as在定語從句中的用法

1、as在定語從句中是關(guān)系代詞，可做句子成分。但在上述兩個句子中，as只是在引導(dǎo)定語從句而已，不作句子成分。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有 正如，正像”的意思 As is known to all, China is a develop ing coun try.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his acce nt.(3) Joh n, as you kno w, is a famous writer.(4) He has bee

2、n to Paris more than several times, which I don' t believe.As的用法例1. the same ；asuchas中的as是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu)，和一樣。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有正如。As we know, smok ing is harmful to on e's health.As is known, smok ing is harmful to on e's health.As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓

3、語；例2中，它充當從句的主語，謂語動詞know要用被動式。一、“ as / which特殊定語從句的先行成分1. 形容詞或形容詞短語作先行成分，具有形容詞意義的介詞短語也可以充當先行成分，如：My grandmother ' s house was always of great importanee to me, as my own is.在一定的語言環(huán)境里，有些名詞可以具有形容詞的性質(zhì)。這些名詞主要是那些表示人的身份、職業(yè)、狀態(tài)的名詞。值得一提的是，在這些具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞之后，引導(dǎo)定語從句 的關(guān)系代詞不能用 who / whom.2. 動詞短語先行成分。這種動詞短語既可是限定形

4、式也可是非限定形式。如果是動態(tài)動詞短語，它們在從句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代動詞do和as / which 一起代替。do可以出現(xiàn)，也可以不出現(xiàn)，但不能用其它動詞代替。3. 句子作先行成分。這句子可以是整個主句也可以只是主句中的一個從句。有時是連續(xù)幾個句子，有時甚至可以是一個完整的故事。二、“ as/which特殊定語從句在句中的位置由于先行成分的構(gòu)成成分不同，“ as/which特殊定語從句在句中的位置有以下幾種情況：1. 形容詞做先行成分時：形容詞或形容詞短語(含具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞)作先行成分，“ as / which特殊定語從句置于先行成分之后。2. 動詞短語作先行成分時：動詞短

5、語作先行成分時，“ as which '特殊定語從句置于先行成分之后。但是，當從句中含有表示主觀意志的插入成分時，“ as特殊定語從句可以移至句子之首。3. 句子作先行成分時：“ a特殊定語從句的位置較靈活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引語，“ as特殊定語從句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“ as特殊定語從句與否定詞的相對位置不同可以使它產(chǎn)生不同的意義。由于“ as特殊定語從句具有這一特點，所以有時它的位置不能隨便移動。在非正式的文體里，“which 特殊定語從句可以出現(xiàn)在先行成分之中。三、“ as/which特殊定語從句的語義功能一般說來，as與

6、which的語義功能相同，可以相互替換。但先行成分為句子時，它們的語義功能則有差異。1. 表示結(jié)果表示結(jié)果的特殊定語從句與其先行成分之間存在著一定的因果關(guān)系，從句中往往使用有結(jié)果意義的詞，如動詞 result, make, enable, cause 禾口形容詞 interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful 等。2. 表示評注表示評注的特殊定語從句對其先行成分所述事實的正確性有肯定的傾向，它通常與那些表示客觀事實，普遍真理或某種習(xí)性的先行成分連用；從句中則常用一些表示合乎自然規(guī)律”、眾所周知"或 經(jīng)常發(fā)生"等意義的詞語，如

7、 natural, known to all, usual等。3. 有無狀語意義“ as特殊定語從句具有狀語意義（主要是方式狀語意義），而“ which特殊定語從句則無狀語意義?！?as特殊定語從句的狀語意義要求它在語義上與其先行成分的語義保持一致，“ which特殊定語從句則不受這種限制。四、關(guān)系代詞as與which的句法功能1. as / which在特殊定語從句中作主語。as作主語時，謂語動詞常為連系動詞 （主要是be, seem），主語補語為usual、a rule、a matter of fact等時，系動詞be習(xí)慣經(jīng)常省略。行為動詞作“ a特殊定語從句的謂語時一般用于被動 語態(tài)（其

8、中助動詞 be常略），不及物的行為動詞在“as”殊定語從句中作謂語的極少，常見的有 happen 詞。如：Freddie, as might be expected, was atte nding the conference.Which作主語時，謂語動詞不限，主語被動皆可，只是謂語動詞為被動語態(tài)時助動詞be省略。2. as和which都可以在特殊定語從句中賓語。3. as和which在特殊定語從句中作補語。如：We thought him a gen tlema n, as/which he could n ever be.“ as特殊定語從句中可以主謂倒裝，“ which從句中則不能主謂倒

