介詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)

1、一、介詞的意義和用途我們經(jīng)常在 名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)、代詞或動(dòng)名詞前面用介詞表示人、物、事件等之間的關(guān)系介詞 + 名詞：| gave the book to Charlie介詞 + 代詞：I gave it to him介詞 + 動(dòng)名詞:Charlie devotes his time to reading有的介詞所表示的關(guān)系是；空間:We ran across the field時(shí)間:The plane Ianded at 4 25 precisely原因:Travel is cheap for us because of the stre ngth of the dollar方法:You uni

2、ock the door by turning the key to the right介詞始終帶有賓語(yǔ)。即使介詞與賓語(yǔ)分開(kāi)時(shí)，如在問(wèn)句中或者關(guān)系從句中，這種關(guān)系仍必定存在。Who(m) were you talking to just now on the phone? (= To whom )The chair I was sitti ng on was very shaky (= The chair on which.)二、介詞后的代詞英語(yǔ)名詞沒(méi)有格的變化，因此它們用作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，其形式不變；There s a chair behind/by/in front of/near t

3、he door但介詞后的動(dòng)詞必須用其賓格形式：The car stopped behind/in front of/near me/him/her/us/themBetween you and me, there s no truth in the report(不可說(shuō)between you and I).三、一個(gè)詞何時(shí)為介詞、副詞或連詞介詞“支配”著賓語(yǔ)，所以它總是與名詞、名詞短語(yǔ)、代詞或動(dòng)名詞有關(guān)；而副詞不；“支配”賓語(yǔ)，因此它與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系較為密切。1可以兼用作介詞和副詞小品詞的詞有些詞可以起介詞的作用，也可以起副詞的作用其后跟賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，它們其介詞的作用。We drove round the

4、 city (round 有賓語(yǔ)，是介詞)其后沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，它們則起到副詞小品詞的作用(甚至暗含有賓語(yǔ)時(shí)亦如此)。We drove round (round沒(méi)賓語(yǔ)，是副詞小品詞 )最常見(jiàn)的可兼做介詞和副詞小品詞的詞有：about, above, across, after along around before,beh ind below ben eath bey ond by dow n in in side n ear off on opposite, outside, over past round through un der undern eath up without2用作介詞而不用

5、做副詞的詞這些詞必須帶賓語(yǔ) :against at beside despite during except for from into of onto per since till/until to toward(s) upon via with以及一些以 -ing 結(jié)尾的詞 excepting regarding 等。有些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是有動(dòng)詞+副詞小品詞to構(gòu)成，如come to (蘇醒)pull to (拉上).3用作小品詞而不用作介詞的詞away ， back ， backward(s) ， downward(s) ， forward(s) ， out，禾口 upward(s).The c

6、hildre n rang the bell and ran away4. 可兼用介詞和連詞的詞有些詞可用作介詞，也可用作連詞帶從句女口. after ， as， before ， since, till，untilI have n t see n him since this morning 介詞I haven t seen him since he left this morning 連詞當(dāng)用作連詞時(shí)，as well as, but, except，和 than后面可用帶不帶to的不定式：Ive done everyth ing you wan ted except （or but） ma

7、ke the beds5. 從不同的角度看空間中的位置當(dāng)我們指空間（一個(gè)很大的范圍）時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)我們想要表達(dá)的意思來(lái)選擇介詞，我們可以講：In / at/ to/from/ un der/over/across London從說(shuō)話人的個(gè)人角度來(lái)看一個(gè)地點(diǎn)就會(huì)影響到他對(duì)介詞的選擇，如果一個(gè)人講：I live in Lon don他的感覺(jué)是倫敦包圍著他：但是，假如一個(gè)人講：We stopped at London on the way to New York他就把倫敦看成路途中的一個(gè)點(diǎn)。我們用at時(shí)暗指其位置有特殊目的：在外觀上它可能是一個(gè)停留點(diǎn)，一個(gè)碰頭地點(diǎn)，一個(gè)用餐地點(diǎn)，一個(gè)工作地點(diǎn)等。我們可以

8、吧空間中的位置看著；一個(gè)點(diǎn)（即一個(gè)地點(diǎn)或比如說(shuō)一個(gè)事件）:at the cin ema, at a party, to/from LondonWe stood at the door and waited （即在那個(gè)點(diǎn)上）-一條線（即從長(zhǎng)度上看 ）:across/along/on a border/over/roadThere s a letter box across the road （即穿過(guò)那條線）-一個(gè)平面 （即看來(lái)是平面）:across / off / on a table / floor/ wall / ceilingI stared at a fly on the wall （即

