國際貨代英語重點加翻譯_Unit_6~10

1、Unit 6 Documentary CreditA letter of credit ( L/C, or credit ) is the written promise of a bank to act at the request and on the instruction of the applicant and to undertake payment to the beneficiary in the amount specified in the credit, provide that the beneficiary complies with the terms and co

2、nditions of the credit.信用證是指銀行應(yīng)申請人的要求和其指示開立的承諾在受益人履行信用證條款后按信用證規(guī)定的金額付款給受益人的書面保證文件。 一、信用證的有關(guān)各方當(dāng)事人There are many parties involved in the L/C operation. They are the applicant, issuing bank, advising bank, beneficiary, negotiating bank, and so on.信用證操作過程中涉及到許多當(dāng)事人(方)，他們是申請人，開證銀行，通知銀行，受益人，議付銀行等1、applicant

3、(申請人)An applicant is the party that applies to a bank for opening a letter of credit. An applicant may also be called “opener” or “accountee”. It is usually the buyer or importer in a contract.申請人是指向銀行申請開立信用證的一方。申請人也稱“申請開證人”或“開證申請人”。通常是合同中的買方或進(jìn)口商。2、issuing bank (開證行)An issuing bank refers to the ban

4、k that issues a letter of credit at the request of the applicant, and is responsible for payment of the proceeds under an L/C if the terms and conditions of the credit are complied with.開證行應(yīng)申請人要求開立信用證的銀行，并在信用證條款履行后負(fù)責(zé)支付信用證項下的款項。3、advising bank (通知行)An advising bank is usually a bank in the sellers co

5、untry. Of course, it may also be in a third country. Upon instructions and entrustment of the issuing bank, the advising bank advises the beneficiary of the L/C.通知行通常是賣方所在國銀行，也可在第三國家。憑開證行的指示和委托，通知受益人相關(guān)信用證事宜。4、beneficiary (受益人)A beneficiary refers to the party in whose favor an L/C is opened and whic

6、h should comply with the terms and conditions of the credit in order to receive the proceeds. It usually refers to the seller, the exporter.受益人是指信用證受益一方，需按信用證條款履行義務(wù)以獲得付款。通常是指的賣方，或出口商。5、negotiating bank 議付銀行A negotiating bank is the bank that negotiates the beneficiarys draft(s).。 It may be the advis

7、ing bank or another bank authorized to negotiate the documents. If there is no specific stipulation in the L/C, the exporter may present the documentary draft to any bank that is able to do the negotiation.議付行是對受益人匯票進(jìn)行議付的銀行。 議付行可以是通知行或者其他有權(quán)議付單證的銀行。如果信用證中無特殊規(guī)定，出口商可以向任何銀行提交跟單匯票進(jìn)行議付。 二、信用證基本格式 An L/C c

8、an be opened by mail, by cable, or by SWIFT. Although there are no uniform forms covering an L/C, their contents are basically the same。They include all the important terms and conditions of the sales contract signed by the two parties: documents required, the bankers undertaking clauses, and any sp

9、ecial conditions in the L/C.信用證可以通過郵件，電報以及SWIFT格式開立。 盡管信用證沒有統(tǒng)一的格式，但其內(nèi)容基本一樣。 這些基本內(nèi)容包括所有買賣方雙方簽署的合同中的重要條款：單證要求，銀行保證條款，以及其他信用證的特別規(guī)定。三：跟單信用證的基本程續(xù)的三個基本步驟：1、issuance of the L/C 信用證開立The process of a buyer applying for and opening a documentary credit at the issuing bank, and the issuing banks notification

10、of the L/C to the seller through the advising bank. 信用證開立是買方向開證行申請開立信用證，通過通知行向賣方發(fā)出開證行開證通知。2、Amendment to the L/C if necessary 如需對信用證進(jìn)行修改The process whereby the terms and conditions of a documentary credit may be modified after the credit has been issued. 在信用證開立后如需對跟單信用證的條款進(jìn)行更改需進(jìn)行信用證的修改。3、utilization

