SAT真題匯編：201903亞太及答案

2019年3月亞太2019年3月亞太65MINUTES,52QUESTIONSTurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.DIRECTIONSorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThispassageisadaptedfromJennineCapóCrucet,MakeYourHomeAmongStrangers.?2015byJennineCapóCrucet.Lizet'sbiologyprofessorhassentheranemailaskingtomeet.Iscannedmymindforwhatthiscouldbeabout.HadIleftasupplyclosetorfridgeunlocked?HadIopencentrifugedoneofthespecimensshe'dLineaskedmetolookatwhenitwassupposedtobe5closedcentrifuged?HadsheglancedovermyshoulderatmyclassnotesandseenthelistofembarrassingquestionsonlyIseemedtohaveandwhichI'dscribbledundertheheadingThingstoLookUpLater?I'dbeensocarefularoundherso10far,hopingtomakeupforallthetimesIraisedmyhandandrevealedhowlittleIknew,allthetimesshecaughtmeprettymuchfondlingtheequipment―theelegantpipettes,thetesttuberacksthatkepteverythingsnugandinplace,the15magicalautoclaveincineratingallevidenceofuseandmakingeverythingperfectoverandoveragain.Itcould'vebeenanyorallofthesethings:shewassosmartthatIwascertainshe'dputtheseobservationstogetherandconclude,longbeforeI20figureditout,thatthoughIwaseagerandgoodatkeepingcontaminationatbay,Iwasn'tcutoutforthehardsciences.Iwroteherback,composingmye-mailinawordprocessingprogramfirsttomakesurethegreensquigglylineofgrammar

25improprietydidn'tshowupundereveryclause,andconfirmedthatIcouldmeetwithherMondayatnoon,rightafterclass.Shewrotebackacryptic,Thatwillbemorethanfine.Thethreehoursofthatweek'slabclassfeltlike30agoodbye.IstackedeachpetridishasifitwerethelasttimeI'dbeallowedtohandlethosedelicatecirclesofglass.Iswishedsalinesolutionforlongerthanwasneeded,lookedattheagarcoatingthebottomofplatesasifitsnutrientswere35intendedformeandwereabouttobewithheld.Whenaquestionpoppedintomyhead,Ikeptmyhanddownanddidn'tevenbothertowriteitinmynotebook.IwatchedProfessorKaufmannforcluesall40classbutsawnothing,thoughshe'dalreadyprovenherselfgoodatmaskingfrustrationwithkindness.Youcoulddropanentiretrayofbeakers,andshewouldsmileandinatoo-highvoicesay,That'sOK!IsometimesthoughtIwastheonlyoneinthe45classwhosawthroughher,couldtellhowveryupsetshewasatallthatshatteredglassonthefloor:Iknewitfromthewayshe'dsayHmmmassheaccostedthestudentculpritwithabroomandstoodoverthem,pointingoutamissedshardhere,50atinyspeckthere.She'dwaituntiltheyputthebroomawaybeforenoticinganotherpiece,theninstructthemtogobacksototheclosetandbringthebroomagain.benchonceeveryonehadonceIwascloser.6065707580859095100

