注意幾個常用介詞的用法

1、_注意幾個常用介詞的用法1表示時間at, in, on, by, for, through, over, until2表示在附近near, by, beside, next to, at3表示地點 at, in, on4表示除外besides, except, except for,but, but for, next to5表示方位、方向in, to, on, at, for6表示 “經(jīng)由，通過，穿過 ”across, by, through7表示 “在上下 ”above, below, over, under, on, beneath8表示方式 by, through, in, with,

2、 on9表示原因 through, with, from, for, at, owing to,due to, because of, on account of, thanks to10表示價格，比率，對比at, by, for, against,11表示屬性，部分與整體of, with12表示比較as,like13表示“在之間之中”among, between14表示讓步in spite of, despite, for all, with all15表示條件as for, as to, for, in terms of, without16表示目的 for, for fear of, f

3、or the sake of1表示時間1) at時間的一點、時刻等-可編輯修改 -_They come home at sunrise (at noon,at midnight, at ten oclock,atdaybreak, at dawn).較短暫的一段時間。 可指某個節(jié)日或被認(rèn)為是一年中標(biāo)志大事的日子。例如：He went home at Christmas (at New Year, at the Spring Festival, at night, at midsummer).At the beginning ( middle, end)of that month he was

4、sick.His grandfather died at seventy-two.2) in在某個較長的時間（如世紀(jì)、朝代、年、月、季節(jié)、以及泛指的上午、下午和傍晚等）內(nèi)。例如：He was born in 1942.He did it in the holidays.在一段時間之后? 一般情況下，用于將來時間時，謂語動詞為“一時性的動作” ，in 作“在以后”解。例如：He will arrive in two hours.意指“從現(xiàn)在算起的兩小時后”。? 謂語動詞為“延續(xù)性的動作”時，in 作“在以內(nèi)”解。例如：These products will be produced in a mo

5、nth.意指“一個月內(nèi)?！? after 用于將來時間時也指“一段時間之后”，但其后的時間是“一點”(如： after two o clock) ，而不是“一段。”3) on-可編輯修改 -_具體的時日或特定的時間，如某日、某節(jié)日、星期幾等On. May 4 th ( On Sunday, On New Year s day, On Christmas Day) ，there will be a celebration.He will come to meet us on our arrival.在某個特定的早晨、下午或晚上He died on the eve of victory(勝利前夕

6、)He arrived at 10 0 clock on the night of the 5th.準(zhǔn)（時），按（時）If the train should be on time, I should reach home before dark.4) By不遲于，在（某時）前He must have returned by now.Jack had made some friends by the time you came.He will come by six o clock.By then he was more than fifty years of age.在間，在的時候He wor

7、ked by day and slept by night.I don tlike travelling by night.5) for（年、月、日、時等）之久He was absent from school for a week.I have been here for three days.-可編輯修改 -_在指定的時間，“為（某場合）”或（“某事）安排在（某時刻） ”He asked his daughter what she would like for her birthday.Id like to book a room for Friday night.The ceremony

8、 was arranged for two oclock/March lst.6) through 指時間含義同 throughout ，表示“從開始到結(jié)束” He guarded us all through the night. We work hard all through the year.It rained throughout the night.7) over 指時間同 during ，指貫穿這一時間段，意為“在期間”We often talked over a cup of coffee.Will you stay here over Christmas?8) until 指

9、時間意為“一直到為止”He worked until 10:00 P. M.And then quit.He did not stop working until late at night.-可編輯修改 -_直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語1)直接引語是陳述句：改為以that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。主語 + said ，“陳述句”主語 + said+( that)+ 陳述句直接引語： He said, ”Im very glad. ”間接引語： He said ( that) he was very glad.2)直接引語是一般疑問句：改為whether/if. 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。主語 + asked ，“一

10、般疑問句”主語 +asked+ （賓語） + whether/if + 陳述句直接引語： He asked, “Are you very busy these days?”間接引語：He asked me whether I was very busy those days.3)直接引語是特殊疑問句： 改為由 where ，when ，what ，why ，how ，how many等疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。主語 + asked ，“特殊疑問句” 主語 + asked+ （賓語） +特殊疑問詞 +陳述句直接引語： He said, ”when do you want to leave ?”間接引

11、語：He asked me when I wanted co leave.直接引語： He said ，“What do you want to read?”間接引語： He asked me what I wanted to read.4)直接引語是祈使句：改為如下結(jié)構(gòu)。主語 +ask/tell/order/advise/warn+ 賓語 +(not) to do sth. 直接引語： He said, ”O(jiān)pen the door please, John! ” 間接引語： He asked John to open the door.-可編輯修改 -_直接引語： He said, ”Do