11、 and settlement 使用和支付The process whereby the seller ships the goods, transfers the documents from the seller to the buyer through banks, and transfers the proceeds from the buyer to the seller through banks in different ways (the settlement).這一過程是賣方裝運貨物，將單證通過因銀行轉(zhuǎn)讓給買方，并且再由買方通過銀行向賣方通過各種途徑付款。 六、信用證的類型1

12、. Documentary Credits vs. Clean Credits 跟單信用證與光票信用證If shipping documents are required, these credits are called documentary credits. If shipping documents are not required and only drafts are required, they are called clean credits.如果信用證附帶有裝運單據(jù)，則稱為跟單信用證。如果信用證不附帶單據(jù)僅附帶匯票，則稱為光票信用證。2. Irrevocable Docume

13、ntary Credits 不可撤銷信用證Irrevocable credits means that once the L/C is opened, it cannot be cancelled or amended within its term of validity without the agreement of the issuing bank, the confirming bank, if any, and the beneficiary. 不可撤銷信用證是指信用證一旦開立，在有效期內(nèi)未經(jīng)開證行，保兌行以及受益人的同意不得撤銷和更改的信用證。3. Confirmed vs. U

14、nconfirmed Credits 保兌信用證與不保兌信用證Under irrevocable documentary credits, depending on whether there is another bank in addition to that of the issuing bank undertaking to pay, an irrevocable letter of credit can be either a confirmed or unconfirmed L/C. If a credit is not confirmed by another bank, it

15、is an unconfirmed L/C.不可撤銷信用證是否為保兌信用證，取決于是否存在除了開證行以外的另外一家銀行也承諾付款， 不可撤銷信用證可以是保兌或者不保兌信用證。如果信用證無其他銀行保兌，則它是不保兌信用證。The undertaking to pay is the sole responsibility of the issuing bank. An irrevocable confirmed documentary credit is one that contains the guarantee of payment to the beneficiary by both th

16、e issuing bank and confirming bank so long as the terms and conditions of the credit are met.開證行唯一的責(zé)任是付款。不可撤銷保兌信用證即只要滿足了信用證條款的要求，開證行和保兌行都可擔(dān)保向受 益人履行付款義務(wù)。4. Sight Credits vs. Time Credits 即期信用證與遠(yuǎn)期信用證1)即期信用證Sight credits mean that the issuing bank or its nominated bank effects payment or negotiation im

17、mediately upon receipt of the drafts and/or other documents that are in conformity with the stipulations of the L/C, such as a sight payment credit and sight negotiation credit.即期信用證是指開證行或者其他指定銀行一旦收到與信用證條款相符的匯票或者其他單據(jù)后立即履行付款義務(wù)或進(jìn)行議付的信用證，比如即期付款信用證和即期議付信用證2) 遠(yuǎn)期信用證A time credit includes the sellers time

18、credits (deferred payment credits and acceptance credits) and the buyers time credits.遠(yuǎn)期信用證包括賣方遠(yuǎn)期信用證(延期付款信用證和承兌信用證)和買方遠(yuǎn)期信用證5. 其他類型信用證Additionally, there are also payment credits (sight payment credit and deferred payment credits), acceptance credits, negotiation credits, anticipatory credits, revolv

19、ing credits, transferable credits, back-to-back credits, and so on.此外，信用證的其他類型還有付款信用證(即期付款信用證和延期付款信用證)，承兌信用證，議付信用證，預(yù)支信用證，循環(huán)信用證，可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證，背對背信用證等等。 Unit 7 The Practice of International Ocean Cargo Transportation一、Transport Geography 運輸?shù)乩?An international freight forwarder should be familiar with interna

