動(dòng)詞wish后賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣與習(xí)題1. 動(dòng)詞wish后賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣1) 用wish表示現(xiàn)在的祝愿和抱歉。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)be用were(was)，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式。例：I wish they were athome this time.2) 用wish表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的遺憾。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，或could+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例：I wish I hadn' t hurthim so much 。3) 用wish表示對(duì)將來(lái)事情的愿望。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為賓語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語(yǔ)為would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形。例：I wish I might be able to co

2、me tomorrow。2. 用在一般虛擬條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣1) 表示與現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè) 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：從句：if+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be變were) +其他主句：主語(yǔ)+would(should, could, might)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他例: If I were you, I would go with him. 與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：從句：lf+主語(yǔ)+ 過(guò)去完成時(shí)+其他主句：主語(yǔ)+should(would, could, might)+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+其他。例: If you had studied harder last term, you

3、 could have passed the exam. 表示對(duì)將來(lái)事實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大的假設(shè)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：從句：lf+主語(yǔ)+should (were to )+動(dòng)詞原形+其他主句：主語(yǔ) +would (could, should, might)+動(dòng)詞原形例: If he were to go tomorrow, he might tell you.2. )從句和主句要根據(jù)各自發(fā)所生的時(shí)間選用符合具體時(shí)間的虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式 從句表示過(guò)去，主句表示現(xiàn)在。If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

4、從句表示將來(lái)，主句表示過(guò)去。If I were n ot to make a preparati on for my experime nt this after noon, I would have goneto see the film with you last ni ght。 從句表示過(guò)去，主句表示將來(lái)。If we hadn' t made adequate preparations,we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。 從句表示將來(lái)，主句表示現(xiàn)在。If we should n ' t have a

5、n exam this after noon, I would go shopp ing now.3. 可以引起與事實(shí)相反的方式狀語(yǔ)從句，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；由as if、as though引起的與事實(shí)相反的句子，不論主句的謂語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或者說(shuō)過(guò)去時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)表示的時(shí)間概念和句子結(jié)構(gòu)，都基本上與wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句相同。例：John pretends as if he didn' t know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.( 用 過(guò)去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè))The old man looked at the pictu

6、re, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago. (用過(guò)去完成式表示與過(guò)去相反的事實(shí))They talked and talked as if they would n ever meet aga in (would+動(dòng)詞原形，表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反)4. 在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動(dòng)詞的后面，其賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣常用的此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：表示 “要求”的： ask, desire, request, dema nd, require, beg表示 “提議、勸告、建議”的：move, propo

7、se, suggest, recomme nd, advise, vote表示“決定、命令”的：decide, order表示“主張”的：mai nta in, urge表示“同意、堅(jiān)持”的：consen t, i nsist例: The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.He in sisted that we (should) tell him the n ews.上述動(dòng)詞的名詞形式，dema nd, desire, requireme nt,advice, order, decisi on,recomme n

8、dati on,suggestion, 以及 necessity, preferenee, plan, motion, idea等名詞，其后的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句，也用“ should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)，特別是美國(guó)英語(yǔ)，常省去“ should ”，例：The advice is that we (should) leave at once.The idea that we (should)visit Great Wall was warmly welcomed.5. 在“ It is (was)+ 形容詞(或過(guò)去分詞)+that ”結(jié)構(gòu)中，主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)也用“ should+原

9、形動(dòng)詞“表虛擬語(yǔ)氣美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中省去should,常用的形容詞和過(guò)去分詞有：表示 “要求”的：required, dema nded, requested, desired。表示“建議”的：suggested, recomme nded,表示 “迫切、緊近、重要”的：imperative, urge nt, n ecessary, esse ntial, importa nt, vital表示“適當(dāng)、較好”的：appropriate, advisable, better, preferable表示“可能”的： probable, possible表示“命令”的：ordered例: It was n

