / ( )7. I like _ two radios. A. all these B. these all C. these both D. both these ( )8. Would you like to have _ cup of tea? A. one B. other C. others D. another ( )9. In the past _ years, people h

38、ave known _ about the Jupiter (木星). A. a few.a little B. a few.little C. few./ D. few.a little ( )10. My sister doesn't like _ of the shirt. Please show her _. A. all.that B. all.the other C. either.the other D. either.another ( )11. "How many elephants did you see?" "_". A.

39、none B. no one C. not many ones D. no many ( )12. There is still _ water in the cup. You can drink it. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few ( )13. There are only _ bowls on the table. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few ( )14. There were _ friends of mine in the room. So I left. A. little B. a li

40、ttle C. few D. a few ( )15. Good. You've made _ mistakes in your paper. A. much B. little C. many D. few ( )16. I know _ about the country. Tell me about it. A. much B. little C. many D. few ( )17. - Help yourselves to some apples. - Thank your. Just _. A. much B. a little C. many D. a few ( )18

41、. How _ is this pair of shoes? Twenty pounds. A. much B. little C. many D. few ( )19. The weather is _ colder, yet he gets up _ earlier. A. much.little B. much.a little C. many.few D. many.a few ( )20. My parents are _ teachers. _ of them can speak good English. A. all.Each B. either.Both C. both.Either D. all.Either ( )21. His classmat