英語(yǔ)口譯技巧之?dāng)?shù)字譯法(revised version)

1、口譯技巧之?dāng)?shù)字口譯口譯技巧之?dāng)?shù)字口譯clarkOutline導(dǎo)入練習(xí)數(shù)字口譯概述分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯模糊數(shù)字的口譯特殊倍數(shù)的口譯趨勢(shì)數(shù)字的口譯實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練Reading and interpreting numbers properlyRead the following numbers in English123一萬(wàn)10000000087654321Interpreting numbers1 億？ 100 mn, 0.1 bn150 billion? 15億?E.g. This amount would be enough to service its $ 10 billions debt. AmE

2、 or BrE?十億 一百億一千億一萬(wàn)億（avoid using 兆）Interpreting Chinese ordinal numbers Challenges : cultural differences cognitive loadsE.g.1 這是您第幾次訪問中國(guó)？E.g.2 你們隊(duì)得了第幾名？E.g.2 令公子排行第幾？In Chinese we often hear or talk about ordinal numbers. If we interpret in English, we have to change the ways of asking/inquiry.這是您第

3、幾次來中國(guó)？Is this your first visit to China? This isnt your first visit to China, is it?How many times have you been in China?你們隊(duì)得了第幾名？Did your team win the championship?Did you get/win the first place in the competition?這孩子是（你的）老幾呀？Is this your oldest/youngest child/son/daughter?數(shù)字口譯數(shù)字翻譯是口譯中的一大難關(guān)，數(shù)字之所以

4、難譯，其中一個(gè)主要原因在于英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)對(duì)于四位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字的表達(dá)，有不同的段位概念和分段方法。英語(yǔ)數(shù)字以每三位數(shù)為一段位，而漢語(yǔ)則以每四位數(shù)為一段位。 1, 0 0 0, 0 0 0, 0 0 0bmth億萬(wàn)千不同的表達(dá)方式不同的表達(dá)方式英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)分節(jié)號(hào)：分節(jié)號(hào)：thousand, thousand, million, million, billion billion（十億）（十億）漢語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)檔位：個(gè)、十、百、千、檔位：個(gè)、十、百、千、 萬(wàn)、億萬(wàn)、億數(shù)字的翻譯bmth十億億千萬(wàn)百萬(wàn)十萬(wàn)萬(wàn)千百十個(gè)口譯數(shù)字的關(guān)鍵在于記錄口譯數(shù)字的關(guān)鍵在于記錄填空計(jì)數(shù)填空計(jì)數(shù)第一段位個(gè) 十 百 千 第二段位萬(wàn)十萬(wàn) 百萬(wàn)

5、千萬(wàn)第三段位億十億百億千億第四段位兆（萬(wàn)億）第一段位OneTenHundred第二段位ThousandTen thousandHundred thousand第三段位MillionTen millionHundred million第四段位BillionTen billionHundred billion第五段位Trillion漢語(yǔ)數(shù)字分段法：英語(yǔ)數(shù)字分段法：阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)1One一10Ten十100Onehundred一百1，000Onethousand一千10，000Tenthousand一萬(wàn)(首位*10)thousand100，000Onehundredthousa

6、nd十萬(wàn)(首位*10)thousand1，000，000Onemillion一百萬(wàn)10，000，000Tenmillion一千萬(wàn)(首位*10)million100，000，000Onehundredmillion一億(首位*100)million1，000，000，000Onebillion十億(首位/10)billion10，000，000，000Tenbillion一百億(首位/10)billion100，000，000，000Onehundredbillion一千億(首位/10)billion1，000，000，000，000Onetrillion一兆（萬(wàn)億）ExerciseE-C13

7、19 56 78 86 135 207 576 832 961 2006 4,777 6,803 7,169 9,038 21,536 40,632 79,064 88,705 91,003 109,062 220,890 917,005 803,046 999,990 2,500,000 5,978,300 96,329,100 873,665,300 415,978,729 78,112,030,331 201,978,005,171 91,179,999,236C-E41 76 89 123 459 678 2345 9003 7980 3,0125 4,2048 6,0033 21,4

