中國(guó)扇子文化

1、中國(guó)的扇子文化扇子源于中國(guó)，至今已有數(shù)千年的歷史，中國(guó)扇文化有著深厚的文化底蘊(yùn)，上下五千年歷史的文明古國(guó)有著三千年淵源流長(zhǎng)的制扇業(yè)，使扇文化成為民族文化的一個(gè)重要組成局部，它與竹文化、佛教文化有著密切關(guān)系。 歷來(lái)中國(guó)被譽(yù)為 制扇王國(guó)。扇子主要材料就是：竹、木、 紙、扇、象牙、玳瑁、翡翠、飛禽翎毛，其它棕櫚葉、檳榔葉、麥桿、蒲草等也能編織或制成各種千姿百態(tài)的日用工藝扇。經(jīng)能工巧匠精心鏤、雕、 燙、鉆或名人揮毫題詩(shī)作畫會(huì)使扇子藝術(shù)身價(jià)升高百倍。中國(guó)扇文化最早可追溯到遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代，我們的祖先在烈日炎炎夏季 ，隨手獵取植物葉或禽羽泄行簡(jiǎn)單加工，用以障日引風(fēng)，故扇子有障日之稱，這便就是扇子的初源。三、四千年

2、的沿革演變完善改良已使扇子開展成為幾百個(gè)品種的家族。有高雅端莊的白紙扇、名貴考究的黑紙扇、雋秀美麗的細(xì)絹扇、氣度非凡的掛扇，還有婀娜多姿的舞扇與價(jià)廉物美的香木扇等，扇面除圓形外，還有長(zhǎng)圓、扁圓、方圓、梅花形、葵花形、瓜凌形、腰形、馬蹄形西漢時(shí)期，對(duì)稱"合歡扇"又稱宮扇、紈扇、團(tuán)扇，其形尚圓，合歡扇特點(diǎn)就是面素白色以扇柄 為中軸，左右對(duì)稱似圓月。 紈扇以竹木為架，面成圓形或橢圓形，用薄絲絹糊成。當(dāng)時(shí)以中原一 帶所制紈扇最為考究，有"齊紈楚竹之說(shuō)，即指用山東絹與湖南竹制作扇面的紈扇。漢時(shí)十分 流行這種紈扇，并賦詩(shī)頌之，如班婕的扇詩(shī)，"新裂齊紈素，鮮潔如霜雪，

3、裁為合歡扇，團(tuán)團(tuán)似明月， 出入君懷袖，動(dòng)搖微風(fēng)發(fā)。此種對(duì)稱式團(tuán)扇出現(xiàn)后，歷代沿用而不衰，并成為我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)格的 扇型。到清代時(shí)，對(duì)稱類型的這此扇形突出的特點(diǎn)就是對(duì)稱、輕盈、工藝性強(qiáng)。折扇，古稱"聚頭扇"，或稱為撒扇，或折疊扇，以其收攏時(shí)能夠二頭合并歸一而得名。南宋時(shí)，折扇的生產(chǎn)已有相當(dāng)規(guī)模。折扇盛行于明代，皇帝下召命宮內(nèi)工匠仿制高麗扇，吸取外來(lái)工 藝制作，促進(jìn)國(guó)內(nèi)扇子開展。明清就是折扇開展鼎盛期。用料貴重，將名貴象牙、玳瑁、雞翅木制成扇骨，制作精湛，在象牙骨大邊上鏤雕、細(xì)刻；紅木、鳥獸骨大邊有"如意頭、"琴式"、" 螳螂腿、"

4、水浪式等,扇頭有"瓶式、"荸薺頭、"橄欖頭、"玉蘭頭"、方頭、"圓頭、金 魚頭"等，扇骨上采用了各種藝術(shù)的表現(xiàn)手法博得人們所愛。用一種特殊藝術(shù)形式，在缺乏盈尺的扇面上經(jīng)丹青高手巧運(yùn)匠心，精心布局，或山水花鳥，或人物動(dòng)態(tài)無(wú)能小中見大，表現(xiàn)出美 的情致辭與神韻。扇面有細(xì)灑金 雨金、雪金、格巾、發(fā)簪、老磯面、泥金面等。這些扇面 都成為書畫家的用武之地，揮毫潑墨為后人留下珍貴的墨寶。明代宣德皇帝朱瞻基在扇面上 所作?松下讀書圖?被視為罕世之寶。南宋時(shí)扇子生產(chǎn)已有較大規(guī)模，各地因地事宜制造不同材料類形的各種扇子 ，形成各地獨(dú) 特風(fēng)格。

