引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞

1、一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞分類引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：連詞（5個(gè)）：that （無(wú)意義，不可省，不充當(dāng)任何成分）whether,if（均表示“是否”表明從句內(nèi)容的不確定性）as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，"似乎”）以上在從句中均不充當(dāng)任何成分連接 代詞 （9 個(gè)） : what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever 連接副詞 （7 個(gè)） : when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however不可省略的連詞：1. 介詞

2、后的連詞2. 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比較whether與if 均為"是否"的意思。但在下列情況下，只可用 whether :1. whether引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首2. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句3. whether從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)4. 從句后有"or not"5. 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句Whether he will come is not clear.大部分連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句都可以置于句末，用it充

3、當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)。It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.二. 主語(yǔ)從句作句子主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)從句通常由從屬連詞 that ，whether ，if 和連接代詞 what，who,which ，whatever ， whoever 以及連接副詞 how， when，where，why等詞弓丨導(dǎo)。 that 在句中無(wú)詞義，只起 連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問(wèn)含義、例如：又起連接作用， 在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。What he wants to tell

4、 us is not clear.Who will win the match is still unknown.他要跟我們說(shuō)什么，還不清楚。誰(shuí)能贏得這場(chǎng)比賽還不得而知。It is known to us how he became a writer.Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.還沒(méi)有宣布。我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)將在哪里舉行,有時(shí)為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語(yǔ)it代替主語(yǔ)從句作形式主語(yǔ)放于句首，而把主語(yǔ)從句置于句末。主語(yǔ)從句后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下：(1

5、)It + be +名詞+ that 從句(2)It + be +形容詞+ that 從句(3)It + be +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+ that 從句It + 不及物動(dòng)詞 + that 從句（4）虛擬語(yǔ)氣另注意在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用（should） +do "，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) thatIt is suggested （requested, proposed, desired, etc.） that三、賓語(yǔ)從句名詞從句用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句

6、。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致 一樣，在句中可以作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或介詞及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。1. 由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語(yǔ)或非正式的文體中常被省去， 但如從句是并列句時(shí)，第二個(gè)分句前的that不可省。例如：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。We must never think （that） we are good in everything while others are good in nothing

7、.我們決不能認(rèn)為自己什么都好，別人什么都不好。注意：在 demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后，賓語(yǔ)從句常用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：I insist that she （should） do her work alone.我堅(jiān)持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops （should） set off at once.司令員命令部隊(duì)馬上出發(fā)。2. 用 who， whom, which, whose, wh

8、at, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問(wèn)句，應(yīng)注意句子語(yǔ)序要用陳述語(yǔ)序。例如：I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告訴了你什么。She always thinks of how she can work well.她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡需要幫助的人，她都會(huì)給予熱情的支持。3. 用whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，其主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的順序也不能顛倒

9、，仍保持陳述句語(yǔ)序。此外，whether與if 在作"是否”的意思講時(shí)在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if :a.引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首時(shí)；b.引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；c .引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)；d.從句后有“ ornot”時(shí)；e.后接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。例如：Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有沒(méi)有生命是個(gè)有趣的問(wèn)題。The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?現(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是她是否應(yīng)該有一個(gè)低意見(jiàn)的測(cè)試？Eve

10、rything depends on whether we have enough money.一切要看我們是否有足夠的錢(qián)。I wonder whether he will come or not.我想知道他來(lái)還是不來(lái)。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?你能否告訴我是去還是留？4. 注意賓語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)，當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用 不同時(shí)態(tài)。例如：I know (that) he studies English every day.I know (that) he studied English last term.I

11、 know (that) he will study English next year.I know (that) he has studied English since 1998.當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(could, would除夕卜)（從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）（從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)）（從句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)）（從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)），從句則要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，如一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等；當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例如:The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.5. think, believe,

12、 imagine, suppose等等動(dòng)詞引起的否定性賓語(yǔ)從句中，要把上述主句中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ?。即將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：We dori t think you are here.我們認(rèn)為你不在這。I don ' t believe he will do so.我相信他不會(huì)這樣做。四、表語(yǔ)從句在句中作表語(yǔ)的從句叫表語(yǔ)從句。弓I導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語(yǔ)從 句位于連系動(dòng)詞后，有時(shí)用 as if 引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+ that 從句。例如:The fact is that we have lost the game.事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了

13、這場(chǎng)比賽。This is where our problem lies.That is why he didn ' t come toThat' s just what I want.這正是我想要的。這就是我們的問(wèn)題所在。the meeting.那就是他為什么不到會(huì)的原因看上去天要下雨了It looks as if it is going to rain.需要注意的，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是reason 時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句要用 that引導(dǎo)而不是 because。例如:The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one min

14、ute this morning .【注意】whether可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，但與之同義的 if卻通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句五、同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語(yǔ)從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，可用于同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞有 advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information 、message、news、order、problem、promise、 question 、 request 、suggestion 、truth 、 wish、word 等。例如：The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場(chǎng)比

