科技英語(yǔ) (2)

1、第一章 概論一、科技英語(yǔ)翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 準(zhǔn)確規(guī)范，通順易懂, 簡(jiǎn)潔明晰。準(zhǔn)確規(guī)范Samples 1We shall mention here two temperature scales, namely, the Fahrenheit scale and the Centigrade scale.Oil and gas will continue to be our chief source of fuel.Three of Archimedess extant works are devoted to plane geometry.Translate by yourself 1:1The pow

2、er plant is the heart of a ship.發(fā)電設(shè)備是船只的核心。2The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.驅(qū)動(dòng)這些機(jī)器的動(dòng)力裝置是一個(gè)50馬力的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。3The largest and most expensive products can not, because of their size, be testable in the factory. 這個(gè)大型又昂貴的產(chǎn)品由于它的型號(hào)問題不能在這間工廠里測(cè)試，通順易懂Samples 2A more common way of jo

3、ining these metal pieces together is to weld them.Molten salts range from ideally ionic fluids to molecular melts and liquid.These compressors have proved themselves useful in a variety of ways in installations where large volumes of air or other gases are compressed.Translate by yourself 2:1Semicon

4、ductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.被稱為晶體管的半導(dǎo)體裝置正在許多應(yīng)用中取代電子管。2Cramped conditions mean that passengers legs cannot move around freely.狹窄的情況下乘客無(wú)法自由走動(dòng)。3All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.所有的身體都有重量，占據(jù)空間。簡(jiǎn)潔明晰Samples 3It is forbidden to dismant

5、le it without permission so as to avoid any damage to its parts.It should be realized that magnetic forces and electric forces are not the same.All living things must, by reason of physiological limitations, die. Translate by yourself 3：1The removal of minerals from water is called softening.去除礦物的水被

6、稱為軟水。2The smelting reduction process can be applied for the production of iron as well as ferroalloys.未經(jīng)熔煉的鐵也被稱為鐵合金。二、翻譯的一般方法1、直譯與意譯2、合譯與分譯3、增譯與省譯4、順譯與倒譯直譯與意譯Samples 4Read a book on a new subject and change your daily newspaper.The combustion often produces hot condensed particles.We can get more cu

7、rrent from cells connected in parallel.If the rate of the back-ward reaction becomes significant, the rate laws become more complex.The law of reflection holds good for all surfaces.Translate by yourself 4:1Both pumps have excellent metering performance and high vacuum lift. 泵都有好的計(jì)量性和高真空高度。2Einstein

8、s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. 愛因斯坦的相對(duì)論是唯一能解釋如此現(xiàn)象的理論。3All four outer planets probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water.這四個(gè)外部行星都可能含有金屬芯，硅酸鹽和水。4Part adjustment and repair must be performed on a regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the

9、 end product.產(chǎn)品的部分調(diào)整和要求必須按合格的原則履行，即使一件合意的印刷品即將完成。合譯與分譯 Samples 5Leaves are to the plants，what lungs are to the animals. The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water.With the same number of protons, all nuclei of a given element may have different n

10、umbers of neutrons.An infected mother can pass AIDS on to her child during pregnancy or childbirthTranslate by yourself 5:1There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.有些金屬擁有導(dǎo)電的和磁化的能力。2. The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia.醫(yī)生化驗(yàn)了貧血癥患者的血

11、液樣品。3. The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon.太陽(yáng)大小的明顯變化是由接近地平線處空氣中的灰塵導(dǎo)致的。4. These fragments of rock and iron range from a thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one.這些巖石和鋼鐵的碎片的半徑從幾千公里到一公里不等。增譯與省譯Samples 6A drilled hole can be made accurate and smoo

12、th by a reamer. The amount of cell respiration depends upon the degree of activity of the organism. Many processes have already been proposed, and one possible future process is a smelting reduction The purpose of this chapter is to describe the various fasteners or tabulate available sizes. The chi

13、ps wedged between the holder and the workpiece. In solids the force of attraction between the molecules is so great that the arrangement of the molecules becomes rigid. Little information is given about the origin of life. It does not matter whether we use ball bearings or plain bearing. The inner a

14、nd outer rings are graded and stored according to sizes. Translate by yourself 6:1Breeding of hummingbirds takes place in May and June.蜂鳥的繁殖在每年的五月和六月。2Cartography is the science of making maps. 制圖學(xué)是制作地圖的一門技術(shù)。3Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自然界中的許多元素是不同同位素

