貿(mào)易常被說成是發(fā)展的引擎這個(gè)比喻雖然未免過于簡單...

1、 Part oneI. Answer the following questions according to the information you have got1. What is international trade?2. What are the major motivations for private firm to operate internationalbusiness?3. What is the most essential motive to pursue international trade?4. What measures do most companies

2、 usually adopt to avoid wild swings in thesales and profits?5. Pleas give the four major operation forms chosen by most companies.6. What does balance of payments account mean?7. What are the basic sources of international revenue and expenditure for mostcountries?8.Could you find any difference bet

3、ween Direct Investment and PortofolioInvestment? If you can, please tell the main reasons.9. What is MNE? What are its synonyms?10. Please give examples to explain “Services are earnings other than those fromgoods.”11. What influences the international operational forms which a company willchoose?12

4、. What limits a firms sales?13. Why is merchandise exports and imports the firs type of foreign operations inwhich a firm gets involved?14. What does “royalties” mean?15. What is “franchising”?II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. motivation A. to make continual effor

5、ts to gain sth.2. pursue B. the action of obtaining, esp. by efforts of careful attention.3. mark up C. which by is its nature can not be known by senses, not clearand certain, not real.4. procurement D. the goods (freight) carried by a ship, plane or vehicle.5. intangible E. the amount by which a p

6、rice is raised.6. cargo F. profit, interest.7. royalty G. the net value of assets or interest, invest.8. equity H. not needing other things or people, taking decisions alone.9. yield I. a share of the profits.10. independent J. need or purpose.1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) 4. ( ) 5.( )6. ( ) 7. ( ) 8. ( ) 9.

7、 ( ) 10. ( )III Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese;1. purchasing power 11.recovery2. sales potentials 12. recession3. mark-up 13. portfolio investment4. domestic markets 14. tangible goods5. finished goods 15. visible exports and imports6. profit margin 16. revenue and expenditur

8、e7. market share 17. excess capacity8. trade discrimination 18. trade intermediary9. timing 19. turn-key operations10. business cycles 20. licencing agreementsIV Translate the following into English:1. 貿(mào)易常被說成是發(fā)展的“引擎”。這個(gè)比喻雖然未免過于簡單，但它的確說明對(duì)外貿(mào)易在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的重要性。雖然出口的健康增長并不總是快速、持久的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的充分條件，但兩者之間積極而密切的聯(lián)系顯然是不可否認(rèn)

9、的。貿(mào)易發(fā)展對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的作用表現(xiàn)在很多方面。其中：專業(yè)分工帶來的利益；國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)效率的促進(jìn)作用；提高對(duì)發(fā)展所需的進(jìn)口商品的支付能力，而更為普遍的是鼓勵(lì)投資和企業(yè)家精神。2. 國際貿(mào)易是一個(gè)國家生產(chǎn)的商品和勞務(wù)與另一個(gè)國家生產(chǎn)的商品和勞務(wù)的交換。除了有形貿(mào)易，即商品和貨物的進(jìn)出口以外，還有無形貿(mào)易，這是指國家之間勞務(wù)的交換。希臘和挪威等國擁有龐大的海運(yùn)船隊(duì)，提供運(yùn)輸服務(wù)，這是無形貿(mào)易的一種。無形貿(mào)易對(duì)一些國家來說，就象原料和商品出口對(duì)其它一些國家那樣重要。在這兩種情況下，這些國家都能賺到錢去購買其所需要的商品。3. 國際間進(jìn)行貿(mào)易的方式是多種多樣的。包銷是指賣方在特定地區(qū)和一定期限內(nèi)給與

10、國外客戶獨(dú)家銷售指定商品的權(quán)力的貿(mào)易方式。在這種交往中，商品由包銷商承購，自行銷售，自負(fù)盈虧。這同只收取傭金的代理方式不同；也因?yàn)榘N商在特定地區(qū)享有專營權(quán)，而與一般買賣合同有別。4. 世界上沒有任何一個(gè)國家能生產(chǎn)它所需的所有產(chǎn)品，所以各國參與國際分工，進(jìn)行有效的生產(chǎn)和再生產(chǎn)。有時(shí)一個(gè)國家能夠以易貨方式從國外購買產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，易貨是指以一種貨物交換另一種貨物，而不是用錢交易。易貨貿(mào)易本身并不不足以滿足一個(gè)國家的進(jìn)口需要。但作位一種貿(mào)易方式，它對(duì)于外匯短缺、外資流入遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)無法滿足外貿(mào)需求的發(fā)展中國家來說具有一定的吸引力。KeyI. Answer my questions1. Internationa

11、l trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of nationalborders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but alsoencompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism,banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and

12、mass communications.It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such businessrelationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5

13、. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment andMultinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all internationaleconomic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the U

14、nited States ) andthe rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usuallymeans high commitment of capital, personnel, and

15、technology abroad. It aims atgaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often gethigher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarilyfor financial purposes. Tr

16、easures of companies, for example, routinely more fundsfrom one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC(the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are trav

17、el, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and theenvironments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firms products andservices and by customers capacity to make purc

18、hase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operationsusually take the least commitment and least risk of a firms resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as fortrademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract kno

19、wn as licencingagreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of atrademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.C 6.

20、D 7.I 8.G 9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 購買力 11 經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇；恢復(fù)2 潛在銷售量 12 經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退3 加價(jià)，漲價(jià) 13 間接投資4 國內(nèi)市場(chǎng) 14 有形貨物5 制成品 15 有形進(jìn)出口6 邊際利潤 16 收入及支出；歲入及歲出7 市場(chǎng)占有率 17 超額能力8 貿(mào)易歧視 18 貿(mào)易中間人（商）；經(jīng)紀(jì)人9 時(shí)機(jī)選擇 19 全部包建的工程承包方式10 經(jīng)銷周期 20 許可證協(xié)定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is ofte

21、n the engine of growth. However oversimplified this metaphormay be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process ofgrowth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition forrapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the t

22、wo isclearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways.Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of internationalcompetition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for theimports required in development and more general

23、ly the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in onecountry for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visibletrade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is alsoinvisible trade, which involv

24、es the exchange of services between nations. Nationssuch as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportationservice. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to somenations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases,

25、 thenations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive salemeans the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particularproduct in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of busine

26、sstransaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sellthe product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss.Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. Anddifference exists between general contract and exclusi

27、ve sales because the exclusiveseller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production andreproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and servi

28、ces from abroad on abarter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goodsof another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat acountrys import needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive indeveloping countries where fore

29、ign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreignfunds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade. Part Two1. Answer the following questions1). Please tell us what the procedures of international trade.2). What are the parties involved in export and import transaction?3).

30、 What the specialists involved in export and import transaction?4). What are the documents needed in export and import transaction?2. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1) What is marketing? Marketing is the creative process of _ customer needsprofitably.2) In Britain an intermed

31、iary called a commission _ or export commissionhouse acts on behalf of the _ importers.3) Agents are paid _ on the amount of goods purchased.4) An agent may receive goods in his _ name, and stock them in anticipation ofsale.5) A few shares for assistance in _ up the company will be issued. Well issu

32、esome founders shares.6) We have developed an excellent product and obtained from the government thesole right to manufacture and sell it. We have obtained_.7) When our production and marketing expenses have been paid, we hope tohave quite a lot of money left over as earnings. We expect to make good

33、 _.8) We had to find other people through whom to make sales. We had to find othersales_.9) The licensee wanted us to invest some money with him in a new company. Hewanted to set up a _ with us.10) We used to have smaller part of our company located abroad, but we dont now.We have no _ abroad.III.Tr

34、anslate the followings into English1). 經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)開始于洞穴人。洞穴人在經(jīng)濟(jì)上自給自足，自己打獵，自己尋找住所，并為自己提供所需要的東西。隨著原始人口的增長和發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了分工的原則。一個(gè)人從事某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，比另一個(gè)人能力強(qiáng)，于是每個(gè)人都集中力量做自己最擅長的工作。有的人打獵，有的人捕魚，然后獵人把剩余的獵物賣給打魚的人，因此，每個(gè)人都可吃上各種各樣的食物。在當(dāng)今復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)里，任何人或國家都不能做到自給自足。國家擁不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)資源，人們學(xué)會(huì)了不同的技術(shù)。這就是國際貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展活動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)外貿(mào)易是國家之間的貨物交換，它的產(chǎn)生有許多原因。第一，原材料分散在世界各地秘

35、魯和扎尹爾大量開采銅礦，南非開采鉆石，石油則產(chǎn)在中東。在自己國界內(nèi)沒有這些資源的國家，就必須從出口國購買。第二，對(duì)外貿(mào)易的產(chǎn)生，還由于一個(gè)國家所擁有的某種產(chǎn)品不足以滿足本國的需求。雖然美國是個(gè)主要產(chǎn)糖國，但是由于糖的消費(fèi)量大于國內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)量，因此，還必須進(jìn)口。第三，一個(gè)國家可以按低于其它國家的價(jià)格出售某些產(chǎn)品。因?yàn)?，日本大生產(chǎn)效率高于其他國家，所以就能夠出口大量收音機(jī)和電視機(jī)。對(duì)美國來說，購進(jìn)這些產(chǎn)品比在國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)還要便宜。最后，對(duì)外貿(mào)易的出現(xiàn)還由于革稀新和式樣。雖然美國生產(chǎn)的汽車比其他任何一個(gè)國家多，但是仍然從德國，日本和瑞典進(jìn)口大量汽車，這主要是因?yàn)槊绹鴮?duì)這些國家生產(chǎn)的汽車有銷路。2). 世界