8、598 23,0010 97,0365 310,5980 555,5005 903,1750 4067,9321 5903,8093 5603,7830 9853,0840 4,3982,0493 5,8472,0240 9,1520,0251 55,1650,0651 61,3591,6516 95,0000,6525 498,9576,0000 982,5029,0065 9984,0685,6598 Common mistakes in interpreting numbersmulti-digital numberstimesapproximate numbersPronouncing

9、 numbers14% ? 40% ?Tip: 13%-19% common mispronunciationsHearing numbersS/SE Asians 14% = 40% ?U.S. 1000= one thousand? Ten hundred?2. 數(shù)字的翻譯一萬(wàn)：一萬(wàn)：10 thousand十萬(wàn)：十萬(wàn)：100 thousand百萬(wàn)：百萬(wàn)：million千萬(wàn)：千萬(wàn)：10 million億：億： 100 million十億：十億：a billion數(shù)字的翻譯分節(jié)號(hào)的作用分節(jié)號(hào)的作用 five thousand 5, thirty-two thousand 32, five mi

10、llion 5, twenty five million 25, one billion 1,用橫向方式表現(xiàn)為： billion million thousand萬(wàn) 千 百 十 千 百 十 億，億 萬(wàn) 萬(wàn)，萬(wàn) 萬(wàn) 千，百 十 個(gè) 2， 8 6 3， 5 8 9， 4 0 0漢語(yǔ)讀作： 二十八億六千三百五十八萬(wàn)九千四百英語(yǔ)讀作：two billion, eight hundred sixty-three million, five hundred eighty-nine thousand and four hundred實(shí)踐是訓(xùn)練數(shù)字互譯的根本途徑?？谧g教學(xué)要集中一段時(shí)間專門進(jìn)行數(shù)字口譯訓(xùn)練。譯

11、員只有經(jīng)過大量反復(fù)的數(shù)字口譯實(shí)踐才能掌握英漢數(shù)字互譯的不同特點(diǎn)和規(guī)律，達(dá)到數(shù)字互譯脫口而出，快速、準(zhǔn)確的程度。 Read the following figures in Chinese: 3,8993,9087,00930,00990,59179,301780,120504,781312,6852,345,4101,129,1051,001,45331,289,09810,209,01324,155,876160,890,232101,870,171278,067,9911,898,220,0001,029,991,12490,892,134,783672,009,719,2298,890,

12、234,891,889135,481,901,270Read the following Chinese figures in English, and write down the figures in Arabic figures:六萬(wàn)五十七萬(wàn)四百七十六萬(wàn)九百六十一萬(wàn)五千九百三十三萬(wàn)七百五十億十一億七千五百萬(wàn)三千五百三十八萬(wàn)五千九億三千六百七十七萬(wàn)七千分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯 Fractions(cardinal no./ordinal no.)六分之一：六分之一： 二分之一：二分之一：四分之一：四分之一：四分之三：四分之三：one-sixtha/one halfa/one qua

13、rterthree quarters 8%eight percent15%fifteen percent42%forty-two percent4.35%four point three five percent0.5%point five percent4.032four point naught three two71.006seventy-one point naught naught six 1/2one half; a half1/3one third 1/4a quarter3/5three-fifths7/8seven-eighths1/10one-tenth1/100one-h

14、undredth；one percent 1/1000one-thousandth14/1000fourteen-thousandths1/10000one-ten thousandths2-1/2two and a half4-2/3four and two-thirds分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯五分之二：五分之二：十分之七：十分之七：千分之三：千分之三：two-fifthsseven-tenthsthree-thousandths分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯 Fractions六十分之九十七：六十分之九十七：七十五分之三十四：七十五分之三十四：ninety-seven over

15、sixty-threethirty-four over seventy-five 分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯六又七分之四：六又七分之四：六又二分之一：六又二分之一：九又四分之三：九又四分之三：six and four-seventhssix and a halfnine and three quarters分?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯小數(shù)的口譯0.7:0.546: 0.009%:point seven; zero point sevenpoint five four sixzero point o o nine percent分?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯小數(shù)的口譯9.007：87.36%:nine

16、point 0 0 seven； nine point zero zero seveneighty-seven point three six percent分?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的口譯小數(shù)的口譯0.8 萬(wàn)萬(wàn) ：0.7億：億：0.93億：億：56.08萬(wàn)：萬(wàn)：8，000；eight thousand70,000,000; seventy million93,000,000; ninety-three million560,800; five hundred and sixty thousand eight hundredExamples1. 中國(guó)的勞動(dòng)力有7億4千萬(wàn)，而歐美所有發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的勞動(dòng)力只有4