Whateveritwas,itwasinGerman―probablynotagoodsign―anditwasunderneathaseriesofequationsthatmeantnothingtomeandwhichwereinnowayrelatedtoourclass.―Liz!shesaid.Oh,super!Comehere,please!Shestoodandletmehaveherseat.Isatthereforagoodminute,watchedherkeepworkingasifshehadn'tjustaskedmetositdown.HerpendugintothepaperandIwonderedifshehadtwobrains―wonderediftherewereawayIcouldsplitmyownmindlikethat,beinoneplacebutletmymindhangoutwhereveritwanted.Sheslappedthependownonhernotebook,andwithoutevenapologizingfortheawkwardthreeorsominuteswedbeenrightnexttoeachotherbutnotspeaking,shesaid,Thankyouforstayingafterclass.Iseeyou'reeagertoknowwhatthisisabout.―Yes,Isaid.Itriedtokeepmybackstraight;Ifoundtryingtomaintaingoodposturemorepainfulthanjustslouching.Evenseatedonherhighstool,Iwasstilllookingupather.Isaid,Iseverythingokay?―Yes,ofcourse.Thankyouforasking.IfiguredthenthatIshouldstoptalkinglestIincriminatemyself,butshesmiledatmeandnoddedasifI'dkeptspeaking,asifIwassayingsomethingatthatverymoment.thelabsofar?―Iloveit,Iblurtedout.It'smyfavoriteclassthissemester.―Super!shesaid.That'ssuper.more.AfterafewadditionalsecondsofpainfulsilenceandsustainedeyeAreyouinterestedinbecomingaresearchscientist?IthoughtIwantedtobeadoctor,butthatdidn'tseemliketherightanswer.―Yes,Isaid.Iam.―Good,super.Becausethereissomethingyoushoulddothen,aprogram.It'sasummerpositionatourfieldlaboratoryoffthecoastofSantaBarbara,inCalifornia.Youwouldbeperfectforit.

11Inthepassage,amajorsourceoftensionforthenarratorisbetweenherartisticpursuitsandmedicalambitions.romanticidealsandpracticalconsiderations.childhooddreamsandadultresponsibilities.scientificaspirationsandpersonalinsecurities.22Whichchoicebestsupportstheideathatwhenthenarratorisinclass,sheisexpectedtopayattentiontodetails?Lines1-2("Iscanned...about")Lines2-5("HadIleft...closedcentrifuged")Lines5-9("Hadshe…Later")Lines9-12("I'dbeen...equipment")33Themainpurposeofthewords"elegant,""snug,"and"magical"inlines13-14istoemphasizethenarrator'sadmirationfortheequipment.determinationtosucceedatallcosts.satisfactionwithherchosencareer.attractiontoartinsteadofscience.44Aspresentedinthepassage,thenarratorissomeonewhosacrificesleisuretimewillinglytosecureherdreams.caresdeeplyaboutProfessorKaufmann'sopinionofher.readilydismissesthosewhoneglectimportantduties.findsitdifficulttointeractwithherpeers.5 858ThepassagemoststronglysuggeststhatProfessorKaufmann'semailreplyworriesthenarratorbecausethewordingoftheemailisuncharacteristicofProfessorKaufmann.ProfessorKaufmannadmitsthatshehadnotexpectedareply.theemailfailstoclarifywhyProfessorKaufmannwantstomeetwithher.ProfessorKaufmannrevealsthatshehaslittlerespectforthenarrator.66Whichchoicebestrepresentsthedifferentmeaningsof"good"asusedinline55,line60,andline72,respectively?Fortunate;acceptable;dependableProper;ample;therapeuticFavorable;full;correctAccurate:pure;healthy77Thenarratorassumesthat,comparedwithherself,ProfessorKaufmannismorecapableofperformingmultipletaskssimultaneously.patientinerestedinrecentdiscoveriesinbiology.confidentaboutthelong-termbenefitsofherresearch.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines37-39("Iwatched...kindness")Lines41-44("Isometimes...floor")Lines61-65("Herpen...wanted")85-88("After...scientist")99ThepassageindicatesthatearlyinherconversationwithProfessorKaufmann,thenarratordecidestostopspeakinginordertoavoidseeminginvolvedintoomanyextracurricularactivities.inarticulateinclassroomdiscussions.overlyattractedtononscientificsubjects.guiltyofsometypeofoffense.1010Inthecontextofthepassage,thelastparagraphprimarilyfunctionstounderscorethatProfessorKaufmanniskind.demonstratethatthenarrator'sapprehensionsareunfounded.downplaythatProfessorKaufmannisfrustrated.confirmthatthenarratorisoverlycritical.Questions11-20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThispassageisadaptedfromaspeechthatBenjaminFranklindeliveredtotheUnitedStatesConstitutionalConventionin1787.Therearetwopassionswhichhaveapowerfulinfluenceintheaffairsofmen.Theseareambitionandavarice;theloveofpowerandtheloveofmoney.Separately,eachofthesehasgreatforcein5promptingmentoaction;but,whenunitedinviewofthesameobject,theyhave,inmanyminds,themostviolenteffects.Placebeforetheeyesofsuchmenapostofhonor,thatshall,atthesametime,beaplaceofprofit,andtheywillmoveheavenand10earthtoobtainit.ThevastnumberofsuchplacesitisthatrenderstheBritishGovernmentsotempestuous.Thestrugglesforthemarethetruesourceofallthosefactionswhichareperpetuallydividingthenation,distractingitscouncils,15hurryingitsometimesintofruitlessandmischievouswars,andoftencompellingasubmissiontodishonorabletermsofpeace.Andofwhatkindarethementhatwillstriveforthisprofitablepre-eminence,throughallthebustle20ofcabal,theheatofcontention,theinfinitemutual20abuseofparties,tearingtopiecesthebestofcharacters?Itwillnotbethewiseandmoderate,theloversofpeaceandgoodorder,themenfittestforthetrust.Itwillbetheboldandtheviolent,themen25ofstrongpassionsandindefatigableactivityintheirselfishpursuits.Thesewillthrustthemselvesintoyourgovernment,andbeyourrulers.Andthese,too,willbemistakenintheexpectedhappinessoftheirsituation,fortheirvanquishedcompetitors,ofthe30samespirit,andfromthesamemotives,willperpetuallybeendeavoringtodistresstheiradministration,thwarttheirmeasures,andrenderthemodioustothepeople.Besidestheseevils,...thoughwemaysetoutin35thebeginningwithmoderatesalaries,weshallfindthatsuchwillnotbeoflongcontinuance.Reasonswillneverbewantingforproposedaugmentations;andtherewillalwaysbeapartyforgivingmoretotherulers,thattherulersmaybeable,inreturn,to40givemoretothem.Hence,asallhistoryinformsus,therehasbeenineverystateandkingdomaconstantkindofwarfarebetweenthegoverningandthegoverned;theonestrivingtoobtainmoreforits