10、 ecessary that we (should) make everythi ng ready ahead of time.It is required that n obody (should)smoke here.6. 由下列名詞或短語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)，或含有某些詞的從句中應(yīng)用的虛擬語(yǔ)氣1) “l(fā)est以免、惟恐”引導(dǎo)的從句用“ should+動(dòng)詞原形”。He took a map with him lest he (should ) lose his wag there.2) “whether不管、無(wú)論”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)用動(dòng)詞原形。All thin gs, whether you kno

11、w or don' t know, exist in the world.3) 用“ would rather/had rather' wouldjust as soon"表示“寧愿、但愿”，后面的賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去式或動(dòng)詞原形表示對(duì)將來(lái)的要求，用過(guò)去時(shí)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的愿望，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示對(duì)過(guò)去做的事的懊悔。Don' t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.I would rather you go tomorrow.I would rather everyth ing

12、 had n' t happe ned in the past.4) 用“ had hoped ”表示原來(lái)希望做到而實(shí)際上未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情，其賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stayin Chi na.5) 在“ It is (high/about ) time+that ”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，定語(yǔ)從句的主謂語(yǔ)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，偶爾也可以用 would(或should)+動(dòng)詞原形，或 had rather (woul

13、d rather)+動(dòng)詞原形。It is high (about)time that we left/should leave/ had better leave/had rather leave/ were leaving.( 注意與"This is the first/secondtime ”后從句中用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。6) 用"without/but for/in the absenee of ” 表示"要不是”，"如果沒(méi)有"(相當(dāng)于if it werenot for)表示條件時(shí)，句中一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。(也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣)Without yo

14、ur help, I couldn' t finish my work on time.In the absenee of water and air, nothing could live7) 由"providing (that)/ provided (that)/on condition that/ in order that” 引導(dǎo)的條件從句或目的從句，根據(jù)情況，可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。(有時(shí)也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣)They are willi ng surre nder provided they are give n free passage.8) 在if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中，若有 w

15、ere, had, should, 在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中可省去if ,將were等提到主 語(yǔ)前，形成倒裝。Should there be a good film tomorrow. I would go to the theatre with you.Were it not for your help. I would n' t be succeed.例 1: Christie stared angrilyat her boss and turned away, as though out of the office.A. went B. gone C. to go D. would go 答案

16、C. to go從句中可省略主語(yǔ)和省略 she wanted)2)省略 he were)3) The注釋as though 或as if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)咅B(yǎng)分謂語(yǔ), 如: 1) She paused, as if to let the painful memories pass.(From time to time Jas on tur ned round as though search ing for some one.( boy started, as if awake ned from some dream.(省略 he were)由此可見(jiàn),本題中省略 she

17、 wan ted。譯文克里斯蒂憤怒地盯了老板一眼并轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身去，似乎想走出辦公室。例 2: rd rather you by train, because I can't bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.A. would go B. should go C. went D. had gone答案C. went注釋主語(yǔ)+would rather 后接賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中謂語(yǔ)須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣：用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示希望現(xiàn)在或 將來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為或狀態(tài)，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示希望過(guò)去實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為或狀態(tài)。本題中原因狀語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)

18、在時(shí)，暗示希望現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)發(fā)生的行為動(dòng)作，故選C. went。譯文我寧愿你乘火車(chē)去，因?yàn)槲覠o(wú)法想象在如此惡劣的天氣你呆在飛機(jī)里。例 3: For the timelyinvestment from the general public, our company would not be sothrivi ng as it is.A. Had it not bee n B. Were it not C. Be it not D. Should it not be答案A. Had it not been注釋本題測(cè)試交錯(cuò)時(shí)間的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。從句是表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的虛擬條件，if省略，主語(yǔ)it與助動(dòng)詞 had

19、倒裝。虛擬條件句也可寫(xiě)成這樣：If it had nor been for the timely investment from thegen eral public。這是重點(diǎn)句型，在各類(lèi)測(cè)試中常考。譯文要不是老百姓的及時(shí)投資，我們的公司不會(huì)像現(xiàn)在這樣興旺。例 4: The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, all practical valueby the time they were fini shed.A. could lose B. would have lostC. might lose D.

