考研英語(yǔ)一真題及答案完整

1、編輯版word2012年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)（一）TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt'sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.

2、4 a s imdeBDisaonsdwm bets.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.ThatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourtPartoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself6_tothecodeofconductthat7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimi

3、larcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto13politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompolit

4、icspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely14.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial15likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit16isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust.Thejusticesmus

5、t18_joubtsaboutthecourtslegitimacybymakingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw.1.AemphasizeBmaintainCmodifyDrecognize2.AwhenBlestCbeforeDunless3.ArestoredBweakenedCestablishedDeliminated4.AchallengedBcompromisedCsuspectedDa

6、ccepted5.AadvancedBcaughtCboundDfounded6.AresistantBsubjectCimmuneDprone7.AresortsBsticksCloadsDapplies8.AevadeBraiseCdenyDsettle9.AlineBbarrierCsimilarityDconflict10.AbyBasCthoughDtowards11.AsoBsinceCprovidedDthough12.AserveBsatisfyCupsetDreplace13.AconfirmBexpress©cultivateDoffer14.AguardedBf

7、ollowedCstudiedDtied15.AconceptsBtheoriesCdivisionsDconceptions16.AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrols17.AdismissedBreleasedCrankedDdistorted18.AsuppressBexploitCaddressDignore19.AaccessibleBamiableCagreeableDaccountable20.AbyallmesnsBatallcostsCinawordDasaresultComeonEverybody'sdoingit.Thatwhisp

8、eredmessage,halfinvitationandhforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressureIt.usuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepo

9、werofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativekn

10、ownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromisin，gandRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedif

11、ferent,pleasedontsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenber

12、gislesspersuJaosiinve.theClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.ThemostglaringflawofthesocialcureasitspresentedhereisthatitdoesntworkverywellforveryloAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLif

13、eprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.Theresnodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatetheb

14、ehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.Itetheteacherwhobreaksulikpthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthatstheproblemwithasocial

15、cureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21. Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesasA asupplementtothesocialcureB astimulustogroupdynamicsC anobstacletoschoolprogressD acauseofundesirablebehaviors22. Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshoul

16、dA recruitprofessionaladvertisersB learnfromadvertisersexperienceC stayawayfromcommercialadvertisersD recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements23. Intheauthorsview,RosenbergsbookfailstoA adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactorsB effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcureC illustratethefunctionsofstatefu

17、ndingDproducealong-lastingsocialeffect24. Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviorsA isharmfultoournetworksoffriendsB willmisleadbehavioralstudiesC occurswithoutourrealizingit編輯版 wordD canproducenegativehealthhabits25. TheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureisAharmfulBdesirab

18、leCprofoundDquestionableAdealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongp

19、romiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont'rslesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It'sastunningmove.Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont'sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaco

20、nditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant'slicensebesubject1legislature'sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythos

21、ecommitments,oritsimplydidn'twhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee'ssafetyandEntergy'management-especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsab

22、outthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy'sbehavior,theVermontSenatevotedto4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereasthe

23、SupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebat

24、ewouldbebesidethepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymo

25、uth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompanysapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.26. Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosesotinmeaningtAcondemning.Breaffir

26、ming.Cdishonoring.Dsecuring.27. Byenteringintothe2002agreement,EntergyintendedtoA obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.B seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.C acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.D getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.28. AccordingtoParagraph4,EntergyseemstohaveproblemswithitsAmanag

27、erialpractices.Btechnicalinnovativeness.Cfinancialgoals.Dbusinessvision29. Intheauthorsview,theVermontcasewilltestA Entergyscapacitytofulfillallitspromises.B thematureofstatespatchworkregulations.C thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.D thelimitsofstatespowerovernuclearissues.30. Itcanbeinferredfrom

28、thelastparagraphthatA Entergysbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.B theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.C EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.D Vermontsreputationmightbedamaged.Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethe

29、scientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentacti

30、onswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilitypr

31、ocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearchermes,here,nowbecomesthecommunitysanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomp

32、lexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asa

33、discoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividualdiscsoveryclaimintothecommunitycsrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonso

34、measpectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalinsew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopento

35、challengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzentG-yorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyha

36、vemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happens“toadiscovpryoes所thatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachothersreasoninga

37、ndeachothersconceptionsofr31. Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyitsA uncertaintyandcomplexity.B misconceptionanddeceptiveness.C logicalityandobjectivity.D systematicnessandregularity.32. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequiresAstrictinspection.Bsh

38、aredefforts.Cindividualwisdom.Dpersistentinnovation.33 .Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafteritAhasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.Bhasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.Chasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.Dhasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.34 .AlbertSzent

39、G-y?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat編輯版 wordAscientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.Bdiscoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.Ceffortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.Dscientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.35 .Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?ANoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.BCollectiveSc

40、rutinyinScientificDiscovery.CEvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.DChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa'sTeamsterswereintheirprimednel9n6tenonlyAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009t

41、henumberofunionistsinAmerica'spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-ctorunions'thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayo

42、fconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.Aquarter0fmerica'spubsectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain'sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,o

43、weshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestatepatrolledbyunionsTheteachers'unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcou

44、ntriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded-sectubpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregi

45、ouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachersunions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and pronoodng噂s.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshaveb

46、eguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisba

47、dforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankerspacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.編輯版word36. Itcanbelearnedfromth

48、efirstparagraphthatA Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.B JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.C unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.Dthegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.37. WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?A Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.B Education

49、isrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.C LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.DPublic-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.38. ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectorisAillegallysecured.Bindirectlyaugmented.Cexcessivelyincreased.Dfairlyadjusted.39. Th

50、eexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunionsAoftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.Bcanchangepeoplespoliticalattitudes.Cmaybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.Daredominantinthegovernment.40. JohnDonahuettitusdeatowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneofAdisapproval.Bappreciation.Ctolerance.Dindifference.

51、Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturys

52、awacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemode

53、ofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendas

54、atworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniq

55、ueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-music,literature,religionandphilosophy.(43)Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadven

56、tofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepowe

57、roffafterhehasturnediton.(45)Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.A Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.編輯版 wordB A,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediaincreativeway