語言邏輯PI【LanguageandLogic

1、Language and Logic: Introduction 語言與邏輯 語言邏輯（現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)+現(xiàn)代邏輯學(xué); interdisplinary course跨學(xué)科課程; cross-discipline交叉學(xué)科） 語言邏輯的英文名稱： Logic of Language Logic of Natural Language Language and Logic Logic in Linguistics語言邏輯 What is language? A purely human and non-instinctive非本能的 method of communicating ideas, emoti

2、ons and desires by means of借助于 voluntarily自發(fā)的 produced symbols. -Sapir What is language? The institution whereby機(jī)構(gòu) humans communicate and interact相互影響 with each other by means of habitually習(xí)慣地 used oral-auditory口頭聽覺 arbitrary任意的 symbols. -Hall What is language? A set (finite有限的 or infinite) of sente

3、nces, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. -Chomsky What is language? A system of arbitrary vocal聲音的 symbols used for human communication. -A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of EnglishWhat is language?Main features of language1. Systematic有系統(tǒng)的2. Symbo

4、lic3. Arbitrary4. Primarily vocal5. Human specific人類特異6. Used for communication What is language? Language is game, a form of life, the limit of language is the limit of the world. Ludwig Wittgenstein（路德維希（路德維希維特根斯坦，維特根斯坦，18891951）出生于）出生于奧地利奧地利，后入英國籍。，后入英國籍。哲哲學(xué)家學(xué)家、數(shù)理邏輯數(shù)理邏輯學(xué)家。學(xué)家。語言哲學(xué)語言哲學(xué)的奠基人，的奠基人，20世

5、紀(jì)最有影響的哲學(xué)家之一。世紀(jì)最有影響的哲學(xué)家之一。 Logisch-Philosophische 哲學(xué)Abhandlung （Wittgenstein，1921）1. 世界是所有發(fā)生的一切情況。2. 發(fā)生的情況(事實(shí))，就是事態(tài)的存在。 3. 事實(shí)的邏輯圖像是思想。4. 思想是有意義的命題。5. 命題是基本命題的真值函數(shù)。6. 真值函數(shù)的一般形式是P,S, N (S)，這也是命題的一般形式。 7. 對于不可說的東西我們必須保持沉默。 總結(jié)：邏輯圖像論，邏輯實(shí)證思想總結(jié)：邏輯圖像論，邏輯實(shí)證思想 What is language? Language is the house of Being.

6、Martin Heidegger (馬丁海德格爾,18891976)，德國哲學(xué)家，20世紀(jì)存在主義哲學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人和主要代表之一。 Classifications 類別of Language Natural language vs. formal language Written language vs. spoken language Object對象 language vs. metalanguage語言分析用的語言/元語言 Classifications of Language Natural language vs. formal language Natural language exi

7、sts for thousands of years, nobody knows who designed the language( such as English, Chinese, German,etc.). All natural languages are highly ambiguous. Classifications of Language Natural language vs. formal language NL includes an abundance of vague and indefinite phrases and statements that lead t

8、o imprecision不精確. (1) They are cooking apples(2) He made her duck.(3) He saw the general 全體的with the binocular雙筒望遠(yuǎn)鏡.(4) 煙臺和威海大部分地區(qū)普降大雪。(5) 南京市長江大橋。 He made her duck忽然低下頭. I caused her to quickly lower her head or body Grammar: “duck” can be a noun (waterfowl水禽) or a verb (move body) I cooked waterfo

9、wl belonging to her. Grammar: “her” can be a possessive占有 (“of her”) or dative與格 (“for her”) pronoun代詞 I made the (plaster石膏) duck statue鴨的雕像 she owns Meaning: “make” can mean “create” or “cook”He made her duck. Grammar: Make can be: Transitive帶賓語: (verb has a noun direct object) I cooked waterfowl

10、belonging to her Ditransitive雙賓語的: (verb has 2 noun objects) I made her (into) undifferentiated 無差別的 waterfowl make into 使成為 Action-transitive動作賓語 (verb has a direct object and another verb) I caused her to move her bodyContext語境 to the rescue救援 Q1: What did you cook for Mary last night? A1: I made

11、her duck. Q2: Where did Mary get that great plaster石膏 duck? A2: I made her duck.He made her duck. I cooked waterfowl for her benefit為她著想 (to eat). I cooked waterfowl belonging to her. I created the plaster duck she owns. I caused her to quickly lower her head or body. I waved my magic hand and turne

12、d her into a waterfowl. Classifications of Language Natural language vs. formal language Formal language is a kind of artificial人造的 language used for language analysis and formal reasoning推理. Artificial languages are synthesized綜合 by logicians 邏輯學(xué)家 and computer scientists to meet some specific desig

13、n criteria標(biāo)準(zhǔn). Individual constants(個(gè)體常項(xiàng))： a, b, c, ; Individual variable (個(gè)體變項(xiàng))： x, y, z, ; Funciton (函數(shù)符號)： f, g, h, ; Predicate (謂語符號)： F, G, H,; Logical connectives (邏輯聯(lián)結(jié)詞)： , , , ,. Technique symbols: 括號與逗號： ( ), , . Limitation局限 of FL:Gdels Incompleteness不完全 Theorem定理(一個(gè)充分大的形式系統(tǒng)，其一致性與完全性之間并不等價(jià)；

14、若該系統(tǒng)是一致的，則它是不完備的。)Paradox悖論 : A A (A) . I am telling a lie. Classifications of Language Natural language vs. formal languageLimitation of FL:Gdels Incompleteness TheoremParadox Fundamental logic includes:Mathmatical logic (classical logic): first order logic一階邏輯, set theory集合論, recursion theory循環(huán)理論,

15、proof theory證明論, model theory模型理論.Modality logic模態(tài)邏輯, many-valued logic多值邏輯 Classifications of Language Written language vs. spoken language Semiotics vs Semiology （符號學(xué)） F. de Saussure (索緒爾)，Swiss linguist瑞士語言學(xué)家, father of modern linguistics, founder of semiotics and structuralism 構(gòu)造主義 Langue 語言vs.

16、parole 假釋(language vs. speech) Linguistic語言學(xué)的 sign=signifier信號物 +signified符號義 Classifications of Language object language vs. metalanguage An object language is a language which is the object of study in various fields including logic邏輯學(xué),linguistics語言學(xué),mathematics, and theoretical computer science.

17、The language being used to talk about an object language is called a metalanguage. An object language and a metalanguage are quite frequently mingled with each other. be mingled with夾雜 Classifications of Language object language vs. metalanguage 此處禁止張貼！ Classifications of LanguageNon-symbolic無符號 LSy

18、mbolic LNatural LartArtificial LAudio聲音的 LBody LEnglish France Chinese German Russian Formal LNon-formal LEsperanto 世界語Threefold三部分 facects 方面of language study: Syntax句法規(guī)則 is the study of the formal relation of one sign符號 with another， Semantics 詞義學(xué)deals with the relation of signs to what they denot

19、e指示, and Pragmatics 語用學(xué)addresses處理 the relation of signs to their users and interpreters解釋者. Threefold facects of language study: Syntax 句法規(guī)則 This boy must seem裝作 incredibly很 stupid to that girl. Colourless green ideas sleeps furiously 無色的綠色的念頭狂怒地在睡覺. Semantics詞義學(xué) He decides on the ship.他決定在船上 Pragm

20、atics語用學(xué) The gun is loaded 加載.槍已上膛Fun time A joke: Three logicians walk into a bar. The bartender酒吧間男招待 asks “Does everyone want beer?” The first logician says “I dont know”, the second says “I dont know”, the third says “Yes.”A riddle謎語: You can take away the whole and still have some left. You can take away some and still have the whole left. What is it? Logic A way of thinking about thinking. It is the study of certain specif