17、億3千萬(wàn)。中國(guó)每年新增勞動(dòng)力1000萬(wàn)，下崗和失業(yè)人口大約1400萬(wàn)，進(jìn)城的農(nóng)民工一般保持在1億2000萬(wàn)。中國(guó)面臨巨大的就業(yè)壓力，中國(guó)13億人口有9億農(nóng)民，目前沒有擺脫貧困的有3000萬(wàn)左右，這是按每年人均收入625元的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)算的。1. The population of this city in 2004 was 1. The population of this city in 2004 was 78,872,890.78,872,890.The natural reserve takes up an area of The natural reserve takes up an are

18、a of 123,880,000 square kilometers.123,880,000 square kilometers.The coastal line of this country is 7,723,605 The coastal line of this country is 7,723,605 meters.meters.The number of college graduates will climb to The number of college graduates will climb to a record high of 3,28 million this su

19、mmer, an a record high of 3,28 million this summer, an increase of 540,000, or 34%, over the year increase of 540,000, or 34%, over the year 2000.2000.Australia, with its landmass of 7,686,850 Australia, with its landmass of 7,686,850 square kilometers, or 2,967,893 square miles, square kilometers,

20、or 2,967,893 square miles, has a population of 18,742,000.has a population of 18,742,000.2. ten years ago, China had 1075 full time institutions of higher learning with 88,100 graduates and 1,320,000 undergraduates. So far, in tertiary institutions there are 1,700 research institutes of natural scie

21、nce. 3. shanghai generated 144.77billion yuan in total tax, Corporate income tax rose by 16.6 percent to 88.17billion yuan and individual income tax was 13.41 billion yuan, up 41percent.4. Chinas foreign reserves, the worlds second largest after Japan, has increased by 48.4 percent to US$ 383.9 bill

22、ion from the previous year.5. Shanghai Volkswagen, Chinas largest automaker, is planning to invest a minimum of US$120million on new product development in each of the next five years with an aim to double it annual sales to 600,000 units. It achieved combined sales of 400,000 units last year, a 32

23、percent increase from a year earlier. 模糊數(shù)字的口譯模糊數(shù)字的口譯 口譯中經(jīng)常遇到一些模糊數(shù)字，如“幾個(gè)”、“十幾個(gè)”、“幾十個(gè)”、“成百上千個(gè)”等等。模糊數(shù)字的口譯雖也有一定的規(guī)律，但主要靠平時(shí)熟記，用時(shí)才能熟練自如，準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤。注意以下模糊數(shù)字的口譯幾個(gè) 十幾個(gè)幾十個(gè) 幾十年 七十好幾了 好幾百個(gè) 成千上萬(wàn)/千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn) 幾十萬(wàn) some; a few;/several; a number ofmore than 10; no more than twentydozens ofDecadeswell over seventyhundreds ofthousa

24、nds ofhundreds of thousands ofNote the following ways of uncertain numberswell over seventyin her/his early twentiesin her/his late thirtiesthousands and thousands ofhundreds ofthousands upon thousand ofhundreds of thousands ofmillions ofhundreds of millions ofa decadea score/four score and seven ye

25、ars agoa generationhalf a centurycentennial Century特殊倍數(shù)的表達(dá)到2020年實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比2000年翻兩番,達(dá)到40,000億美元左右Quadruple By 2020, Chinas GDP will quadruple that of 2000 to approximately USD 4 trillion.今年的糧食產(chǎn)量比去年增長(zhǎng)2成. 20%The output of grain this year increased by 20% over the last year. Useful verbs 位居世界第二Is ranked

26、the second/ 中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)總量位居世界第六，進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易額居世界第四。Chinas economy is ranked the 6th in the world and its foreign trade is ranked the 4th. China is the worlds sixth largest economy and the fourth largest trader. 上漲，增長(zhǎng)To rise, to increase, to climb, to go up, to jump, to soarA sharp/considerable/slight increase/ ri

27、se下降，減少To fall, to drop, to decline, to decrease, to reduce，to go downA sharp/slight drop/decline Total 總計(jì)去年收入總計(jì)人民幣150億元，比上年增長(zhǎng)20%The revenue of last year totaled RMB 15 b yuan, a 20% increase over the previous year.Short expressions今年為, 比上年上漲了, a % increase over the previous/last year, up %. , tons

