新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教程19.不定式(一)

1、Infinitive (I)l英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：限定動(dòng)詞和英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：限定動(dòng)詞和非限定動(dòng)詞非限定動(dòng)詞，也叫動(dòng)，也叫動(dòng)詞的限定形式和非限定形式。兩者間最重要詞的限定形式和非限定形式。兩者間最重要的區(qū)別在于限定動(dòng)詞有時(shí)的標(biāo)記，非限定動(dòng)的區(qū)別在于限定動(dòng)詞有時(shí)的標(biāo)記，非限定動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有。詞沒(méi)有。 例：例：teach l限定形式：限定形式： teaches (現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在時(shí)) teached (過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí))l非限定形式：非限定形式： to teach(不定式不定式) teaching (ing分詞分詞) teached (ed分詞分詞)1. 不定式的一般形式、進(jìn)行體和完成體形式不定式的一般形式、進(jìn)行體和完成體形式 不

2、定式?jīng)]有時(shí)的標(biāo)記，但有體和態(tài)的變化不定式?jīng)]有時(shí)的標(biāo)記，但有體和態(tài)的變化體：不定式一般形式體：不定式一般形式( to do ) 進(jìn)行體形式進(jìn)行體形式( to be doing ) 完成體形式完成體形式( to have done) 完成進(jìn)行體形式完成進(jìn)行體形式(to have been doing)態(tài)：主動(dòng)態(tài)態(tài)：主動(dòng)態(tài)(to do) 被動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)(to be done) 完成被動(dòng)態(tài)完成被動(dòng)態(tài)(to have been done)2. 不定式的用法不定式的用法1） 作主語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ) To make transistor is not very difficult.注：比較常見(jiàn)用注：比較常見(jiàn)用it作形式

3、主語(yǔ)作形式主語(yǔ) Its our duty to take good care of the old. How long did it take you to finish the work? It is difficult for us to finish writing the article in an hour. (該句型中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，該句型中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary等等) It is stupid of you to write down every

4、thing the teacher says. (該句型中，常用表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)及該句型中，常用表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)及人物性格特征的詞，如：人物性格特征的詞，如：careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice , right, silly , stupid, wise等，并用等，并用of + sb. 引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)) = You are stupid to write down It seemed (appeared) impossible to save money.2） 作賓語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ) I find it

5、difficult to understand him. (后有補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，用形式賓語(yǔ)后有補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替不定式代替不定式)3）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) The policeman observed the man open the window. (有些動(dòng)詞后用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須省去有些動(dòng)詞后用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須省去 不定式符號(hào)不定式符號(hào)to，這些動(dòng)詞有，這些動(dòng)詞有make, let, see, watch, hear, have, feel.) (Help后可省可不省后可省可不省)4）作定語(yǔ)）作定語(yǔ) I write with a pen. I use a pen

6、 to write with. The woman has three children to look after.5）動(dòng)詞）動(dòng)詞 + 疑問(wèn)詞疑問(wèn)詞 + 不定式不定式 I dont know what to do. When to start has not been decided. The problem is which to take first.6）作狀語(yǔ)）作狀語(yǔ) We went to the station to welcome the delegation. (表示目的表示目的) We finished the experiment to find that the resul

7、ts were all the same.(表示結(jié)果表示結(jié)果) I have enjoyed my visit here. Ill be very sorry to leave. (表示原因表示原因)3. 不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ) 通常由通常由for + 名詞或代詞名詞或代詞 It is easy for you to teach Mary. Can you arrange for a car to take us there? It was very nice of you to think so much of us.4. 不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式 在不定式符號(hào)在不定式符號(hào)

8、to前加上前加上not He asked us not to be late. Their decision not to go to school is surprising.5. 帶帶to 不定式與不帶不定式與不帶to 不定式不定式 不定式通常帶不定式通常帶to, 在某些固定搭配中不帶在某些固定搭配中不帶to, 在另外在另外一些搭配中帶一些搭配中帶to 不帶不帶to 均可。均可。1）在情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞之后）在情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞之后 must, can, may, need, dare. +動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形 need, dare作情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞跟不帶作情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞跟不帶to 不定式；不定式； 作主動(dòng)詞跟帶作主動(dòng)

9、詞跟帶to 不定式不定式 我們必須更加努力學(xué)習(xí)。我們必須更加努力學(xué)習(xí)。We need work harder. 你不必這么大聲講話(huà)。你不必這么大聲講話(huà)。You neednt talk so loud.你非得走這么快嗎？你非得走這么快嗎？Need you walk so quickly?We need to work harder.You dont need to talk so loud.Do you need to walk so quickly?她不敢做那件事。她不敢做那件事。She dare not do it. She doesnt dare to do it.2）在半助動(dòng)詞之后）在半

10、助動(dòng)詞之后 半助動(dòng)詞：介于主動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞半助動(dòng)詞：介于主動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞( can, may, must ,will ,should)之間的詞類(lèi)，本身帶有詞之間的詞類(lèi)，本身帶有詞義義. 如如, be about to, have to, had better 你肯定能成功。你肯定能成功。 You are sure/ certain/ bound /likely to succeed. 我在街上碰巧被老師碰到了。我在街上碰巧被老師碰到了。 I happen to be met in the street by my T.3）在情態(tài)成語(yǔ)之后）在情態(tài)成語(yǔ)之后 would rather/sooner/as