20、tional trade routes。He or she should have knowledge of main traffic routes, location of ports, trans-shipment points and inland centers。A freight forwarder should also have a general idea of the pattern of international trade and its changing trends. 國際貨運代理應(yīng)熟悉國際貿(mào)易線路。他(她)應(yīng)該熟悉主要的交通線路，港口的位置，轉(zhuǎn)運地和內(nèi)陸中心。 一

21、個貨運代理人還應(yīng)該對國際貿(mào)易的模式和其改變的趨勢有一個整體的概念。二、Different Types of shipping services 不同類型的海上運輸服務(wù)The international shipping market offers four types of service, namely, conference lines, non-conference lines, non-vessel operation common carriers and tramp service.國際海上運輸市場提供了四種類型的服務(wù)，即班輪公會運輸，非班輪公會運輸，無營運船公共承運人和不定期船運

22、輸Conference Lines 班輪公會運輸A shipping conference is a group of shipping lines operating in any particular route under agreement to provide a scheduled service with a common tariff and a fixed itinerary of ports of call.班輪公會是按預(yù)定的船期表在特定的航線上從事營運的班輪公司的組織，具有共同的費率表、固定的掛靠港。The purpose of a shipping conference

23、 is to eliminate price competition among member lines and reduce outside competition by trying to capture most of the traffic for member lines through loyalty arrangements with shippers.班輪運輸?shù)哪康氖窍龝T公司之間在運價上的競爭，通過與托運人之間達(dá)成的忠誠協(xié)議為會員爭取大量貨源，以減少外部競爭。對于托運人來說班輪公會運輸?shù)膬?yōu)勢1. Stability of freight rates.穩(wěn)定的運費率2. Re

24、gularity of services.定期的運輸服務(wù)班輪公會運輸?shù)娜秉c1. Rates are usually high. 費率一般很高2. Rates do not fluctuate according to supply and demand as in a tramp service. 費率不會像不定期船那樣隨供求關(guān)系的變化而變動。3. Rules and procedures are inflexible.規(guī)則和程序不靈活Non-conference lines 非班輪公會運輸In recent years, along most international routes, no

25、n-conference lines have posed a challenge to conference system。 This is attributable to the development of containerization and emergence of many independent carriers。As a result, along some routes, the conference lines have been forced to come to terms with the non-conference lines in regard to rat

26、es, and terms and condition of service.近幾年，出現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)國際航線上的非班輪公會運輸，對班輪公會提出了挑戰(zhàn)。 這是由于集裝箱運輸和許多獨立承運人的出現(xiàn)。 結(jié)果航運公會被迫在運價、運輸條件上和非班輪公會公司達(dá)成協(xié)議。Non-vessel operating common carrier (NVOCC) 無營運船公共承運人An NVOCC is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled service. He does not own or operate the vessels by which sea tran

27、sportation is provided。Although the NVOCC is a carrier in his relationship with the actual shipper, he is a shipper in his relationship with the actual carrier.。He assumes the role of the principal and performs several functions。He assumes responsibility for ocean carriers, both conference and non-c

28、onference lines。He renders a useful service by providing groupage or consolidation services, particularly to small shippers who do not have much bargaining power in negotiating rates.無船承運人是從事定期營運的承運人，但并不擁有或經(jīng)營海上運輸所需的船舶。盡管無船承運人相對于實際托運人是承運人，而相對于實際承運人是托運人。(無船承運人)擔(dān)任負(fù)責(zé)人的角色并履行一些職責(zé)。對海上承運人負(fù)責(zé)，包括班輪運輸和非班輪運輸。通過提

29、供拼箱或集運服務(wù)給予托運人有效的服務(wù)，特別是對那些在談判價格中沒有多少討價還價能力的小的托運人Tramp service 不定期船運輸Tramp service has no fixed itinerary or schedule and is operated on any route according to supply and demand.。Tramp vessels are usually chartered at negotiated rates, particularly when the quantity of cargo is large.不定期船運輸沒有固定的路線或者船期