15、的混合物。4The average current serves as a useful criterion in determining the energy transfer.平均電流在電能傳輸?shù)倪^程中作為有效的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。5The best solution is to continue to reduce all sources of pollution affecting our atmosphere.改善環(huán)境最好的辦法是繼續(xù)減少所有污染源的排放。6That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fund

16、amental law of electricity.像“流向相同的電流互斥，流向不同的電流相吸”是電的一個(gè)基本原理。順譯與倒譯 Samples 7The nylon nut must not protrude above the metal surface. The sodium silicate makes the cork stick to the mold surface. Space programs demand tremendous quantities of liquid hydrogen and oxygen as rocket fuel. Thus the bending

17、stress is very easily computed. Attachments are usually not included with a standard machine. Either or both windings may be excited by alternating or direct currents. Translate by yourself 7:1The cornea is a part of the eye that helps focus light to create an image on the retina.有助于（眼睛）聚光在視網(wǎng)膜上成像的眼角

18、膜是眼睛的一部分。2Almost any insulated body possesses to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge.幾乎所有的絕緣體都有一定程度的短時(shí)間儲(chǔ)存電荷的能力。3The angular-contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity. 這種角接觸式滾珠軸承可以提供很好的軸向負(fù)荷支撐能力。4Singularity functions do not occur in physical systems. 物理系統(tǒng)中不會(huì)出現(xiàn)異常的功

19、能。5The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation.通過改變晶粒取向可以改變焊接點(diǎn)的性質(zhì)。6Part of the immune reaction against AIDS or any virus is that the lymph nodes enlarge. 淋巴結(jié)腫大是免疫系統(tǒng)抵抗AIDS和其他病毒的免疫反應(yīng)的一部分。第二章 詞的翻譯第一節(jié) 詞義的選擇一、根據(jù)詞類選擇詞義The thickness of a tooth measured along the pitch circle

20、is one half the circular pitch. The earthquake measured 6.5 on the Richter scale. We must reflect what measures to take in case of any accidental collapse of a bed. Ductility is also important because it is a measure of that property of a material which permits it to be cold-worked. Translate the fo

21、llowing sentences with the word “round” by yourself 8: 1The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other.錠子同時(shí)繞兩個(gè)相互垂直的軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。2The earth isnt completely round; it is slightly flattened at the poles.地球不是一個(gè)規(guī)整的圓，在兩極略微扁平。3In each round of operation the particle picks up energy

22、from the oscillating electric field.粒子在振蕩電場(chǎng)中轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一周會(huì)吸收能量。4An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom.電子是圍繞原子核轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的帶負(fù)電荷的非常小的粒子。5Her waist measures forty inches round 她的腰圍有40英寸。二、根據(jù)上下文選擇詞義以develop這一動(dòng)詞為例：Packaged software is developed to serve

23、the specific needs of one user. Noises may develop in a worn engine. Shorts frequently develop when insulation is worn. Sure enough, 80 percent of the plants developed the disease. To develop better mechanical properties is the purpose of many metal working processes. Other isolation methods are bei

24、ng developed. In developing the design, we must consider the feasibility of processing. After the war much of this knowledge was poured into the developing of the computers. They cited cases of identical twins reared in different homes who developed very different characteristics despite identical h

25、eredity Translate by yourself 9:1. A mathematical or logical operation must meet a certain condition. 數(shù)學(xué)或邏輯的應(yīng)用必須對(duì)應(yīng)具體的情形。2. Interactive programming conditions are now available for some commercial programming languages. 適用于一些商業(yè)的程序語(yǔ)言是交互程序設(shè)計(jì)的現(xiàn)狀。3. The results of a biopsy indicate a rare nonmalignant co

26、ndition. 活組織檢查的結(jié)果表明這是一個(gè)罕見的良性疾病。4. Doctors learn that he suffers from a blood disorder and hesitate to treat him with an antivenin, which they believe might make his condition worse. 醫(yī)生知道到他得了血液病并且是否用抗毒素對(duì)他進(jìn)行中治療是猶豫不決的，因?yàn)樗X得這樣可能會(huì)加重病情。5. The frequency with which the filter should be removed, inspected, a