36、各國從時(shí)的貿(mào)易千差萬別，錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，有形貿(mào)易和無形貿(mào)易并存。大多數(shù)國家對(duì)出口的依賴，都大于對(duì)其他活動(dòng)的依賴。出口所賺取的外匯用來支付需要進(jìn)口的貨物。一個(gè)國家的國際收支就是這些錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜交易的記錄。通過用貨幣來反映所有這些交易， 一個(gè)國家能夠把比如出口，外國游客這的花費(fèi)和移民匯款的手如匯總在一起。這些收入?yún)R總起來， 便可支付諸如購買其他國家的制成品，本國居民到其他國家旅游和雇用建筑工人的費(fèi)用等。Key:I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:

37、1.meeting/satisfying; 2.agent, foreign/overseas; mission; 4.own; 5.setting;6.patent; 7.profits; 8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII.Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economicallyself-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own

38、shelter, and provided for hisown needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division oflabor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, andtherefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, anotherfished. The hunter then

39、traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited fromthe variety of diet.In todays complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economicresources; people have developed different skills. This is the fou

40、ndation ofinternational trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for manyreasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commoditiesthan it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copperare

41、 mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum isrecovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their ownboundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of aparticular

42、 item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer ofsugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japanhas been able to export large quantities of radios and televisi

43、on sets because it canproduce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United Statesto buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though theUnited States produces more automobiles than any ot

44、her country, it still imports largequantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is amarket for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, amixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent

45、 on exportsthan on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that theyneed and want. A nations balance of payment is a record of these complextransactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is ableto combine the income it receives, for examp

46、le, from exports, tourists expenditures,and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items asmanufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, andthe hiring of construction engineers. Part ThreeI. Translate the followings from Chinese into

47、 English:1 支付方式 2 書面合同3 合同的執(zhí)行 4 銷售合同5 購貨確認(rèn)書 6 交易條件7 貿(mào)易伙伴 8 合同的構(gòu)成9 貿(mào)易協(xié)定 10 寄售合同11 合同正文 12 合同延期13 合同締約方 14 特約條款15 一般條款I(lǐng)I. Answer the following questions in English:1 What is the definition for contract? What may happen if any party fail to fulfillhis contractual obligations?2 What are the two parties

48、of business negotiations? And give examples as you can.3 Why do the trading parties usually prefer a written contract? What is thedifference between a sales contract and a sales(purchase) confirmation?4 What does the setting up of a contract generally contain?5 What does the contract proper usually

49、include?III. Translate the following into Chinese:The contract is based on agreement, which is the result of business negotiation.There are two types of business negotiations: oral and written. The former refers tothe direct discussion conducted at trade fairs or by sending trade groups abroad or by

50、inviting foreign customers. Business discussions through international trunk calss arealso included in this category.IV. Case Studies(1) Mr. Smith, an American businessman, sold a batch of IBM computers to aHong Kong importer, Mr. Chen. The sales contract was concluded in the United Statesof America

51、 on the terms of CIF Hong Kong. During execution of this contract,disputes arose between the seller and the buyer on the form and interpretation of thecontract對(duì)合同的形式和解釋發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議, In such a case, did the law of the U.S.A. orthe law of Hong Kong apply to the disputes?該爭(zhēng)議適用法律 Why?(2) Mr. Anderson intended t

52、o sell a plane to Mr. Johnson. In his cable, Mr.Anderson offered: "Confirm sale of a plane Please send 5,000 pounds bytelegraphic transfer." Mr. Johnson cabled back immediately: " Conform purchase ofyour plane, terms and conditions same as your cable. I've sent the 5,000 pounds to

53、your Account Bank who keeps your money on your behalf until delivery of the plane.Please confirm delivery within 30 days from the date of this cable." Mr. Andersondid not reply and sold the plane to another buyer at a much higher price.Disagreements occurred between the two parties about whethe

54、r the contract wasconcluded effectively. In such a case, was the contract concluded? Why?KeyI. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment 2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract 4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation 6 terms of transaction7 trading partners

55、8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obliga

56、tions of the relevantparties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. Theformer refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin withenq

57、uiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreementand as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailedthan a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually usedfor smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any othertype of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The