15、賽的消息令人激動(dòng)。I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能瑪麗生病了。同位語(yǔ)從句和 定語(yǔ)從句 的區(qū)別：that作為關(guān)系代詞，可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，充當(dāng)句子成分，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略；that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，起連詞的作用，沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，一般不能省略。試比較下面兩個(gè)例句：I had no idea that you were here.( that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，不能省略)Have yo

16、u got the idea (that ) this book gives you of life in ancient Greece? ( that 弓丨導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略)六、名詞性that-從句(1)由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的從句叫做名詞性 that-從句。That只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句 中不擔(dān)任任何成分，本身也沒(méi)有詞義。名詞性that-從句在句中能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和形容詞賓語(yǔ)，例如：主語(yǔ)：That she is still alive is her luck.她還活著全靠運(yùn)氣。賓語(yǔ)：John said that he was leaving for Lo

17、ndon on Wednesday.約翰說(shuō)他星期三要到倫敦去。表語(yǔ)： The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事實(shí)是近來(lái)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他。同位語(yǔ)： The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.近來(lái)誰(shuí)也沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)他，這一事實(shí)令辦公室所有的人不安。形容詞賓語(yǔ)：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你對(duì)工作滿意我感到很高興。2) That-從句作主語(yǔ)通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置

18、于句末，例如：It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整個(gè)計(jì)戈 Ll注定要失敗。It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主語(yǔ)的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系：a. It + be + 形容詞+ that- 從句It is necessary that有必要很明顯It is important that重要的是It is obvious thatb. It + be + -ed分詞+ that- 從句It is

19、believed that 人們相信It is known to all that 眾所周知It has been decided that 已決定c. It + be + 名詞 + that- 從句It is common knowledge that 是常識(shí)It is a surprise that 令人驚奇的是It is a fact that 事實(shí)是d. It + 不及物動(dòng)詞+ that- 從句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起七、名詞性 wh-從句1 )由wh-詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句叫做名詞性wh-從

20、句。Wh-詞包括 who, whom,. whose, whoever, what,whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞和where, when, how, why等連接副詞。Wh-從句的語(yǔ)法功能除了和that-從句一樣外，還可充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)等，例如：主語(yǔ)： How the book will sell depends on its author.書(shū)銷售如何取決于作者本人。直接賓語(yǔ)：In one's own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以隨心所欲。間接賓語(yǔ)： The club will give

21、whoever wins a prize.俱樂(lè)部將給得勝者設(shè)獎(jiǎng)。表語(yǔ)： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的問(wèn)題是誰(shuí)將接任該基金會(huì)主席職位。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：She will name him whatever she wants to.她高興給他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位語(yǔ)： I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。形容詞賓語(yǔ)：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她為什么拒絕他

22、們的邀請(qǐng)。介詞賓語(yǔ)： That depends on where we shall go.那取決于我們?nèi)ツ膬骸?) Wh-從句作主語(yǔ)也常用先行詞it做形式主語(yǔ)，而將wh-從句置于句末，例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job.還沒(méi)決定誰(shuí)做這項(xiàng)工作。It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他們何時(shí)結(jié)婚依然不明。八、if, whether 引導(dǎo)的名詞從句1) yes-no型疑問(wèn)從句從屬連詞if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句是由一般疑問(wèn)句或選擇疑問(wèn)轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的，因此也分別被稱為yes

23、-no型疑問(wèn)句從句和選擇型疑問(wèn)從句，其功能和wh-從句的功能相同，例如：主語(yǔ)： Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.這一計(jì)劃是否可行還有待證實(shí)。賓語(yǔ)： Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.請(qǐng)讓我們知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章寫(xiě)完。表語(yǔ)： The point is whether we should lend him the money.問(wèn)題在于我們是否應(yīng)該借錢(qián)給他。同位語(yǔ)： They are investigating the que

24、stion whether the man is trustworthy.他們調(diào)查他是否值得信賴。形容詞賓語(yǔ)：She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她懷疑我們是否能夠前來(lái)。介詞賓語(yǔ)：I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我擔(dān)心他是否能度過(guò)疾病的危險(xiǎn)期。2 ）選擇性疑問(wèn)從句選擇性疑問(wèn)從句由關(guān)聯(lián)詞if/whetheror 或whetheror not 構(gòu)成，例如：Please tell me whether / if they are

25、Swedish or Danish.請(qǐng)告訴我他們是瑞典人還是丹麥人。I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜歡該計(jì)劃。if 和whether的區(qū)別：1、在動(dòng)詞不定式之前只能用whether 。如：例8 I can ' t decide whether to stay.我不能決定是否留下。2、在 whether or not的固定搭配中。如：例 9 I want to know whether it ' s good news or not .我想知道是否是好消息。3、在介詞后，只能用 whether。如