9、在那個(gè)面上）-范圍:（即，一處可以包圍”的地方）:in/ into / out of / outside / within a room/ship / car/ factory / forestWe all sat in the car一個(gè)單個(gè)地方（如河流）可從不同的角度來(lái)看：We went to the river （一個(gè)點(diǎn)）Greenwich is down the river （一條線）The paper boat floated on the river （一個(gè)面）We swam in the river （一個(gè)范圍）6. 表示動(dòng)態(tài)或靜態(tài)的介詞一個(gè)介詞可根據(jù)句中不同的動(dòng)詞而表動(dòng)態(tài)（如f

10、ly under）或靜態(tài)（如 stop under）.有些介詞既能與動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞”連用 （如.bring , drive , fly , get , go, move, pull , run , take, walk）又能與位置動(dòng)詞”連用 （如 be , live, keep , meet , stay , stop , work）.We drove alo ng, We flew behi nd + 賓語(yǔ).We live behi nd + 賓語(yǔ)有些介詞，如into , onto , out of , to,等，一般都與動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞連用：A bird flew into my bedroom thi

11、s morni ngI drove out of the car park其他介詞，如at, in, on,等.一般皆與“位置動(dòng)詞”連用：The bird perched on the curtain rail （橫桿）I waited in the hotel lobby有些表有目的的動(dòng)作”的動(dòng)詞，女口 lay , place , , sta nd等，不能與 into ,on to或to:一類介詞連用She laid the letter on the tableShe sat the baby on the table我們可將動(dòng)詞be與常跟“動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞”的介詞連用表示“已到目的地（真實(shí)的或比

12、喻的）At last we were into/out of the forest/over the riverAt last we were out of/over our difficulties7表示動(dòng)態(tài)與靜態(tài)的副詞小品詞可以用動(dòng)詞+副詞小品詞來(lái)表示動(dòng)態(tài)與靜態(tài)的不同動(dòng)態(tài):We went away / back / inside / outside/up /down靜態(tài)：We stayed away / back / inside / outside / up /down比較：Where Jim? -1 don t know He went out （動(dòng)作）Where s Jim? - I

13、 don t know Hes out （位置）8表示方向與目的的介詞方向與目的之間的區(qū)別可以通過(guò)對(duì)比介詞來(lái)表示，選擇時(shí)取決于我們要表示的是一個(gè)點(diǎn)，一個(gè)面，還是一個(gè)范圍。（1）To/from a point與at a point比較To和from a point （表示方向）與at a point （表示運(yùn)動(dòng)后的目的地或位置）進(jìn)行區(qū)別：Jim has gone to school and now hes at school（has come from） London Airport; at London AirportTo和at可與各種名詞連用（2.） To和from a point （表方向

14、）in an area （表移動(dòng)后的目的或位置）:Jim has gone to Paris and now hes in Paris bed bed（3） To/from a point 和at a point/in an area 比較對(duì)于名詞來(lái)說(shuō)，表示運(yùn)動(dòng)后目的地的介詞用at還是用in需取決于將此位置看成一個(gè)點(diǎn)還是一個(gè)范圍。Jim has gone to the hotel and now hes at the hotel在表示很大范圍的名詞前不用at來(lái)代替in,如in the sky, in the uni verse, in the world.注意在動(dòng)詞 arrive 后面，用at

15、或in取決于通常的搭配如 arrive at a party, arrive in the country. 有時(shí)取決于把一個(gè)地方看成是一個(gè)點(diǎn)還是一個(gè)范圍9. 0n（to）a line 或 surface 與 off a line 或 surface0n（to）（方向）和on （目的地或位置）可用來(lái)表示被一條線或一個(gè)面所支撐著”方向on （to）動(dòng)作后的目的I put the pen on（to） the table and now it is on the tableOnto可拼寫(xiě)成一個(gè)詞也可拼寫(xiě)成兩個(gè)詞：on to. 0n （不帶to）有時(shí)也可以表示方向，而且往往有高度上的改變：I put