27、nd cleaned will be determined primarily by aircraft operating conditions. 過濾器的拆卸，檢查，維護(hù)和清潔主要取決于飛機(jī)的運(yùn)行情況。三、根據(jù)詞的搭配來選擇詞義以idle 為例：idle capacity備用容量 idle coil 閑圈idle current 無(wú)功電流 idle frequency閑頻 中心頻率idle motion 空轉(zhuǎn) idle roll 傳動(dòng)軋輥idle wheel (gear) 惰輪 idle contact 間隔接點(diǎn)idle space 有害空間 idle stroke 慢行程再以large為例

28、：large current 強(qiáng)電流 large pressure 高電壓a large amount of electric power 大量的電力 large loads 重載large-screen receiver 寬屏電視接收機(jī) large capacity 高容量large growing 生長(zhǎng)快的Translate by yourself 10:Find the Translation in Column B which matches the phrase in Column A.1 lowa)下半軸瓦 b) 弱阻尼 c)下限 d) 低強(qiáng)度電流 e) 仰視拍攝 f) 低音調(diào)鍵

29、g) 慢速存取 h) 低位 i) 低速制動(dòng)器 b 1) low damping i 2) low brake c 3) low limit e 4) low shot d 5) low current h 6) low order g 7) low access f 8) low key a 9) low brass 四、根據(jù)學(xué)科和專業(yè)選擇詞義以英語(yǔ)名詞carrier為例： 郵政業(yè)： “郵遞員” 軍事： “航空母艦”，運(yùn)輸業(yè)： “搬運(yùn)工” 化學(xué)： “載體”醫(yī)藥學(xué)： “帶菌者，媒介物” 車輛制造： “底盤”無(wú)線電： “載波” 機(jī)械行業(yè)： “托架，傳導(dǎo)管”Translate by yourself

30、 11:Find the Translation in Column B which matches the specialty or field in Column A.Apron c)船頭護(hù)船木 b) 停機(jī)坪 a)護(hù)床 e) （炮的）口罩，偽裝天幕 d)（皮帶）運(yùn)輸機(jī) f) 冰川前的沙礫層g) 護(hù)墻，擋板 a 1) 機(jī)械行業(yè)： c 2) 造船業(yè)： g 3) 建筑業(yè)： f 4) 地質(zhì)： d 5) 運(yùn)輸業(yè)： b 6) 航空業(yè)： e 7) 軍事： 第二節(jié) 詞義的引申一、技術(shù)性引申After the spring has been closed to its solid height, the c

31、ompressive force is removed. The adjustment screw has stops at both sides. The use of seal legs for feeding and discharging solids eliminates the need for complex lock hoppers. Translate by yourself 12:1 The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and

32、 the raceway on which it rolls.滾動(dòng)摩擦力產(chǎn)生的原因是滾動(dòng)的物體和滾道接觸面的形變2 Traditionally, NC programming has been performed off-line with the machine commands being contained on a punched tape. 通常指令和穿孔帶連接的NC程序是脫機(jī)完成的。二、修辭性引申Hand picks have been replaced by pneumatic picks and electric drills. Computers come in a wide

33、 variety of sizes and capabilities. The antivenin will not help; but a blood transfusion will. The treatment works. Translate by yourself 13:1. The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen. 大片浮動(dòng)水藻的出現(xiàn)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致大量魚類由于缺氧而死亡。3 The best solution that

34、science and medicine have come up with so far is the sleeping pill, which is another mixed blessing. 科學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)早已提出的最佳的解決方案是安眠藥，但這也是既有利又有弊。三、具體化引申把原有的語(yǔ)句中含義較概括、抽象、籠統(tǒng)的詞引申為意思較為具體的詞，尤其是將不定代詞進(jìn)行具體化引申，避免造成譯文概念不清或不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。如：While this restriction on the size of the circuit holds, the law is valid. This suggests

35、 that matter can be converted into energy, and vice versa. Translate by yourself 14:1. Many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron. 許多具有健康意識(shí)的女性由于拒絕吃的紅肉從而增加了拒絕吸收包含大量容易吸收的鐵元素的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2. The data types arrays and records are nat

36、ive to many programming languages. 數(shù)組和記錄在大多數(shù)程序語(yǔ)言中都是固有數(shù)據(jù)類型。四、抽象化引申有些詞在英語(yǔ)中比較具體、形象，如果在上下文中不強(qiáng)調(diào)它的具體名稱或具體說明，漢譯時(shí)，則可以把它抽象化或概括化，用比較抽象的或概括的語(yǔ)言來表達(dá)。如：Quantum chemistry is still in its infancy. Chemical control will do most of things in pest control. Translate by yourself 15:1Obviously, there is much room for the