26、：例 10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work .他的父親擔(dān)心是否會(huì)失去工作。4、賓語(yǔ)從句放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，只能用whether 。如：Whether this is true or not, I really don' t know.這是否真的，我真的不知道。（例 11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem .他們是否能準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作還是個(gè)問(wèn)題。-此例為主語(yǔ)從句，有誤，感謝指岀）5、 用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)，只用whether。如：例

27、 12 Could you tell me if you know the answer ?這句話有兩種意思：“你能告訴我是否知道答案嗎？”或“如果你知道答案，請(qǐng)告訴我，好嗎？ ”。如用whether可避免歧義.九、否定轉(zhuǎn)移1）將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動(dòng)詞后面賓語(yǔ)從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用否定式，而從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定式。I don't think I know you.我想我并不認(rèn)識(shí)你。I don' t believe he will come.我相信他不回來(lái)。注意：若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為 ho

28、pe,賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。I hope you weren't ill.我想你沒(méi)有生病吧。2）將seem, appear等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看來(lái)他們不知道往哪去。It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.看來(lái)我們明天不會(huì)碰上好天氣。3）有時(shí)將動(dòng)名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或整個(gè)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷?duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定。I don't remember having ever seen such a man.我

29、記得從未見(jiàn)過(guò)這樣一個(gè)人。（not否定動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)having）It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.在這里，人們不會(huì)想到在街上會(huì)碰上陌生的人。（anyone作主語(yǔ)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能用否定形式。）4）有時(shí)狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句中否定可以轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前。The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.（否定狀語(yǔ)）螞蟻不只是為自己采食。He was not ready to believe something just be

30、cause Aristotle said so. （否定 because 狀語(yǔ)）他并不因亞里斯多德說(shuō)過(guò)如何如何，就輕信此事。She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struckby her beauty. (否定狀語(yǔ) many weeks)她結(jié)婚還不到幾個(gè)星期，這個(gè)人的弟弟就看見(jiàn)她了，并對(duì)她的美貌著了迷。十、高考熱點(diǎn)透視1. is a fact that English is being accepted as an international languag

31、e. (NMET 1995)A. There B. This C. That D. It答案D。當(dāng)名詞從句在句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)置于句首，而將真正的主語(yǔ)從句放在句尾。此時(shí)it只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本身無(wú)實(shí)義。此句也可以改寫(xiě)為：That English is beingaccepted as an international language is a fact.2. A computer can only doyou have instructed it to do.( NMET2001A. how B. after C . what D . when答案C。從句子

32、結(jié)構(gòu)可知，句子的空白處應(yīng)該填引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞，做主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞do的賓語(yǔ)，同時(shí)該連接詞還是從句中的do的賓語(yǔ)，因此，此處的連接詞應(yīng)該用what o3. He askedfor a violin.( MET1992)A. did I pay how much B. I paid how muchC. how much did I pay D. how much I paid答案：D。賓語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問(wèn)句，句子語(yǔ)序要用陳述語(yǔ)序。4. What the doctors really doubt ismy mother will recover from the serious diseaseso

33、on .(上海2001年春季招生)A. when B. how C. whether D. why答案C。這是一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)doubt 一詞可知，所懷疑的應(yīng)是是否能治好病，所以要填whether。這句話的意思是“醫(yī)生真的懷疑我媽媽是否能很快從重病中恢復(fù)過(guò)來(lái)。”5. It is generally considered unwise to give a childhe or she wants. (NMET1997)A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever答案B。根據(jù)句意“一般認(rèn)為孩子要什么就給什么是不好的。”可以看岀后面的從句應(yīng)是一個(gè)賓

34、語(yǔ)從句，而從句中wants缺少賓語(yǔ)，A. however 和D. whenever 是不能作賓語(yǔ)的；排除 A和D， whichever表示“無(wú)論哪一個(gè)，無(wú)論哪些”，應(yīng)表示一定范圍內(nèi)的人或物，此處沒(méi)有涉及事物的范圍，所以應(yīng)選B. whatever，表示“無(wú)論什么”。6. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (MET1988)A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who答案C。本題句子的意思是：無(wú)論誰(shuí)最后離開(kāi)房間一定要把燈關(guān)掉。本題考查連接代詞whoever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，連接代詞whoeve

35、r可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，并在從句中作主語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于any person who 或The person who, 意為“一切的人”。而 anyone 和the person 均非連詞，不能弓丨導(dǎo)從句， 況 who leavesthe room last 意為“某個(gè)最后離開(kāi)房間的人”，與題意不符，如果要選A. Anyone或B. The person ，都必須在它們后面再加上引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞whOo如果要選D. Who就體現(xiàn)不出“無(wú)論誰(shuí)”的含義了。7. Sarah hopes to become a friend ofshares her interests. (Shanghai1995)A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who答案為C。本題句子的意思是：Sarah希望跟自己有共同愛(ài)好的人交朋友。疑問(wèn)詞+ever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句與no matter+疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的從句的區(qū)別是：前者既可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句也可以引導(dǎo)