support,andtheothertopayless.Andthishas45aloneoccasionedgreatconvulsions,actualcivilwars,endingeitherindethroningoftheprincesorenslavingofthepeople.Generally,indeed,therulingpowercarriesitspoint,andweseetherevenuesofprincesconstantlyincreasingandsee50thattheyareneversatisfied,butalwaysinwantofmore.Themorethepeoplearediscontentedwiththeoppressionoftaxes,thegreaterneedtheprincehasofmoneytodistributeamonghispartisans,andpaythetroopsthataretosuppressallresistance,55andenablehimtoplunderatpleasure.Thereisscarceakinginahundred,whowouldnot,ifhecould,followtheexampleofPharaoh,―getfirstallthepeople'smoney,thenalltheirlands,andthenmakethemandtheirchildrenservantsforever.It60willbesaidthatwedonotproposetoestablishkings,Iknowit.Butthereisanaturalinclinationinmankindtokinglygovernment.Itsometimesrelievesthemfromaristocraticdomination.Theyhadratherhaveonetyrantthanfivehundred.It65givesmoreoftheappearanceofequalityamongcitizens;andthattheyappearanceofequalityamongcitizens:andthattheylike.Iamapprehensive,therefore,―perhapstooapprehensive,―thatthegovernmentoftheseStates70may,infuturetimes,endinamonarchy.Butthiscatastrophe,Ithink,maybelongdelayed,ifinourproposedsystemwedonotsowtheseedsofcontention,faction,andtumult,bymakingourpostsofhonorplacesofprofit.1111Themainpurposeofthepassageistosupporttheestablishmentofademocraticgovernment.cautionagainstovercompensatinggovernmentofficialsproposelimitationstoexecutiveauthorityintheUnitedStates.expressregretoverhumanity'spropensitytowardautocraticrule.1212Asusedinline2,cedures.controversies.activities.13 161316Asusedinline7,"effect"mostnearlymeansimpact.appearance.advantage.meaning.1414AccordingtoFranklin,thecontinuousunrestinBritainisultimatelyduetothelossofrevenuepetitionforthenumerouspostsinthegovernment.tensionsbetweenthedifferentbranchesofthegovernment.battlesbetweenthelocalrulingcouncils.