28、more than last year.全年產(chǎn)量The annual output of年均進(jìn)口增速達(dá)到20%The import grows at an annual rate of 20%. 國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)繼續(xù)保持平穩(wěn)較快增長(zhǎng)。國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值超過30萬(wàn)億元，比上年增長(zhǎng)9%；物價(jià)總水平漲幅得到控制；財(cái)政收入6.13萬(wàn)億元，增長(zhǎng)19.5%；糧食連續(xù)五年增產(chǎn)，總產(chǎn)量10570億斤，創(chuàng)歷史最高水平。The national economy continued to maintain steady and rapid growth. GDP topped 30 trillion yuan, an incre

29、ase of 9% over the previous year. Overall price rises were held in check. Government revenue was 6.13 trillion yuan, an increase of 19.5%. Grain output rose for the fifth consecutive year and totaled 528.5 million tons, a record high.1. the annual added value of industry is RMB 6.2815 trillion yuan,

30、 an increase of 11.5% over last year.2. the annual output of grain is 469,470,000 tons, 38,770,000tons more than last year and an increase of 9.1%. 3. the annual total volume of import and export is USD 1.1548 trillion, an increase of 35.7% over last year. 4. the annual volume of contracted foreign

31、capital is USD 153.5 billion, an increase of 33.4%, and actually utilized foreign capital is USD 60.6 billion, an increase of 13.3%. 5. the annual number of inbound tourists is 109,040,000, and the income from foreign currency is USD 25.7 billion, an increase of 47.9%. 增增/減倍數(shù)的口譯減倍數(shù)的口譯英漢倍數(shù)的表達(dá)有相似之處，也有

32、不同。英漢互譯時(shí)要特別注意不同的英語(yǔ)句型和表達(dá)方法所表示的倍數(shù)概念與漢語(yǔ)不同。英語(yǔ)用times 表示倍數(shù)。無(wú)論在何種句型中都表示乘的關(guān)系，即包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)的倍數(shù)。請(qǐng)注意以下表示倍數(shù)的英語(yǔ)句型及其含義：A is N times larger（longer，heavier）than B.A is larger（longer，heavier）than B by N times.A is N times as large（long，heavy）as B.這三句英語(yǔ)的含義都是“A的大小(長(zhǎng)度、重量)是B的N倍”，或者“A比B大（長(zhǎng)、重）N-1倍”。根據(jù)以上規(guī)律，請(qǐng)看下面英語(yǔ)句子的漢譯：(1) The ea

33、rth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球的大小是月球的49倍。(或地球比月球大48倍)(2) Since mid-century, the global economy has nearly quintupled, While the population has doubled, demand for grain has nearly tripled, and the burning of fossil fuels has increased nearly fourfold.自本世紀(jì)中葉以來，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)了將近四倍，人口翻了一番。結(jié)果，糧食的需求增加了近

34、兩倍，石油燃料增加了近三倍。(3) Within 30 years there will be twice as many urban people as countryside people in the world.30年內(nèi)，全世界的城市居民將是農(nóng)村人口的兩倍。(4) Although London covers less than 400,000 acres, it needs nearly 50 million acre-125 times its area-to provide it with food, timber, and other resources, and to abs

35、orb its pollution.雖然倫敦占地不到40萬(wàn)英畝，卻需要近5000萬(wàn)英畝的土地125倍于它本身的面積來供給它食品，原木和其他資源，并吸收它產(chǎn)生的污染物。 漢語(yǔ)倍數(shù)的表示法歸納起來有兩類：第一類表示是(原數(shù)的)幾倍，幾倍于(原數(shù))或增加到(原數(shù)的)幾倍。第二類表示(比原數(shù))大幾倍或(比原數(shù))增加了幾倍；這兩類說法含義不同。第一類表示包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)的倍數(shù)，與英語(yǔ)倍數(shù)表示法的含義相同。第二類表示凈增倍數(shù)。因此，漢語(yǔ)倍數(shù)的英譯首先要區(qū)分不同含義，選用恰當(dāng)?shù)木湫?，靈活準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)。如果用能N times/表示英語(yǔ)的包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)的倍數(shù)，那么漢語(yǔ)的第二類表示“增加了幾倍”的英譯就要用 (N+1)