16、 the pen on the table不過(guò)，如與climb， lift， jump等動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞連用，則多用on to以避免意義含混：Mr Temple jumped onto the stage （即從別的什么地方 ）Mr Temple jumped on the stage （可指跳起來(lái)落到講臺(tái)上又可指“跳一跳試試臺(tái)子是否結(jié)實(shí)）表示目的地或位置的on在指高度時(shí)，可與表示方向的to區(qū)別：Hes gone to the fourth floor and now hes on the fourth floorOff （= not on,指從一條線或一個(gè)面離開(kāi)）可與動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞或位置動(dòng)詞連用：I to

17、ok the plate off the table and now it is off the table10. Into和in后接表示范圍的名詞Into始終表示動(dòng)向而從不表示目的或位置。In則通常是表示位置，但它與 drop， fall和put等動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)也可以表示動(dòng)向：方向in (to)動(dòng)作后的目的地I have put the com in(to) my pocket and now it is in my pocket但是，如跟另外一些動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，如run和walk等，in就不能表示從一個(gè)地方does到另一個(gè)地方了 ：We walked into the park (= we were

18、 outside it and en tered it) 我們本來(lái)在外面，后來(lái)進(jìn)入了公園We walked in the park (= we were already in side it and walked within the area)我們已經(jīng)在它里面來(lái)指房間、建筑物時(shí)，可以用in side代替in，如：I meet you inside/in the restaura nt.11、Out of 后接表示范圍的名詞Out of可以表示方向和目的地：方向out of動(dòng)作后的目的地We ran out of the building and then we were out of the

19、 building指房間、建筑物時(shí)，可以用 Outside代替out ofWe were outside the buildi ng但是outside和out of并非任何時(shí)候皆可互換With in意謂 在內(nèi)”，可用在有限的一些正式場(chǎng)合：Every one within the London area was affected by the bus strike12 Get +介詞/小品詞表動(dòng)作Get后跟介詞或小品詞，往往不帶一種“困難的動(dòng)作”We got into the house through the window (意即好不容易)How did the cat get out (of

20、 the box)?(意即，那一定是有困難的)時(shí)間1. 有關(guān)時(shí)間的概說(shuō)介詞at, on和in不僅表示地點(diǎn)，也表示時(shí)間。我們可以用approximately, about， around,round o或 round about來(lái)表示近似的時(shí)間 ：The accident happened at approximately 5 : 30The accide nt happe ned (at) about/around 5 302用at的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)確切的時(shí)間:at 10 oclock; at 14 hundred hours用餐時(shí)間:at lunch time, at tea time, at di

21、nner time其他時(shí)刻:at dawn; at noon, at midnight, at night節(jié)日:at Christmas; at Easter, at Christmas-time年齡:at the age of 27, at 14時(shí)間:at this time, at that time在 What time?的問(wèn)話中at常被省略：What time do you arrive? - Nine oclock in the morning其正規(guī)形式為：At what time do you arrive? - At nine oclock in the morning3. 用o

22、n的時(shí)間短語(yǔ)星期幾:on Mon day ， on Fridays一天中的某段時(shí)間 ：on Mon day morning, on Friday evening日期:on June 1st on 21st March星期幾 + 日期： on Mo nday June 1st具體時(shí)間：on that day , on that evening周年紀(jì)念日等 .:on your birthday , on your wedding day節(jié)日:on Christmas Day, on New Years Day當(dāng)我們使用last,next和this,that時(shí)前面不能帶介詞I saw him las

23、t/this Aprilr II see you next/this Friday4. 用in的時(shí)間短語(yǔ)(=some time during )一天中的某段時(shí)間 ：in the evening， in the morning月份:in March, in September年份:in 1900 in，1984， in 1998季節(jié):in (the) spri ng, in (the) win ter世紀(jì):in the 19th century, in the 20th century節(jié)日-in Easter week時(shí)期:in that time, in that age， in the ho

24、lidays5. 表示一定時(shí)期的In和withinIn和within有時(shí)意為在一段時(shí)間結(jié)束以前”，可以指現(xiàn)在，過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)：I always eat my breakfast in ten minu tesI fini shed the exam in ati on in (within) an hour and a half當(dāng)我們用in ten days (或in ten days time),這類短語(yǔ)表示將來(lái)時(shí)，其意是從現(xiàn)在起一段時(shí)間time皆可。The material will be ready in ten days/in ten days time但是，當(dāng)我們指并非從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始的某一段