30、表，根據(jù)供求情況在任何線路上營運。通常是在談判價格下租賃不定期船船舶，特別是當(dāng)貨物的數(shù)量很大的時候。三、Shipping documents 貨運單證The documents commonly used in carriage of goods by sea are bills of lading, sea waybills, manifests, shipping notes, delivery orders and mates receipts.海上貨物運輸常用的單證包括提單、海運單、艙單、托運單、提貨單和大副收據(jù)。bill of lading 提單The bill of lading

31、by itself is not a contract of carriage as it is signed only by the carrier. However, it provides evidence of contract of carriage。It serves as a receipt for goods delivered to the carrier。Besides, the bill of lading serves as a document of title enabling the goods to be transferred from the shipper

32、 to the consignee or any other party by endorsement.提單本身不是運輸合同，因為它只是由承運人簽署的。但它是海上運輸合同的證明。提單是貨物交付給承運人的收據(jù)。另外，提單可作為物權(quán)憑證，使提單通過背書，將貨物的所有權(quán)從托運人轉(zhuǎn)移到收貨人或者其他方手中。Sea waybill 海運單A sea waybill is the replacement of the traditional ocean bill of lading。The waybill is a non-negotiable document and made out to a nam

33、ed consignee who is allowed, upon production of proper identification, to claim the goods without presenting the waybill。海運單替代了傳統(tǒng)的海洋提單。海運單是一種不可流通的單證，且填寫了經(jīng)承認(rèn)的指定收貨人，在提供了貨物身份證明后，無須出示提單即可提貨。Cargo manifest 貨物艙單A cargo manifest provides information regarding cargo on board。A freight manifest gives informa

34、tion regarding freight rates, surcharges, rebates, etc。The manifest is prepared by the carriers agent but the freight forwarder has to handle it while dealing with the customs and port authorities.貨物艙單提供已裝船貨物的信息。貨物艙單提供了運費，附加費，折扣等的信息。貨物艙單是由承運人代理準(zhǔn)備的，但是貨運代理人必須持有貨物艙單與海關(guān)和港務(wù)局(辦理貨物進(jìn)出口)。Shipping note 托運單A s

35、hipping note is issued by the shipper to the carrier requesting allocation of shipping space。It is a commitment on the part of the shipper to ship the goods and serves as the basis for the preparation of the bill of lading.托運單是托運人簽發(fā)給承運人要求分配艙位的單證。托運單是托運人委托運輸貨物，作為準(zhǔn)備提單的基礎(chǔ)。Delivery order 提貨單A delivery o

36、rder is issued by the carrier or his agent to enable the consignee or his forwarding agent to take delivery of the cargo (import cargo) from the vessel.提貨單是由承運人或其代理簽發(fā)給收貨人或其代理，使后者能夠從船上提貨。Mates receipts 大副收據(jù)A mates receipt is the receipt issued by the carrier in the acknowledgement of the goods receiv

37、ed on board (export cargo) which is subsequently exchange for the bill of lading.大副收據(jù)是由承運人簽發(fā)，是對貨物裝船的確認(rèn)，以后可用大副收據(jù)換取提單。 Unit 8 Chartering BusinessChartering is the business of providing employment for a vessel and arranging suitable sea transport for a variety of commodities.。 The different requirement

38、s of employment for vessels call for several different kinds of chartering. The term charter party is employed to describe contracts relating to the use of vessels owned controlled by others。 The three principal methods of chartering a tramp ship are Voyage charter, time charter and bareboat charter

39、.租船是提供使用船舶和為各類貨物安排適宜海上運輸?shù)臉I(yè)務(wù)。 由于使用船舶的不同需求產(chǎn)生了幾種不同的類型的租船業(yè)務(wù)。 租船合同這一術(shù)語被用來描述租用他人船舶的各種合同。租船業(yè)務(wù)的三種基本類型：航次租船、定期租船、光船租船Voyage Chartering 航次租船Voyage chartering means that the shipowner promises to carry on board a specific ship a particular cargo for a single voyage from one or more loading ports to one or more