36、times 來表示。例如：去年這個(gè)公司手機(jī)的銷量增長(zhǎng)了近一倍（為原來的兩倍）。The sales volume of portable phones of this company increased nearly twice last year.The sales volume of portable phones of this company nearly doubled last year.漢語(yǔ)增加倍數(shù)的說法很多，英譯時(shí)，首先要仔細(xì)區(qū)分是包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)的增加倍數(shù)還是凈增倍數(shù)，然后決定用N times 還是（N+1）times 來表達(dá)。 (1) 過去20年中，中國(guó)的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長(zhǎng)了近五倍

37、。In the past 20 years, Chinas gross domestic product increased nearly six times.(2) 1978年至1997年，中國(guó)人均生產(chǎn)總值增長(zhǎng)了3.4倍。Chinas per capita GDP went up by 4.4 times between 1978 and 1997.(3) 中國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)居民人均居住面積由1978年的3.6平方米提高到1997年的8.8平方米，增加1.4倍。The per capita living space for urban residents in China expanded from

38、3.6 square meters in 1978 to 8.8 square meters in 1997, a rise of 2.4 times.(4) 1949年至1998年, 中國(guó)的糧食總產(chǎn)量由1.1億噸增加到5.1億噸, 增長(zhǎng)3.5倍, 年平均增長(zhǎng)3.1%, 是人口增長(zhǎng)率的2.5倍。Chinas total grain output increased from 110 million tons in 1949 to 510 million tons in 1998, or an increase of over 4.5 times, with an average annual

39、growth rate of 3.1 percent, 2.5 times that of the population growth.(5) 1997年, 全國(guó)高等學(xué)校在校生總數(shù)為608萬(wàn)人, 其中研究生18萬(wàn)人, 分別是1979年的2.2倍和9.6倍。In 1997，6.08 million students were studying in colleges and universities, including 180,000 postgraduates, 2.2 times and 9.6 times the figures of 1979 respectively.由于漢語(yǔ)很少用“

40、減少了若干倍”的說法，而多用“減少了百分之幾”或“減少了幾成”的說法，因此，減少多用百分?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)表示。 (1) 由于水災(zāi)，去年的收成減少了三成。Owing to flood, the crop last year was declined by 30 percent.(2) 該公司的員工裁減了近三分之一，開支減少了四分之一。The personnel of the company have been reduced nearly by one-third and the expenses by one-fourth.(3) 1998年，政府機(jī)構(gòu)改革目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)。國(guó)務(wù)院下設(shè)部門從40個(gè)減少到29個(gè)，

41、人員減少了近一半。In 1998，the targets of restructuring governmental institutions were met. Departments under the State Council were reduced from 40 to 29 and personnel were cut nearly by half.增增/ /減百分比的口譯減百分比的口譯“增/減了百分之幾”英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)的含義一致，都表示凈增或凈減百分?jǐn)?shù)。英漢增/減百分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法有以下幾種：1) 增/減了%increase/rise/grow%decrease/drop/fall/s

42、ink %或者increase/rise/grow/go up by %decrease/drop/fall/go down by %(1) Between 1986 and 1987, Nikes sales dropped 18 percent and profits sank by more than 40 percent as a result of competition with Reebok.與“銳步”鞋業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的結(jié)果，從1986到1987年， 耐克（鞋）的銷售額下降了18%，利潤(rùn)下降了40%多。(2) By putting out more than one new shoe s

43、tyle everyday on average, in 1995 and 1996, Nikes sales and profits grew 71 percent and 80 percent respectively；meanwhile, Nikes closest rival Reebok grew just nine percent in the same period. 靠平均每天推出一個(gè)以上新（鞋）款式，1995到1996，耐克的銷售額和利潤(rùn)分別上漲了71%和80%。而同期最接近耐克的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手銳步只上漲了9%。(3) Procter & Gamble just raise

44、d prices on its paper products by as much as 8%.(美國(guó)) 普羅科特甘布爾公司剛剛把他們的紙制品價(jià)格提高了8%。(4) Spending on non-durables-everything from soap flakes to razors to tennis shoes-rose 30% last year.去年非耐用品，從皂片、剃須刀到網(wǎng)球鞋的消費(fèi)上升了30%。(5) In the fiscal year of 2000, ending on March 30, export slumped 11.3 percent in Taiwan,