11、 soon (寧愿寧愿)； may/ might as well (不妨，可以不妨，可以)；cannot (help) but (不能不，不由得不不能不，不由得不) would rather/sooner/as soon do than/ as do 他寧死不投降。他寧死不投降。 He would rather die than surrender. 他寧愿呆在家里，也不愿去看電影。他寧愿呆在家里，也不愿去看電影。 He would sooner stay at home as go to the cinema.4）在）在rather than / sooner than 之后之后 “寧可寧可

12、(主句主句)而不而不(從句從句)” rather than / sooner than在句首時(shí)，帶省在句首時(shí)，帶省to 不定不定式式 rather than / sooner than在句中時(shí)在句中時(shí), 帶或不帶帶或不帶to均均可可 他寧愿寫(xiě)信，也不愿發(fā)電子郵件。他寧愿寫(xiě)信，也不愿發(fā)電子郵件。 Rather than send an e-mail, he wrote a letter. He wrote a letter rather than (to) send an e-mail.5）在主動(dòng)詞）在主動(dòng)詞+ 主動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)詞 固定搭配的第一主動(dòng)詞之固定搭配的第一主動(dòng)詞之 后，即第二主動(dòng)詞不帶后，

13、即第二主動(dòng)詞不帶to make believe (假裝假裝)；hear tell of (聽(tīng)說(shuō)聽(tīng)說(shuō))； make do with/ on (湊合，將就湊合，將就)6）在使役動(dòng)詞）在使役動(dòng)詞+ 賓語(yǔ)之后，用不帶賓語(yǔ)之后，用不帶 to不定式不定式 let, make, have do , 但在被動(dòng)態(tài)中，轉(zhuǎn)為但在被動(dòng)態(tài)中，轉(zhuǎn)為 帶帶to 不定式不定式 我要他在公園門(mén)口等我。我要他在公園門(mén)口等我。 I make him wait for me at the gate of the park. He was made to wait for me at the gate of the park.7）在感

14、覺(jué)動(dòng)詞）在感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)之后，不帶賓語(yǔ)之后，不帶to see/ look at/ hear/listen to/feel do, 但在被但在被 動(dòng)態(tài)中，轉(zhuǎn)為帶動(dòng)態(tài)中，轉(zhuǎn)為帶to 不定式不定式 搶劫者注意搶劫者注意/看到他進(jìn)了銀行?？吹剿M(jìn)了銀行。 The robber observed him enter the bank. 他被搶劫者注意到進(jìn)了銀行。他被搶劫者注意到進(jìn)了銀行。 He was observed to enter the bank by 8）在）在have known + 賓語(yǔ)之后賓語(yǔ)之后 看過(guò)，聽(tīng)過(guò)看過(guò)，聽(tīng)過(guò)，帶省，帶省to 不定式不定式, 但在被動(dòng)態(tài)中但在被動(dòng)態(tài)中 轉(zhuǎn)為帶轉(zhuǎn)為

15、帶to 不定式不定式 我從未看到過(guò)她發(fā)脾氣。我從未看到過(guò)她發(fā)脾氣。 I have never known her lose her temper. She has never been known to lose her temper9）在）在help 之后帶或不帶之后帶或不帶to均可均可10）在介詞）在介詞except/ but 之后之后 前有前有 do, 后省后省to, 前無(wú)前無(wú) do, 后加后加do 注：注：在在SVC句型中，主語(yǔ)有句型中，主語(yǔ)有do，主補(bǔ)不定式可帶，主補(bǔ)不定式可帶to, 也可不帶也可不帶to 除了做飯之外她什么都會(huì)。除了做飯之外她什么都會(huì)。 She can do eve

16、rything but cook. 他什么都想過(guò)他什么都想過(guò),唯獨(dú)沒(méi)考慮到天氣。唯獨(dú)沒(méi)考慮到天氣。 He had considered everything except to consider the weather.11) 在在why/ why not ? 之后，不帶之后，不帶to Why blame her? Why not tell her the truth?12）在其他一些習(xí)慣用法中，不帶）在其他一些習(xí)慣用法中，不帶to Go post a letter for me. (= Go and post) Come have a chat with me. (= Come and ha

17、ve)1.Rather than _ run the risk of losing every- thing they accepted his term.2. Did you feel the pickpocket _ snatch your bracelet?3. I could do nothing but _ pretend that I did not know it.4. Dont let there _ be any noise./5. Hold it tight and dont let _ go.6. Sooner than _ travel by airbus, Id pr

18、efer a week on a big liner.7. Don Jose had grown morose and rarely left the house except _ attend Mass.8. Why not _ urge him _ reconsider his decision?9. After he had finished speaking. Mr Jones was made _ answer innumerable questions./tototo10. Why dont you get your wife _ explain it to you?11. Let

19、 things go _ hang.12. We have never known him _ lose his temper before.13. The prisoners were let _ go.14. I dont want here _ be any misunderstand- ing between us.toto/15. Help the girl in front of you _ carry the baskets.16. He resigned rather than _ stifle his conscience.17. All Im trying to do is _ try to get this thing off the ground.18. In the library I noticed Diana _ talk for a moment with David alone.19. Ive heard _ say that she has left.(to)(to)(to)/20. What he did was _ throw his arms around the boy and embrace hi