40、 discharging ports. 航次租船是指船東承諾按一個單程航次裝運約定的貨物，從一個或多個港口運至另一個或多個港口。he relationship between the parties is governed by the voyage charter party.租船雙方的關(guān)系受航次租船合同的約束。1. The names of the parties 合同雙方的名稱2. The name and nationality of the ship 船舶的名稱和國籍 3. Its bale or grain capacity 船舶包裝或散裝的容積 4. Description of

41、 the goods to be loaded 對貨物裝載的描述5. Port of loading and discharge 裝貨港和卸貨港的規(guī)定6. Time for loading and discharge 裝貨和卸貨的時間7. Payment of freight 運費的支付8. Demurrage 滯期費的規(guī)定9. Dispatch and other relevant matters. 速遣費和其他相關(guān)事宜的規(guī)定 Under a voyage charter the ship owner retains the operational control of the vessel

42、 and is responsible for all the operating expenses such as port charges, bunkers, taxes, etc。 Loading and discharging costs are divided between the ship owner and the chartered in accordance with the agreement from case to case。There are more standard forms of voyage charter party used. A typically

43、example is the GENCON form that is a general charter party designed to be used in trades where no specific form exists.在航次租船中，船東仍保有對船舶的控制，并且承擔(dān)所有的運營費用比如港口費，燃油費，稅收等等。船東和租船人依照每次租船協(xié)議劃分裝載和卸載費用。 航次租船合同有多種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式可供使用。最具代表性的是“金康”格式，它是最普遍使用的航次租船合同，可用于沒有特殊合同格式的貿(mào)易當(dāng)中。Time chartering定期租船Time chartering means that t

44、he ship owner provides a designated manned ship to the charterer and the chatterer employs the ship for a specific period against payment of hire.。The hire is payable in advance for a month or other period. If the hire is not paid promptly the ship owner may be entitled to cancel the charter. 定期租船是指

45、船東將配備好船員的指定船舶提供給承租人，在約定的期限內(nèi)，由承租人控制船舶的營運并支付租金。租金應(yīng)提前一個月或其他期限支付。 如果沒有及時地支付租金，船舶所有人有權(quán)取消此次租賃。Under a time charter the crew is employed by the shipowner, who is also responsible for the nautical operation and maintenance of the vessel and supervision of the cargo。The charterer is liable for costs directly

46、 connected with the use of the vessel, for example , bunker costs and port charges and pays for the loading and discharging。定期租船中，由船東雇船員，并且負(fù)責(zé)航行操作和船舶的維修及貨物的監(jiān)管。 承租人負(fù)責(zé)與船舶使用有直接相關(guān)聯(lián)的費用，比如燃油費，港口費以及支付裝載和卸載費用。The liability for the cargo may be determined in different ways and may rest with the shipowner or w

47、ith the charterer or may be divided between them in one way or another。When giving orders to the vessel the charterer must keep within the trading limits prescribed by the contract, with respect to geographical areas as well as cargoes to be carried對于貨物(風(fēng)險)的責(zé)任劃分可由不同方式來決定，可能由船東負(fù)責(zé)或者由承租人負(fù)責(zé)或者也可能雙方之間以一種或

48、者其他方式來劃分。 簽訂租船合同時，承租人就航區(qū)范圍和所載貨物的數(shù)量都要保持在合同規(guī)定的范圍之內(nèi)。There are also some standard forms of time charter party used in the time chartering business.。By far the largest number of time chartering are fixed on the basis of the NYPE Charter Party.。定期租船合同也有幾種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式。到目前為止大量的定期租船都是以土產(chǎn)格式作為合同樣本的基礎(chǔ)。NYPE form “紐約土產(chǎn)”格