25、時(shí)間時(shí)，就不用stime:Sanderson will run a mile in four minutes四分鐘內(nèi) (意指他這樣做需要多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間)Sanderson will run a mile in four minutes time 四分鐘后 (意指他開(kāi)始跑的時(shí)間.)特殊用法1. 介詞和小品詞成對(duì)的介詞和小品詞重復(fù)使用以示特別強(qiáng)調(diào)We went round and round (the tow n) look ing for the hotel有些介詞可對(duì)照使用：Please dont keep running up and down (the stairs)第二個(gè)詞也可以對(duì)第一個(gè)詞的意

26、思加以補(bǔ)充：Martha was ill for a long time, but shes up and about now2. 介詞短語(yǔ)有許多固定的介詞短語(yǔ)?？梢钥吹?，如：by right ，in debt, on time, out of breath,等。其中有一些比喻或習(xí)慣的用法，使其在時(shí)間或空間上的含義擴(kuò)大了。比如.above average (在一般水平之上)，ben eath con tempt (不屑一頓)，beyo nd belief.許多介詞短語(yǔ)由介詞+名詞 + 介詞構(gòu)成的，女口 . in dan ger of, on acco unt of3. 小品詞和介詞連用介詞常可

27、以跟在小品詞之后，如across/alo ng/back/dow n/off on + to for, 等.：Im just off for a swimrm going down to the beach有時(shí)介詞與介詞也可以直接結(jié)合:Thats the boy from over the roadCome out from under there, will you?4. 形容詞+介詞許多用作表語(yǔ)的后可跟特定的介詞，如：absent from, certain of,等.Sim on s ofte n absent from school because of ill ness有時(shí)同一個(gè)形容

28、詞可以跟不同的介詞，女口： embarrassed abou（為感到難堪）,embarrassedat （對(duì)感到難堪），embarrassed by .5. 名詞+介詞名詞常常有與其相應(yīng)的形容詞或動(dòng)詞所帶的介詞形容詞 embarrassed about/at/by 名詞 embarrassment about/atkee n onkeenness onsuccessful insuccess in動(dòng)詞 emerge from名詞 emerge nee fromobject toobjectio n to這種相互關(guān)系并不適用于如.be proud of/take pride in 等，有時(shí)名詞帶

29、有介詞而動(dòng)詞不帶介詞I fear someth ingMy fear of someth ingI in flue nee somebodyMy in flue nee on somebody6.介詞和副詞的修飾關(guān)系 副詞可以修飾介詞和副詞小品詞directly above our heads, quite out of his mind, right off themain road, well over $200,尤其當(dāng)all意為 完全的”時(shí)，它可以同許多介詞和副詞小品詞 連用 about, along, down , during , round , throughOur baby we

30、nt on crying all through the nightStraight （= immediately直接）常用于動(dòng)向而 right（= in the exact location恰好位于）則常用于表 示目的He wen t straight to bed / into my office / up to his roomHe lives right at the end of the street / across the square7. 與介詞相關(guān)的詞序除了 but ,duringexcept和since以外，單個(gè)介詞皆可與其相關(guān)的詞分隔開(kāi)來(lái)在 Wh-疑問(wèn)句中： Where

31、did you buy that jacket from?在定從語(yǔ)句中：The painting you re looking at has been sold在 Wh-從句中： What he asked me about is something I can t discuss （這里介詞必須與其相關(guān) 的名詞分開(kāi)）在間接引語(yǔ)中：Tell me where you bought that （from）在感嘆句中：What a lot of trouble he put me to!在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中：Our house was broken into last ni ght在不定式中： I n e

32、ed someone to talk to動(dòng)詞+介詞或小品詞：非短語(yǔ)和短語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的系普遍的特征之一就是可與介詞和副詞小品詞連用。從廣義上說(shuō)，這些組合都可以叫做短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。1慣用組合當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞同一個(gè)介詞或副詞連用時(shí)，有時(shí)動(dòng)詞的基本意義完全改變了，形成一個(gè)新的動(dòng)詞，它可能具有一種完全不同的慣用意義，甚至好幾種意思。例如make有許多種組合；make for2. 常見(jiàn)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)如何形成的最常見(jiàn)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由一中最短小和最 簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的，例如 be ,break, bring, come ,do ,fall ,find, get ,give, go, help, let ,make, put, s