9、裝。如果先行成分不是主語補語或賓語補語，關(guān)系代詞用which而不用as=如：He talked like a n ative, which/as he hardly was.4. which在特殊從定語句中作定語。which可以在特殊定語從句中作定語，修飾fact, matter, thing等名詞。這些名詞代表先行成分表達的意義，有時將其略去句義仍然完整。as不能作定語。如：I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followedas定語從句的用法及定語從句的主謂一致整理者：尹廣興一：as可以代替整個句子或一件事，引導(dǎo)非限制

10、性定語從句，在從句中作主語、賓語或表語，意為正如，就像，據(jù)”;從句位置可置于主句之前或之后，有時也可作為插入語置于句中，一般用逗號和主句隔開。as 的這種用法常見于以下這些結(jié)構(gòu) ：as we can see, as can be seen, as we know, as is （well） known, as may be imag in ed, as often happe ns, as has bee n said before, as was men ti oned above, as is ofte n the case, as/i ndeed it is例:As is well kn

11、own , great changes have taken place in China. 或 Great changes, as is well known, have taken place in China.眾所周知，中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。（as在定語從句中作主語。）This experime nt is very simple , as in deed it is.實驗非常簡單，事實上也確實如此。（as在定語從句中作表語。）注意： which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，也有和as一樣的功能，可以代替整個句子，但which只能用在主句之后。在as所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句中，如果運用的是被

12、動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)，be動詞可以省略；但which 沒有此用法，be 動詞不可省。例如:She married him , which was unexpected. = She married him as （was） unexpected.她嫁給了她，這一點大家都沒有料到。（作主語，代替前面的句子； 用which時was不可省。）二as除了代替整個句子，也可以代替主句中一個特定的詞。as在它引導(dǎo)的定語從句（限制性或非限制性）中可以充當主語，賓語和表語；在這種用法中它經(jīng)常和such, so, the same等詞搭配使用；且當先行詞中有such, so, the same等詞修飾時，關(guān)系代詞通常必須

13、用as。例女口 :1. They were satisfied with this decisi on , as was agreed beforeha nd.他們對這個決定都滿 意，這事先已經(jīng)經(jīng)過他們同意了。（ as在定語從句中作主語，其先行詞是this decisio n）2. I never heard such stories as he tells.我從未聽過他講的這類故事。（as在定語從句中作賓語，先行詞是 such stories.）3. The place does n't look the same as it was before liberati on.這個地方看

14、上一去和解放前大不一樣了。（ as在定語從句中作表語，先行詞是same）4. Have you bought the same book as I referred to yesterday?你有沒有買我昨天說的那本書啊？（as在定語從句中作賓語，先行詞是book）注意:先行詞中有the same修飾時，定語從句也可用that引導(dǎo)，但意思上有區(qū)別，as表示與 此同類；that表示就是那一個，同物。as , which引導(dǎo)定語從句的辨析與練習(xí)2010/04/19 15:48as與which都可以引導(dǎo)一個沒有先行詞的定語從句，as和which用來代替整個主句或主句中的一個短語。它們的區(qū)別是：as引

15、導(dǎo)的從句可以放在主句的前、中、后。對主句起補充說明的作用，解釋主句的依據(jù)，強調(diào)主句確定性等，譯為：正如；由而知”從句動詞多表示消息來源，女口： see,know，expect。結(jié)構(gòu)形式多為：as we know 或 as is known。which引導(dǎo)的從句一般都放在主句的后面。 說明主句產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果， 或?qū)χ骶涞膬?nèi)容 作出判斷，譯為： 這"=andithor but this。從句動詞多表示使讓、或結(jié)果，如：make，break。結(jié)構(gòu)形式多為： which makes me sad 或 which is a plan。以上內(nèi)容列表如下：項目aswhich相同點 沒有先行詞，代替整個

16、主句或主句中的一個短語。 區(qū)別位置 在主句的前、中、后。在主句的后面。語境補充說明依據(jù)，證明主句的確定性。主句產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，對主句作出判斷。翻譯正如；由.而知這=and this/ but this動詞 see,know，expect， imagine，believe make,cause,encourage,break,reach 結(jié)構(gòu) as we know ; as is supposed which made us sad; which is sad.1. He said that he was in vited,was a lie.2. can see from the letter h

17、e wrote, she is a tale nted journ alist.3. was expected, he performed the task successfuly.4. Where there is smoke, there is fire,you know.5. He said that he lost the book,was un true.6. It was raining hard,kept us in doors.7. Harry is unu saually tall,are his brothers.8. all his friends agree, he w

18、as unu sually warm-hearted, lovi ng and gen erous.9. They rely on themselves,is much better.10. When ever I met him,was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.11. He in vited us to dinner,was very kind of him.12. I amyou can imag ine short enogh of mon ey.13. He cha nged his mind,made me a