12、n ttalk in class! ”間接引語： He ordered us not to talk in class.5)主句的轉(zhuǎn)述動詞為過去時，轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時的時態(tài)變化。直接引語間接引語She said, “Ido all the work. ”She said that she did all the work.She said,“Idid all the work.”She said that she had done all the work.She said,” I"ll do all the work.”She said that she would do all t

13、he work.She said, ” Im doing all the work.She said that she was doing all the work.She said, ” Ive done all the work.”She said that she had done all the work.She said, ” I ve been doing it.”She said that she had been doing it.She said, ” I can do all the work.”She said that she could do all the work

14、.注意：直接引語中陳述的是真理之類的現(xiàn)在時內(nèi)容時，轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時仍用現(xiàn)在時。He said, ” The earth moves round the sun.”He told me that the earth moves round the sun.6)轉(zhuǎn)換過程中時間狀語、地點狀語、指示代詞和某些動詞的變化。直接引語間接引語now 現(xiàn)在then 那時today 今天that day那天tonight 今晚that night那天晚上yesterday 昨天the day before 前一天tomorrow 明天the next day/the following day 第二天last

15、week month 上周上個月the week/month before 前一周前個月-可編輯修改 -_next week/year下周明年the week/year after下下周后年in two days 再過兩天two days later/after two days 兩天之后three days ago三天前（現(xiàn)在算起）three days before三天前（過去算起）here 這兒there 那兒this 這that 那these 這些those 那些come 來go 去bring 帶來take 帶走例 1： He said, ”I went to Beijing last

16、week. ”He said that he had gone to Beijing the week before.例 2： He asked, ” Will you come tomorrow？”He asked me whether I would go the next day.例 3： He asked, ”Have you finished reading this book. ” He asked me if I had finished reading that book.-可編輯修改 -_It is 與 There be 的區(qū)別 :1)it 用作實詞常指代前面提到的物體或事情

17、。There be 結(jié)構(gòu)表示某物存在于某處。例如： They live on a busy main road.It must be very noisy.That building is now a supermarket.It used to be a cinema.Last winter it was very cold and there was a lot of snow.They live on a busy road.There must be a lot of noise from the traffic.2)it 作形式主語，可代替主語從句，或代替用作主語的不定式、動名詞（例

18、句見本章“it作形式主語”） 。There be 結(jié)構(gòu)表示某人、某事或某物存在于某地或是否存在。常見的句式如下：It is no wonder+( that)從句There is no doubt+ about/ that從句It is no surprise +that從句There is no hope/chance of.It is no secret +that 從句There is no need to do.It is no coincidence + that 從句There is no point in doing.It is( no longer)+ 形容詞 +to doTh

19、ere is no reason to do.It is no use/good+ -ingThere is no denying+ that 從句-可編輯修改 -_Have 的用法常用結(jié)構(gòu)：have+ 賓語 +不帶 to 的動詞不定式have 十賓語 +現(xiàn)在分詞have+ 賓語 +過去分詞這三種結(jié)構(gòu)有下面幾種用法。1 使某人或某物做某事，使某物某事被（他人）做He had everybody fill out a form.他讓所有的人都填了表。She had us laughing all through the meal在吃飯過程中，她使我們始終笑個不停。I had my films d

20、eveloped.我把膠卷讓人給沖洗出來了。If you don t get out of my house Ill have you arrested.如果不離開我的房子，我就讓人把你抓起來?！咎崾尽吭?have 十 sth.+ done 結(jié)構(gòu)中，句子主語與實際動作執(zhí)行者的關(guān)系有三種情況：同一個人，不是同一個人，可能是同一個人或不是同一個人。例如：He is too old to have the book completed.他垂垂老矣，這本書寫不完了。（同一個人）He is going to have the bad tooth pulled out.他要去拔牙。（不是同一個人）She

21、has her car cleaned twice a week.她每周洗刷兩次汽車。 （同一個人或不是同一個人） have+ sb. 十 doing sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)表示正在進行的、 尚未完成的動作； have 十 sb 十 do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)表示已經(jīng)完成的動作。比較：I had her typing out the paper我讓她正在打出那篇論文。I had her type out the paper.我讓她打出了那篇論文。-可編輯修改 -_2 經(jīng)歷某個事件或行動，遭遇（句子的主語不是動作的執(zhí)行者）He had his left hand cut off when operating t