5、比擬著名的有杭扇、川扇、蘇扇、岳洲扇、奧扇、金陵扇等多種，而以杭扇最負(fù)盛名。如今,融悠久的歷史，精湛的技藝、迥異的功能、高雅的情趣于一體的中國(guó)扇子已經(jīng)走向世 界各地！The Culture of the Chinese FanThe Chinese fan manufacture was long-established in Chin、a It has a history of several thousand year、s During the long history of its development and evolution, the traditional Chinese fa

6、ns have gained rich cultural deposit、s China, having a history of 5 thousand years, has a fan manufacture history as long as 3 thousand ye、arsThis made Chinese fan culture become an inseparable part of Chinese cultu、re It was closely related to the Bamboo Culture and the Buddhism Culture、s China was

7、 always well-known as the kingdom of the system fan、 The main materials of the fan are: Bamboo, wood, paper, fans, ivory, tortoiseshell, jade, bird feather、s Others like palm leaves, betel leaves, straw, rushes, also can be woven or formed into various shapes of the daily craft fan、 The craftsmen &#

8、39;s meticulously engraving, carving, burning, drilling or celebrities ' drawing, wIrnitcinregawseillthe artistic value of the fan to a hundredfold、Chinese fan culture can date back to ancient time、s Our ancestors in the scorching summer sun used the bird feather or plant leaf, with some simple

9、processing, to shield them from the sun and get some wind, so fans have a saying of shielding from the sun、 This is the first source of a fan、 Three or four thousand years of evolution and improvement have made hundreds of varieties of fans into the fami、ly There is a dignified and elegant white fan

10、, luxury elegant black paper fan, delicately beautiful fine silk fan, bearing remarkable hanging fan, and also graceful dance fans and cheap and good fragrant wood fan, e、tc In addition to circular outer fan, there are long round, oval, circumference, plum-shaped, sunflower-shaped, melon-shaped Ling

11、, kidney-shaped, horseshoed fan、sDuring the Western Han Period, symmetrical Acacia fan also known as Gong Shan, Wan Shan; Tuan Shan had a round sha、pe Acacia fan has features of a white face, using the fan handle as the axial element and the right and left being symmetrical like the full moon、 The W

12、an Shan with bamboo, wood frame and surface into a round or oval was pasted with thin silk、 At that time, the Central Plains area devoted the most particular care to making the Wan Shan, having a saying of that Qi is famous for Wan Shan and Chu is famous for bambo、o It referred to the Wan Shan whose

13、 surface was made of Shandong silk and Hunan bamb、ooDuring the Han Dynasty this Wan Shan was very popular and many poets inscribed a poem to expressing their feeling of appreciation, such as the poem written by Banjie“ using thematerial of Qi Wan, which is as white as the snow, cutting it into a Aca

14、cia fan, which is round like the moon, going in and out from your sleeves, swaying up and down with breeze coming、 After the emergence of such a symmetrical fan, the later dynasties also adopted this kind of fan、 It never declined and its shape became our Chinese traditional style、 It was not until

15、Qing Dynasty that this kind of fans' outstanding features were confirmed as symmetrical, slim and graceful, having great technicality、Folding fan, known as Poly head fan and Caesar fan in ancient time was named for its both sides combining together into a single one when closed u、p During the So

16、uthern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), the manufacture of Folding fan already had a quite great scale、 Folding Fan prevailed in the Ming Dynasty、 Emperor ordered the handicraftsman in the Palace to copy the Gaoli Fan and learn from the foreign craftwork, in order to promote the development of domestic fan

17、、s The Folding Fan was at its peak of development in Ming and Qing Dynasty, using precious materials such as precious ivory, tortoiseshell, and chicken wings wood to make the fan framework、 It had highly exquisite technologies of engraving and carving on the brim of the ivory bone、 There were“ Ruyi

18、Head、 Chi-nstyle 、"Mantis legs"、 Water waves style 、 ,oentcthe brim of the Rosewood and Birds bone、 Fan-head had styles of "bottle", "water chestnut head," "olive head," "Magnolia head", "square head", "Round", "Golden head&q

19、uot;, etc、 Fan framework won popularity by using a variety of artistic expression means、 Those master-hands introduced a special artistic form and worked meticulously on the surface of the fan which was less than 1/3 meter long、 They put the hill, water, flowers, birds and some human characterosn th

20、e small surface, displaying the beauty to the full exten、t People could imagine a bigger picture through the small fan、The surface of the fan had fine spilling gold (rainy gold), Snowy gold, Georgia towel, Bob, old alum face, illuminated surface, etc、 those space can be used by the calligraphers and painter, thus leaving a great number of precious call