19、n gry.14. Rats ran about the attic（閣樓）all ni ght,kept her awake.15. There is great disorder,the n ewspaper will have told you.16. He has to work on Sun days,he does n't like.17.Shelley,we had see n, had met her through his un cle.18. Jack drove too fast ,was reckless（不計后果的 ）.19. A ny way, that e

20、vening,I'll tell youmoreaboutlater,Isurvivedthe traffic accide nt.A. whe n B. where C. what D. whichKeys: 1 which 2 As 3 As 4 as 5 which 6. which7as 8As 9which10 which11which12 as13which 14 which 15 as 16 which 17 as 18 which19D例女口 :Have you brought the same book that I gave you yesterday?你有沒有把我

21、昨天給你的那本書帶來?。浚?that在定語從句中作賓語，先行詞是book。體會:本句中所指的書是同一本，上句中指的是同一類書，而并不就是那一本。）介詞+關(guān)系詞怎么用？介詞加關(guān)系詞分別等于什么？答：一、介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的用法當關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，我們通常用 介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句。如果 指 人”，用 介詞+ whom ;如果指 物”，用 介詞+ which”。例如：Do you know the lady with whom our manager is talking in the office?Where is the supermarket in which you b

22、ought the laptop last week?使用 介詞+關(guān)系代詞”要注意以下幾點：（一）選用介詞的依據(jù)：根據(jù)定語從句中謂語動詞的搭配習(xí)慣（即固定短語）。例如：Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Han gzhou is famous.（2）根據(jù)先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣（約定俗成，不一定是短語）。例如：The old woman with whom you talked just now is a famous artist.（3）根據(jù)句子的意思來選擇。例如：The n aughty boy made a hole in the wall

23、through which he could see what is happe ning outside.（4）表示 所有”關(guān)系或 整體中的一部分”時，通常用介詞of。例如：I have about 20 books, half of which were written by Bing Xin, the famous writer.（二） 在定語從句中，含介詞的短語動詞不可拆開使用（短語拆開后含義發(fā)生變化），如look after,look for等。例如：The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.（正）Th

24、e babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy.（誤）（三）“ of which / whom有時可以用 “ whos總名詞"結(jié)構(gòu)來改寫。例如：The buildi ng whose roof was damaged in the earthquake has bee n repaired.=The buildi ng of which the roof was damaged in the earthquake has bee n repaired.（四） 當先行詞為 way并且定語從句中缺少狀語時，通常用in

25、 which或that引導(dǎo)定語從句（inwhich或that可省略）；如果定語從句中不缺少狀語，則用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)（that或which可省略）。例如：All of us disliked the way（i n which / that）Tom settled the maths problem.I don ' t understand the way（that/which）the teacher explained to me.（五）in that不可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，但可以引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。例如：She didn ' t attend the meeting in that

26、/ because she was seriously ill.二、介詞+關(guān)系代詞”與關(guān)系副詞的轉(zhuǎn)化（1）當先行詞表示地點，定語從句中缺少地點狀語時，通常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)，此時也可選用表示地點的介詞+which來代替關(guān)系副詞 where。例如：I visited the village where many children couldn' t go to school because of poverty.=I visited the village in which many children couldn' t go to school because of po

27、verty. 當先行詞表示時間，定語從句中缺少時間狀語時，通常用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)，此時也可選用表示時間的介詞+which來代替關(guān)系副詞 when。例如：we d better fix a date when we will practice speaking English next week.=We d better fix a date on which we will practice speaking English next week. 當先行詞為reason,定語從句中缺少表示原因狀語時，通常用關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)，此時也可以用for which來代替關(guān)系副詞 why。例如：Ca

28、n you tell me the reas on why you were late for school?=Can you tell me the reas on for which you were late for school?介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句由介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句主要用于正式文體中，這兒的關(guān)系代詞主要是which和whom ,介詞的選用要根據(jù)句意或一些固定搭配來確定。介詞+關(guān)系代詞”關(guān)系代詞一般指的是 which/whom)引導(dǎo)的定語從句，有以下幾種情況：1. 介詞+which”在定語從句中作時間､地點､原因狀語，

29、相當于關(guān)系副詞。如:(1) This is the reason for which(=why) he left the company.這就是他離開公司的原因。(2) He will never forget the day on which (=when) he went there.他永遠忘不了去那兒的那一天。(3) Is this compa ny the one in which (=where) you worked half a year ago?這就是半年前你在那兒工作的公司嗎？2. 介詞+which/whom"在定語從句中作目的 ､方式狀語。如