37、 improvement in the structure.顯而易見，在結(jié)構(gòu)上有很大的提升空間。2At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. 目前為止煤炭依舊是熱電廠的主要能源。第三節(jié) 詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換在翻譯時(shí)，常須進(jìn)行詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換，即英語(yǔ)中的某一詞類，并不一定譯成漢語(yǔ)中的相應(yīng)的詞類，而要作適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)換。如：在Proper selection of bearing materials is an important design consideration.（選擇適當(dāng)?shù)妮S承材料是設(shè)計(jì)中要考慮的一個(gè)重要問題。）中，名詞selectio

38、n轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞“選擇”。又如：Concrete slab paving will be provided throughout the enclosed boiler area.（鍋爐封閉部分全部采用混凝土平板地面。）中，介詞throughout 轉(zhuǎn)譯為副詞“全部”。詞類轉(zhuǎn)換主要有以下四種情況：一、轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)中的名詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)名詞和介詞在翻譯時(shí)均可轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。The adoption of this new device will greatly down the percentage of defective products. The inductive coupling

39、permits the use of EM system in aircraft. If extremely low-cost power were ever to become available from large nuclear power plants, electrolytic hydrogen would become competitive. The circuits are connected in parallel in the interest of a small resistance. If one generator is out of order, the oth

40、er will produce electricity instead. In any machine, input work equals output work plus work done against friction. Translate by yourself 16:1. The design choices hinge upon considerations of gain, noise figure, and so forth. 設(shè)計(jì)選擇的關(guān)鍵在于考慮增益，噪音系數(shù)等。2. Adherence of the particle to the cell membrane is t

41、he first step in the process. 粒子附在細(xì)胞膜上是這個(gè)過程的第一步。3. An a. c. motor is similar in construction to a d. c. motor. 直流電動(dòng)機(jī)在結(jié)構(gòu)上類似于交流電動(dòng)機(jī)。4. This in a large measure is responsible for the high accuracy obtainable from such systems. 它主要負(fù)責(zé)在這樣的系統(tǒng)中獲得高精度5. Such service will certainly go far in extending the life

42、cycle of older equipment.這種服務(wù)將肯定會(huì)延長(zhǎng)舊設(shè)備的使用周期。6. This type of film develops in twenty minutes. 這種膠卷沖洗要20分鐘。二、轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞、代詞和形容詞等也可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的名詞。 Genes can now be patented. The application of surfactants aims to simplify work processes. This means the permittivity of oil is greater than that of air. The mo

43、st effective measures for deterring gene piracy will be those that prevent it altogether. Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives a picture. Hummingbirds are typically loners, bonding with the opposite sex for only the few seconds it takes to mate. What a motor does is to ch

44、ange electrical energy into mechanical driving power. Translate by yourself 17:1. Momentum is defined as the product of the velocity and a quantity called the mass of the body. 動(dòng)力可以定義為2. The radioactivity of the new element is several million times stronger than that of uranium. 這種新物質(zhì)的放射性是鈾放射性的幾百倍。3

45、. A body that recovers completely and resumes its original dimensions is said to be perfectly elastic. 體積可以完全恢復(fù)和復(fù)原成原來的大小就說它具有良好的彈性。4. All metals tend to be ductile. 任何金屬都具備延展性。6. Smoke detectors located in each elevator lobby over the elevator call button.煙霧檢測(cè)器每個(gè)電梯門口升降按鈕的上方。三、轉(zhuǎn)譯為形容詞英語(yǔ)中的名詞、副詞等也可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢

46、語(yǔ)的形容詞。 The chief drawback is the length of the curing cycle at high temperatures. This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the solubility.The induction of a circuit is of great importance only where the current is changing. Quite apparent is the fact that most laser beams are exceedin

47、gly directed, or highly collimated. Earthquakes are closely related to faulting. Light waves differ in frequency just as sound waves do. The grouping of molecules around a given molecule changes continually. Translate by yourself 18:1. It is possible to differentiate these reactions owing to their difference in intensity. 2.It is a success to replace steam with mercury vapor. 3.Computers are