45、10 percent in Thailand, 9.9 percent in South Korea and 2.4 percent in Hong Kong. However, the Chinese mainland posted a respectable 7.5 percent rate in the first quarter.在3月30日剛剛結(jié)束的2000財(cái)政年度，臺(tái)灣的出口猛跌了11.3%，泰國(guó)10%、南韓9.9%、香港2.4%。然而，中國(guó)大陸卻公布了第一季度7.5%的可觀增長(zhǎng)。(6) In America, the number of people engaged in far

46、ming as their principle of occupation fell to 961,560 in 1997, down 8.7 percent from 1992, while the number between (the age of) 25 to 34 fell 28 percent.在美國(guó)以農(nóng)業(yè)為主要職業(yè)的人數(shù)1997下降到961560人，比1992下降了8.7%，而年齡在25到34歲的人數(shù)下降了28%。2) 與相比，增/減了%increase/rise/grow /go up by % (as) compared with /as against / as oppos

47、ed to / overdecrease/drop/fall/go down by % (as) compared with /as against / as opposed to /over(1) 1999年，普通高校招生規(guī)模比上年擴(kuò)大了47.4%。 University and college enrollment in 1999 increased by 47.4 percent over the previous year. (2) 同1997年相比，1998年工業(yè)排污減少了11.6%；家庭排污增加了2.6%。 Compared with 1997, the discharge of

48、industrial wastewater dropped by 11.6 percent, while that of domestic sewage rose by 2.6 percent in 1998.(3) 因受亞洲金融危機(jī)的沖擊，1998年中國(guó)進(jìn)出口總額比上年下降0.4%，其中進(jìn)口總額下降1.5%；出口總額增長(zhǎng)0.5%。 As a result of Asian financial crises, Chinas total volume of import and export in 1998 dropped by 0.4 percent over the previous yea

49、r, of which the volume of import went down by 1.5 percent, and the value of export went up by 0.5 percent.3) 增/減率 be % increase/ rise /growth be % decrease/drop /decline an increase / a rise / a growth rate of % a decrease / drop / decline of % be % up /down be up / down%1999年，中國(guó)外貿(mào)出口達(dá)1949億美元，比上年增長(zhǎng)6.

50、1%。Chinas total exports reached US$194.9 billion in 1999, a rise of 6.1 percent over the previous year.1998年，中國(guó)全年海外游客入境人數(shù)6348萬(wàn)人次，比上年增長(zhǎng)10.2%, 國(guó)際旅游收入達(dá)126億美元, 增長(zhǎng)4.4%。In 1998, China received 63.48 million tourists from overseas, up by 10.2 percent. Income of foreign exchange from tourism reached 12.6 mi

51、llion US dollars, up 4.4 percent.4) 增/減具體數(shù)字的英譯也可用 “by” +具體數(shù)字來表示。我國(guó)水土流失面積每年以10,000平方公里的速度在擴(kuò)大。目前，水土流失面積已達(dá)367萬(wàn)平方公里,占總土地面積將近38%。 The area of soil erosion in China has been increasing by 10,000 square km. annually to 3.67 million square km. at present, accounting for nearly 38 percent of the total land a

52、rea.由于低溫多雨的影響, 我國(guó)夏糧減產(chǎn)1460萬(wàn)噸。 Chinas output of summer grain declined by 14.6 million tons due to low temperature and rainy days during the growing period.漢語(yǔ)增/減百分?jǐn)?shù)的英譯還有一些其它表示法，但不管用什么方法，英語(yǔ)的增/減百分?jǐn)?shù)都是凈增/減數(shù)。實(shí)踐實(shí)踐是訓(xùn)練數(shù)字互譯的根本途徑。譯員只有經(jīng)過大量反復(fù)的數(shù)字口譯實(shí)踐才能掌握英漢數(shù)字互譯的不同特點(diǎn)和規(guī)律，達(dá)到數(shù)字互譯脫口而出，快速、準(zhǔn)確的程度。英語(yǔ)中有豐富的描述數(shù)字上升、下降或穩(wěn)定的詞匯，即趨勢(shì)語(yǔ)