33、end, stand ,take, tear ,throw, turn, 等。這些 動(dòng)詞常與表示位置或方向的詞組合，如：along， down , in ，off , on, out , over， under ，up。不僅一個(gè)如put的單個(gè)動(dòng)詞可以同大量的介詞或副詞一起形成新的動(dòng)詞如put off， putout ，put up with,等)而且一個(gè)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞本身也可能有幾種不同的意義：Put out your cigarettes (= ext in guish)I felt quite put out (= annoyed)We put out a request for volun t

34、eers (= issued)They re putting the programme out tomorrow (= broadcasti ng)This stuff will put you out in no time (= make you unconscious)Martha s put out her hip aga in (= dislocated)3. 動(dòng)詞與介詞和副詞的搭配問(wèn)題可帶不定式的動(dòng)詞可能跟一個(gè)介詞或副詞+賓語(yǔ)，而不跟不定式。Your father insists on comingwith us動(dòng)詞后跟介詞to而不跟不定式I look forward to see

35、ing you soon不同的組合女口 believe in ，consist of， depend on，laugh at ， live on ，rely on ，smell of， taste ofEverybody laughed at my proposal to ban smok ing on trains既可以做及物動(dòng)詞又帶介詞的動(dòng)詞.如；ask for ,liste n to, look at ,look for, wait for ,You should ask for the bill不帶介詞的動(dòng)詞approach, discuss，enter， lack ，marry， o

36、bey ，remember， resemble ，We all turned and looked at Mildred when she entered the room4. 非短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的比較短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常指后面常跟一個(gè)介詞或副詞的短語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：Let s eat in the garden / under that tree在上面的例子里，in和on與eat并沒(méi)有特殊的關(guān)系，它們是一種自由組合，因此，此處 的eat in和eat on不是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，大多數(shù)的動(dòng)詞(特別是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞)皆可同介詞和分詞自 由組合，但并非都是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。女口： climb ，come，go，walk,等可自由地與

37、 down，from ， in ，up,等相組合I go to the bank on FridaysYou can come out now這種例子中，介詞和副詞前面的動(dòng)詞時(shí)可以被替代的；1He hurried / ran / walked / went up (the hill)另外，這些詞的組合具有字面的意義。這種動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)的意思仍是所用的兩個(gè)詞的組合，例如come + out (與兩個(gè)單獨(dú)的詞的意思相同)然而在另外的句子中有慣用意義We d better not step on that carpet (字面意義)We d better step on it （意即，hurry up ,

38、是慣用短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+介詞或副詞”中的兩或三個(gè)部分經(jīng)常組合（不是自由組合）在一起并且產(chǎn)生一種明顯的特殊意義時(shí) （例如 I took off my jacket）或慣用的（the plane took off = rose into theair）即可被稱為短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞5. 動(dòng)詞+介詞或副詞的四種類型第一類；動(dòng)詞+介詞（及物）例女口 get over （an illness）第二類：動(dòng)詞+副詞（及物）例女口 bring up （the children）第三類：動(dòng)詞+副詞（不及物）例女口 come about （= happen）第四類：動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞（及物）例如： run out of （m

39、atches）6. 第一類：動(dòng)詞+介詞（及物）（1）這類動(dòng)詞后跟一個(gè)帶賓語(yǔ)的介詞Im looking for my glasses（名詞賓語(yǔ)）Im looki ng for them （代詞賓語(yǔ) t）（2 ）不能把介詞放在賓語(yǔ)后Look at this picture （絕不可以說(shuō) *Look this picture at）然而在定于從句中和疑問(wèn)句中，介詞有時(shí)則可以喝動(dòng)詞分開(kāi)The picture at which you are looking was bought at an auct ionAt which picture are you looking?（3）動(dòng)詞+介詞可以放在 句子

40、或從句末尾Shes got more work tha n she can cope withThere s so much to look at when you visit the National Gallery（4）有些組合可以用于被動(dòng)句Every problem that came up was dealt with efficie ntly（5 ）賓語(yǔ)后可帶副詞Look at this drawing carefully為了強(qiáng)調(diào)副詞也可以放在動(dòng)詞之前或之后Look carefully at this draw ing7. 動(dòng)詞+介詞：五慣用意義女口： approve of， ass