49、式。BALTIME form “波爾的姆”格式Bareboat Chartering 光船租船The bareboat chartering ordinarily means that the vessel is put at the disposal of the charterer for a long period employment without any crew.。The charterer thus will take over almost all of the shipowners functions. Under a bareboat charter, the chart

50、erer engages the master and crew, arranges for repairs and supplies, and, in general, functions in much the same way as an owner during the term of the charter。This means that the charterer will have the commercial as well as the technical responsibility for the vessel and will pay for maintenance,

51、crew costs and insurance, etc.光船租船通常是指承租人在一定租期內(nèi)取得對特定船舶的控制，由承租人負(fù)責(zé)配備船員。 光船租船中承租人幾乎擔(dān)任所有船東的職責(zé)。承租人須雇傭船長和船員，負(fù)責(zé)船舶維修和供給，在租期期間其職責(zé)大體上同船東一樣。 這意味著承租人對船舶負(fù)有商業(yè)上和技術(shù)上的職責(zé)，并須支付船舶的維修費用，船員的工資和保險等等。Bareboat chartering is less common than other types of chartering. It is sometime employed in connection with the financial

52、arrangements for purchase of the vessel on installment terms。 The bareboat charter then serves as a hire/purchase contract, by which the shipowner/seller retains formal ownership and thereby security in the vessel until the full purchase price is paidThere is only one standard form of bareboat chart

53、er party used to any great extent and that is the BARECON form designed by BIMCO.光船租船與其他租船方式相比較少使用。有時候相當(dāng)于分期付款購買船舶。 光船租船合同只有一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式，即是由波羅的海國際航運協(xié)會繪制的“貝爾康”格式。Unit 9 Marine Bills of Lading一、 General concept of Marine Bills of Lading 海運提單的一般概念Marine Bills of lading are used primarily in international sale

54、s of goods where the carriage of goods is by sea.海運提單主要用于國際貨物銷售的海上運輸中。Definitions of the Bill of Lading vary from country to country. Broadly, the bill of lading has been defined as receipt for goods shipped on board a ship, signed by the person (or his agent) contracts to carry them, and stating th

55、e terms on which the goods were delivered to and received by the ship。It is not the actual contract, but forms excellent evidence of the terms of the contract.每個國家對于提單的定義各有不同?？傮w而言，提單是貨物裝船的收據(jù);它由達(dá)成貨物運輸協(xié)議的承運人簽字，上有貨物送到船上及被船方接收的條款。 提單不是實際的合同，但卻構(gòu)成據(jù)以履行合同條款極好的保證。二、Functions of the Marine Bills of Lading 海運提

56、單的作用1.Receipt for the goods shipped 貨物裝船的收據(jù)A bill of lading is a receipt issued by a carrier that an identifiable consignment of goods has been received by him for shipment, or actually loaded on board his ship。The bill of lading as a receipt will show the quantity and condition of the cargo loaded,

57、 ships name, port of loading, the destination, details of date and so on.提單是由承運人簽發(fā)的有關(guān)承運人已接管提單所明確記載的貨物或?qū)⒇浳镅b船的證明。提單作為收據(jù)將會列明所裝載貨物的數(shù)量和情況，船舶的名稱，裝運港，目的地，以及詳細(xì)的日期等等。2.Document of title to the goods. 貨物的物權(quán)憑證A bill of lading is a document of title to the goods. The possession of a bill of lading is equivalent

58、 in law to possession of the goods.。The holder of the bill of lading is able to obtain delivery of the goods at the port of destination and during transit the goods can be sold merely by endorsing the bill of lading.提單是貨物的物權(quán)憑證。持有提單在法律上等同于持有貨物。 提單的持有者可以在目的港提取貨物并且在貨物的運輸期間可以僅僅通過背書提單將貨物賣掉。3.Evidence of contract 合同的證明Additionally, the terms of the bill of lading provide evidence of the contract