20、 ought to have lost答案B. would have lost注釋從句是省略if的虛擬條件句，謂語(yǔ)部分倒裝，故主句謂語(yǔ)為 would have+過(guò)去分詞。譯文所涉及到的數(shù)百萬(wàn)次計(jì)算，如果用手工操作，到它們完成時(shí)已失去全部實(shí)用價(jià)值。例 5: A safety analysisthe target as a pote ntial dan ger. Unfortun ately, it was n everdone.A. would ide ntifyB. will iden tifyC. would have ide ntifiedD. will have ide ntified答

21、案C. would have identified注釋過(guò)去時(shí)間的虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示過(guò)去要做而沒(méi)有做的事。譯文一次安全隱患分析本來(lái)會(huì)確認(rèn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)是潛在的危險(xiǎn)。不幸的是，這樣的分析從未做過(guò)。例 6: In the past men gen erally preferred that their wivesin the home.A. worked B. would work C. work D. were worki ng答案C. work注釋因?yàn)閜refer（寧愿）是欲望動(dòng)詞，其后所接的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)需用（should）+動(dòng)詞原形。譯文過(guò)去男子一般都愿意他們的妻子在家里工作。例 7: When Edi

22、s on died, it was proposed that the America n peopleall power in theirhomes, streets, and factories for several minu tes in honor of this great man.A. turn off B. turned off C. would turn off D. had turned off答案A. turn off注釋propose是欲望動(dòng)詞，后接的賓語(yǔ)從句或主語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣：should+動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。譯文愛(ài)迪生去世時(shí)，有人建議，為紀(jì)念這位偉人

23、美國(guó)人民應(yīng)關(guān)掉家中、街上和工廠(chǎng)里的全部電源幾分鐘。例 8: I apologize if I you, but I assure youit was uninten ti on al.A. offend B. had offen dedC. should have offen dedD. might have offen ded答案B. had offended注釋本題測(cè)試交錯(cuò)時(shí)間的虛擬條件句。was暗示，事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去，所以虛擬條件句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的虛擬形式。譯文假如我曾經(jīng)冒犯過(guò)你，我現(xiàn)在向你道歉，但我向你保證，這不是故意的。例 9: The board deemed it

24、urge nt that these filesright away.A. had to be prin tedB. should have bee n prin tedC. must be prin tedD. should be prin ted答案D. should be printed注釋因?yàn)閡rge nt是欲望形容詞，在句中作形式賓語(yǔ)it的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，所以賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)需用虛擬 語(yǔ)氣:（should）+動(dòng)詞原形（主動(dòng)態(tài)或被動(dòng)態(tài)）。譯文董事會(huì)認(rèn)為，迫在眉睫的是馬上把這些檔案印出來(lái)。例 10: There is a real possibility that these animalsco

25、uld be frighte ned, a sudde nloud no ise.A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there havi ng bee n答案B. should there be注釋should there be 表示虛擬條件句中將來(lái)時(shí)間的謂語(yǔ)形式 ，if 省略，所以should與there倒裝。譯文要是有一聲巨響，這些動(dòng)物會(huì)受到驚嚇，這是有現(xiàn)實(shí)可能性的。虛擬語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練1. Were it not for the snowy weather, weall right.A. would be B. would h

26、ave bee n C. were D. may be2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.A. If the capta in wereB. Had the capta in bee nC. Should the captai n beD. If the capta in would have bee n3. If heme tomorrow, I would let him know.A. should callB. should not have bee n ableC. were not ableD. are not able4.

27、If you asked your father, youpermissi on.A. may get B. might get C. should have calledD. maybe get5. today, he would get there by Friday.A. Would he leaveB. Was he leavi ngC. Were he to leaveD. If he leaves6. I you, I would go with him to the party.A. Was B. Had bee n C. Will be D. Werenow.7. Had Pa

28、ul received six more votes in the last elect ion,heour chairma nA. must have bee nB. would have bee n C. were D. would be8. the En glish exam in atio n I would have gone to the concert last Sun dayA. In spite ofB. But for C. Because of D. As for9. Look at the terrible situatio n I am in! If only Iyo