41、ociate with， believe in， emerge from ，fight against ，hope for， listen to,等這些動(dòng)詞皆有其通常意義。有時(shí)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞可與不同的介詞連用。例如con sist of （有組成），consist in （存在于）而動(dòng)詞的意義從廣義上來(lái)說(shuō)并沒(méi)有改變Cement consists ofsand and lime （指主語(yǔ) Cement 由什么做成）Happ in ess consists in havi ng a cheerful outlook （con sists 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ) happ in ess）8. 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+介詞：無(wú)慣用意

42、義remind some one of （提醒某人 ）tell some one about,tha nk some one forTell us about your travels in China gran dpa這類動(dòng)詞大都可用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)9. 動(dòng)詞+介詞：有慣用意義這類動(dòng)詞中的組成部分難與其字面意義相聯(lián)系。它們較少用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，其介詞幾乎不可與 動(dòng)詞分離。例女口 come over （= affect）, get over （= recover）, go for （= attack）, run into （= meet by accident）I can t expla in why

43、I did it I don t know what came over meHas Martha got over her ill ness yet?Our dog went for the postma n this morning10. 第二類;動(dòng)詞+副詞（及物）（1） 這類動(dòng)詞后面可跟副詞或能兼做介詞和副詞的詞。在某些情況下，動(dòng)詞后的詞在某些 句子里可起到介詞的作用，而在另一些句子里則可用作副詞：Come up the stairs （介詞）Come up （副詞）（2） 這種動(dòng)詞時(shí)及物動(dòng)詞：Drink up your milk ！盡管其中有些可用作不及物動(dòng)詞Drink up ！（3）

44、副詞可與動(dòng)詞分離，放在用作賓語(yǔ)的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)之后：Please turn every light in the house off如果賓語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，就應(yīng)避免把副詞同動(dòng)詞分開(kāi)She turned off all the lights which had been left on（4）所有的及物動(dòng)詞都可用于被動(dòng)句：All the lights in the house have been turned off（5）“動(dòng)詞+副詞”往往在作為及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)有一種意義：We have to turn our essays in / turn in our essays by Friday而作為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)則具

45、有另一種意義：I feel sleepy so I think III tur n in （= go to bed）（6）這類動(dòng)詞有許多能組成名詞，例如：a breakdown 衰竭 a knockout 擊倒 a follow-up 后續(xù) a setback 挫折第二類動(dòng)詞的詞序帶名詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，副詞可放在：-賓語(yǔ)之前 she gave away all her possessions- 或賓語(yǔ)之后 She gave all her possessions away雖然我們可以像上面第一例中把賓語(yǔ)放在away之后，但away還是副詞，而不是介詞。副詞與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系更為密切，而不是像介詞那樣“支配”

46、一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。而副詞比較靈活，可放在 賓語(yǔ)之前或之后。如果賓語(yǔ)是代詞，副詞則必須放在其后：She gave them away（送掉）。She let me/him/her/it/us/them out （出去）在有些句子里，副詞只可放在賓語(yǔ)之后IWe can allow the children out till 9這類動(dòng)詞（第二類）又可分為三類：（1）具有明顯意義的非短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（自由組合）這種動(dòng)詞可具有其字面意義：You d better pull in that fishing line（收起） You d better pull that fishing line in（2）加強(qiáng)或引申動(dòng)詞作

47、用的副詞例如：call out大聲叫喚eat up吃光stick on貼上write down寫(xiě)下。這種動(dòng)詞保留著它們的字面意義。在某些情況下，副詞可以全部省略：Write their names但可以用副詞其強(qiáng)化作用：Write down their n ames / Write their n ames down但在另一些情況下，副詞可引申動(dòng)詞的意義：Give out these leaflets （意為：散發(fā)）具有慣用意義的兩類動(dòng)詞這是一個(gè)非常大的范疇，動(dòng)詞+副詞”與其字面的意義沒(méi)有什么關(guān)聯(lián)。例如在make up a story,里make up可意為編造”；在take off the

48、Prime Minister里take off可意為模仿”。因此 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可隨著副詞的不同有許多不同的意義。下面是幾個(gè)有關(guān)bring可能與副詞組合的例子：bring up the childre n （= train /educate）bring off a deal （= complete successfully）bring on an attack of headache （= cause）bring somebody round to our point of view （= persuade）bring some one round （= revive）bring down the house （= receive enthusiastic applause）還有永遠(yuǎn)固定不變的說(shuō)法，例如make up yo