30、：(1) Ca n you tell me for whom you are work ing?你能告訴我你現(xiàn)在為誰工作嗎？(2) There is a big hole on the wall through which he can see what' s happe ning in side.墻上有一個大洞，通過這個洞他能看到里面所發(fā)生的一切。(3) The train by which he is travelling is arriving.他乘坐的那輛火車就要到了。(4) 1 n the dark street， there wasn ' t a single pe

31、rson to whom she could turn for help在漆黑的 街上，沒有一個人她可以求助。3. 不定代詞､數(shù)詞或名詞+of which/whom ”在定語從句中充當主語。如：(1) There are sixty students in our class， all of whom are working hard. 班上有60名學(xué)生，他們都在努力學(xué)習(xí)。(2) He paid the boy ten yuan for cleaning the windows ， most ofwhich hadn ' t been cleaned for at

32、 least a year.他給了那個男孩十元錢擦那些至少一年未擦的窗戶。4. 形容詞最高級+介詞+關(guān)系代詞”在定語從句中充當主語。如：(1) There are sixty students in the class ， the tallest of whom is Li Ming.班上有六十名學(xué)生，其中最高的是李明。(2) There are seven continents in the world， the largest of which isAsia.全球有七大洲，最大的是亞洲。5. “the+n.+of+which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，相當于 whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句。如：(1) We

33、 took a photo of a rocket， the length of which was about 30meters.=We took a photo of a rocket， whose length was about 30 meters.我們給火箭拍了照，火箭大約長30米。(2) Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase， the price of whichwas very reasonable.=Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase， whose price was very rea

34、s on able.最近我買了一個中國古代花瓶，價格非常合理。6. 介詞+whosd'修飾后面的名詞。女口 :He is the very man in whose pocket I found my lost mon ey.他就是那個我在他的口袋里找出我丟掉的錢的人。7. 介詞+which+不定式”此結(jié)構(gòu)相當于一個簡化了的定語從句。如：(1) He found someth ing about which to write(=he could write).他發(fā)現(xiàn)有些事是可以寫的。(2) The poor man has no house in which to live.=The

35、poor man has no house in which he canlive.這個窮人沒有房子住。8. 介詞的選用要根據(jù)句意或一些固定搭配決定。其中的介詞可以是in, on,about,from， for， with， at， of， without， to。女口 ：Galilia built a telescope through which he could study the sky.伽利略建起了望遠鏡，通過望遠鏡他可以研究天空。(2)The cloth of which this coat is made is produced in Shan ghai.這件外套的布料是由上海制

36、造的。(3) He wrote many articles in which he expressed his love forhis motherla nd.他寫了許多文章，在文章中他表達了對祖國的熱愛。但有些含介詞的短語動詞一般不能拆開，介詞仍放在動詞的后面。女口:listen to， depend on， take care of， pay attention to， look at 等。This is the boy whom she has take n care of.這就是那個她照顧的非常好的男孩。That is a problem we should pay close att

37、e nti on to.這是一個我們應(yīng)該密切關(guān)注的問題。強調(diào)句與定語從句的區(qū)別是：在定語從句中一般使用關(guān)系代詞that, which，who, whom或關(guān)系副詞when, where，why等,先行詞(中心詞)一般是名詞或名詞短語，而在強調(diào)句中，可以 用副詞、介詞短語或從句來作被強調(diào)的內(nèi)容。；而在強調(diào)句中則主要使用that，who ；有時強調(diào)句在形式上和定語從句、狀語從句很相似。我們除了從意思上進行區(qū)分外，還能根據(jù)強調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)特點來進行判斷，如能去掉It was.that.后，句子仍然通順，就是強調(diào)句。這一點很重要.試比較： It is a question that needs caref

38、ul consideration. It is no vels that Miss Williams enjoys readi ng.簡析：句是含有定語從句的句子，在此It是指示代詞，It is a question是個"主語+系動詞+表語”結(jié)構(gòu)，如果去掉It is.that，句子結(jié)構(gòu)就不完整了。句是強調(diào)句，在此It是個引導(dǎo)詞，沒有具體含義，如果去掉It is.that，把語序稍加調(diào)整，句子結(jié)構(gòu)仍然是完整的。區(qū)分定語從句與強調(diào)句區(qū)分定語從句和強調(diào)句可用還原法，因為強調(diào)句的基本句式為It is (was)+被強調(diào)部分+that+句子的其余部分，因此只需將it is(was)后面的部分還原到原來的句 子中，如果成份完整，則為強調(diào)句，如果成份不完整則為定語從句。1) It is this streetI happe ned to meet him.It is in this streetI happe ned to meet him.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. from which首先，我們看到主句部分為it is 結(jié)構(gòu)，可能是定語從句可能是強調(diào)句,利用還原法，將兩部分分別還原，得出1.1 happened to meet him this street.