29、ur adviceA. follow B. would followC. had followed D. have followed10. If the horse won today, itthirty races in five years.A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won11. There is a real possibility that these ani mals could be frighte ned,a sudde nloud no ise.A. being there B. should t

30、here beC. there was D. there havi ng bee n12. If you hadn ' t taken such a long time to get dressed, we' dthere by now.A. be B. circles C. is circli ngD. be circli ng13. I wish Iwith her.A. would be B. am C. was D. were14. The picture exhibiti on bored me to death. I wish Ito it.A. had not g

31、one B. have not gone C. did not go D. can not have gone15. George would certa inly have atte nded the meeti ng,.A. if he didn' t get a flat tireB. if the flat tire hadn' t happenedC. had he not had a flat tireD. had the tire not flatte ned itself16. The teacher suggested that her stude ntsex

32、perie nces with ESP.A. write a compositi on on theirB. to write compositi on about theC. wrote some compositi ons of his or herD. had writte n any compositi ons for his17. He speaks Chin ese as flue ntly as if hea Chin ese.A. were B. had bee nC. is D. has bee n18. Look ing round the tow n, he felt a

33、s though heaway for ages.A. has bee nB. was C. is D. had bee n19. Most in sura nee age nts would rather youanything about collect ing claimsun til they in vestigate the situati on.A. do B. don ' t C. didn ' t D. didn ' t do20. It is importa nt that the TOEFL officeyour registrati on.A. w

34、ill confirmB. con firmC. con firms D. must con firm21. Without electro nic computers, much of today' s adva need tech no logy.A. will not have bee n achievedB. have not bee n achievedC. would not have bee n achievedD. had not bee n achieved22. He speaks Chin ese as flue ntly as if hea Chin ese.A

35、. were B. had bee nC. is D. has bee n23. It is time that the gover nmentmeasures to protect the rare birds andan imals.A. takes B. took C. has take nD. tak ing24. Some people are too particular about school records, in sisti ng that every applica ntall diplomas from eleme ntary school to uni versity

36、.A. has B. will have C. should have D. must have25. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise heto the meeti ng.A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come26. If I had see n the movie, Iyou all about it now.A. would tellB. will tellC. have told D. would have told27. I had hoped that Joh na year

37、 in Africa, but he stayed there only for three mon ths.A. spe nds B. spe nt C. would spe ndD. will spe nd28. It ' s high time theythis road.A. mend B. men dedC. must have men dedD. will mend29. It ' s about time peoplenotice of what women did during the war.A. take B. took C. have take nD. w

38、ill take30. He ' s working hard for fear that he.A. should fall behi ndB. fell beh indC. may fall beh indD. would fallbeh ind31. In the past men gen erally preferred that their wivesin the home.A. worked B. would work C. work D. were worki ng32. For a child to give up his less mature idea for a

39、more mature on e, it requires thatthe childpsychologically ready for the new idea.A. is B. were C. be D. would be33. Your advice thattill n ext week is reas on able.A. she waits B. she wait C. wait she D. she waited34. It was esse ntial that we lease before the end of the mon th.A. sing B. sin ged C

40、. had sig ned D. were sig ning35. I advised that the sick childa hospital as soon as possible.A. should send toB. should be sentC. be went toD.must be sent to36. The workers in the factory dema nded that their paybe 20 perce nt.A. be raisedB. would be raisedC. raisedD. raise37. The guard at the gate

41、 in sisted that everybodythe rules.A. obeysB. obeyC. will obeyD. would obey38. My suggesti on is that shemore exercise, which will do a lot ofgood to her.A. takesB. must takeC. takeD. took39. If on ly Idrivi ng before.A. learnB. learnedC. had lear nedD. would lear n40. sheyesterday, she wouldmeet th

42、e famoussin ger today.A. If, didn' t leaveB. Had not, leftC. Hadn' t, left D. Didn' t, leave高考虛擬語(yǔ)氣1. - If he, hethat food.-Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A. was warned would not take B. had bee n warned would not have take nC. would be warned had not take n D. would have bee n warned had not take n2. I didn ' t see your sisterat the meeting. If she, she would have met my brother.A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come3. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it.A. breaks B. has brok