53、（trend language）。如下列句子中劃線的詞匯：The area of cultivated land decreased by 7.6 million hectares, but the yield per hectare rose by an average of 180 kg.Average annual grain supply per person grow from 200 to 400kg, and meat from 9 to 15kg.下面列舉一些英語(yǔ)中常用來表達(dá)趨勢(shì)的詞匯：表示上升趨勢(shì)：表示上升趨勢(shì)：an increase增加, a rise提高, a climb

54、爬升, a jump上升, a growth增長(zhǎng); to increase增加, to rise提高, to climb爬升, to jump上升, to grow增長(zhǎng), to reach升至, to go up上升。表示下降趨勢(shì)表示下降趨勢(shì)：a fall下降, a drop跌落, a decline下跌, a decrease減少; to fall下降, to drop跌落, to decline下跌, a decrease減少, to go down下降, to bottom out降至最低點(diǎn), to slow down減速, to decelerate減速。表示穩(wěn)定：表示穩(wěn)定：to re

55、main (stable)保持，不變，穩(wěn)定，維持; to stand at不變，穩(wěn)定，維持; to level out (off)平衡，穩(wěn)定。漢語(yǔ)： “增加增加N元元”，“增加增加N” 英譯：a N yuan increasea N percent increase英語(yǔ)：a N-fold increase/increase N-fold/N times表示含義是增加到N倍，不是凈增加數(shù)，其漢語(yǔ)含義凈增數(shù)應(yīng)為N1倍。例證：During the critical year of 1917 Party membership rose tenfold from 20,000 to 200,000. 在

56、關(guān)鍵性的1917年，黨員人數(shù)從二萬(wàn)增加到二十萬(wàn)，即增加了九倍。英語(yǔ)：“倍數(shù)強(qiáng)比較級(jí)倍數(shù)強(qiáng)比較級(jí)”或或“倍數(shù)倍數(shù)over”的句型的句型漢譯：A比B多N1倍或A為B的N倍英語(yǔ)N times 和N-fold用于增減和強(qiáng)弱有多種說法，用于增加和強(qiáng)比較的是基數(shù)乘以N，意為“增加到N倍”、“為比較對(duì)象的N倍（如five times greater，即基數(shù)5）；用于減少或弱比較是“減少到”、“為比較對(duì)象的”（如seven times smaller即基數(shù)7，“縮小到七分之一”）。實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練Passage exercise 125 years ago, Chinas GDP was only 147.3 bil

57、lion US dollars. Last year, it exceeded 1,400 billion, an increase of almost 10 times. 25 years ago, China foreign trade was merely 20.6 billion USD. Last year, the volume climbed to 851.2 billion. 25 years ago, more than 250 million people were living below the poverty line. Last year, the figure w

58、as reduced to less than 30 million. 25年前，中國(guó)的GDP只有1473億美元，而去年已達(dá)14000多億美元，增長(zhǎng)近10倍；25年前，中國(guó)外貿(mào)總額僅為206億美元，去年則達(dá)到了8512億美元；25年前，中國(guó)的貧困人口有2億5千萬(wàn)，目前已下降到3000萬(wàn)人左右。2China is slightly larger than the United States in size, but its population is 1.3 billion and it is still increasing. It will reach its peak of 1.5 bil

59、lion around 2040 and will only then begin to decrease. With such a huge population, no matter how enormous the total volume of financial and material resources is, once being divided by 1.3 billion, it becomes a small per capita figure. Last year, Chinas GDP ranked sixth in the world, but in per cap

60、ita GDP terms, it was only a little over 1,000 USD, which was behind more than 100 countries. 中國(guó)的面積比美國(guó)稍大，但有13億人口，而且還在增長(zhǎng)，到2040年前后將超過15億，其后才會(huì)逐漸下降。有如此大的人口基數(shù)，無(wú)論財(cái)力、物力總量多么可觀，只要除以13億，就成為相當(dāng)?shù)偷娜司?。去年中?guó)的GDP總量排名世界第六位，但人均剛過1000美元，排在世界100位以后。3到二五年，預(yù)計(jì)中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值將達(dá)到十二萬(wàn)五千億人民幣。中國(guó)的發(fā)展將為世界各國(guó)工商界提供巨大的商機(jī)。初步估計(jì)，從二一年至二五年，中國(guó)將進(jìn)口約一萬(wàn)四千