22、he machine.他在操作這部機器時左手被切掉了。Itslovely to have people smile at you in the street.在街上，人們朝你微笑是件非常愉快的事。She had two pens missing.她丟了兩支鋼筆。3 拒絕接受，不允許（ won t have) ，相當(dāng)于 don t allow/ permit sb. to do sth. 或 forbid sb. to do sth.I won t have you do/doing that again.我決不會讓你再做那件事。They won t have their land turned

23、 into a battlefield.他們決不允許把他們的家園變成戰(zhàn)場。4 靜態(tài)的 have 不同于動態(tài)的have作靜態(tài)動詞用時，have 意為“有，”疑問句可用Have you ？ Have you got ？ Do youhave ？三種形式；否定句可用haven t， haven t got ， don t have 三種形式；但靜態(tài)動詞 have 不可用于進行時態(tài)或被動語態(tài)。例如：你有妹妹嗎？Have you a sister?Have you got a sister?Do you have a sister?我沒有妹妹。I haven t a sister.I haven t g

24、ot a sister.-可編輯修改 -_I don t have a sister.簡在樓上有一個房間。Jane has a room upstairs.( )Jane is having a room upstairs.XA room is had by Jane upstairs.X作動態(tài)動詞用時， have的意義相當(dāng)于實義動詞 eat ，take ，catch ，wear ，get ，receive ，obtain ，experience ，meet with ，earn等，通?？捎糜谶M行時態(tài)或被動語態(tài)。動態(tài) have的疑問句要用 Do you have ？形式，否定句要用don t

25、have 形式。例如：She is having a baby.她懷孕了。（=is expecting ）There was nothing to be had.什么也得不到。( obtained)A good time was had by us.我們度過了一段美好時光。Do you have lunch at twelve?你 12點吃午飯嗎？（不可說 Have you lunch？ 或Have you got lunch ？ )He didn t have a good sleep.他沒睡好。（不可說 He hadn t a）He had supper at seven.他 7 點吃的晚

26、飯。（不可說 He had got ）-可編輯修改 -_一般現(xiàn)在時 (The Simple Present/The Present Indefinite Tense)1構(gòu)成do ; does用動詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)有變化。基本變化規(guī)則是：一般情況加“-s ”，以輔音加“y ”結(jié)尾的詞把“y”改為i“” , 再加“-es（”但元音加“y”結(jié)尾的則直接加“-s ”，以“）o，s，x，ch ，sh”結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加“-es ”。動詞 be 的變化形式是is， am ， are ；動詞 have 的變化形式是 have ，has 。2功能表示習(xí)慣的、永久性的或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作(常同 everyday ，

27、often ， sometimes ，usually ，always ，twice a month,every week,on Sundays,occasionally,normally,generally, weekly, now and then, every so often, as a rule, rarely等時間狀語連用)He seldom eats meat.他很少吃肉。I never sit up late into the night.我從不晚睡。She always takes a walk in the evening.她常在晚間散步。The world always m

28、akes way for the dreamer.這世界永遠(yuǎn)會為追求理想的人讓出一條光明大道。表示特征、能力或現(xiàn)時的情況或狀態(tài)She loves music. 她喜歡音樂。Contradictions exist everywhere.矛盾處處存在。They don t speak French here.這兒不講法語。She lives in a villa at the foot of the hill.她住在山腳下的一棟別墅里。People enjoy reading about the rich and famous.人們喜歡閱讀有關(guān)富人和名人的書?！咎崾尽肯旅媸且粋€歧義句：-可編輯修

29、改 -_She can t bear children.A 她不能生育。B 她受不了孩子們的嬉鬧。表示普遍真理、事實，也用在格言中The earth moves round the sun.地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。Water boils at 100水的沸點是100 。Spring follows winter.冬天過后就是春天。Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗。A stitch in time saves nine.小洞不補，大洞吃苦。No man but errs. 人非圣賢，孰能無過。 在由when,it,after,before,although,as,as soon

30、as,the minute,thenext time,whether,even if ,in case, though,till, until, unless,so long as, where,whatever, wherever等引導(dǎo)的表示時間、條件、比較等狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時 .I ll tell her when she comes tomorrow.她明天來的時候我會告訴她的。You will surely succeed if you try your best.功夫不負(fù)有心人。I ll go where you go.你去哪兒我也去哪兒。I shall tell her the minute she gets here.她一到那里我就告訴她。I shall have a good time whether l win or lose.我不論輸贏都會很快活。In the future I shall do as she says.將來我要按她說的去做。The earlier you leave，the earlier you ll be there. 你動身越早，到那里越早。The next t