Inthepassage,Franklinarguesthatprofitablepositionsingovernmentarelikelytoattractindividualswhoareprimarilyshrewdjudgesoftheirpoliticalopponents.strongadvocatesoftheruleoflaw.abletoleadunderadverseconditions.relentlesslydeterminedtoachievetheirgoals.1717Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Andof...characters")Lines21-23("Itwillnot...trust")Lines23-26("Itwillbe...rulers")Lines26-28("Andthese...situation")15 181518Themainpurposeofthesecondparagraph(lines17-32)istocharacterizethosewhoseekpowerandmoneyingovernmentposts.examinethecorruptinginfluenceofmoneyonanation'smostupstandingleaders.describehowcitizens'trustisaffectedbythedecisionsofselfishrulers.detailtheroutesbywhichself-interestedindividualstypicallyascendtopower.

Franklinimpliesthatcitizenshaveactivelyopposedthegovernmentinthosesituationsinwhichtheywerecaughtbetweenaggressiverulersandthoserulers'rivals.forcedtofightinwarsforwhichtheywereillprepared.burdenedwithtaxesthatenrichedthegoverningpower.ruledbyleaderswholackedsufficientauthority.19 201920Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines12-16("Thestruggles...peace")Lines50-54("Themore...pleasure")Lines54-58("Thereis...forever")Lines59-61("Butthere…government")

AccordingtoFranklin,peoplepreferbeinggovernedbyamonarchtobeinggovernedbyanaristocracybecausetheruleofasingleleadercreatestheimpressionofbroadsocialequality.amonarchhaslessimpactonmostcitizens'livesthanaristocratsdo.aristocratsarethesourceofmostconflictbetweencitizensandtheirgovernments.monarchyisamorefamiliarformofgovernmentthanaristocraticruleis.Questions21-31arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.ThepassageandaccompanyingfigureareadaptedfromRichardDawkins.TheGreatestShowonEarth:TheEvidenceforEvolution.?2009byRichardDawkins.TherearetwosmallisletsofftheCroatiancoastcalledPodKopisteandPodMrcaru.In1971apopulationofcommonMediterraneanlizards,Podarcissicula,whichmainlyeatinsects,was5presentonPodKopistebuttherewerenoneonPodMrcaru.InthatyearexperimenterstransportedfivepairsofPodarcissiculafromPodKopisteandreleasedthemonPodMrcaru.Then,in2008,anothergroupofmainlyBelgianscientists,10associatedwithAnthonyHerrel,visitedtheislandstoseewhathadhappened.TheyfoundaflourishingpopulationoflizardsonPodMrcaru,whichDNAanalysisconfirmedwereindeedPodarcissicula.Thesearepresumedtohavedescendedfromthe15originalfivepairsthatweretransported.Herrelandhiscolleaguesmadeobservationsonthedescendantsofthetransportedlizards,andcomparedthemwithlizardslivingontheoriginalancestralisland.Thereweremarkeddifferences.20Thescientistsmadetheprobablyjustifiedassumptionthatthelizardsontheancestralisland,PodKopiste,wereunchangedrepresentativesoftheancestrallizardsofthirty-sixyearsbefore.Inotherwords,theypresumedtheywerecomparingthe25evolvedlizardsofPodMrcaruwiththeirunevolved'ancestors'(meaningtheircontemporariesbutofancestraltype)onPodKopiste.Evenifthispresumptioniswrong―evenif,forexample,thelizardsofPodKopistehavebeenevolvingjustas30fastasthelizardsofPodMrcaru―wearestillobservingevolutionarydivergenceinnature,overatimescaleofdecades:thesortoftimescalethathumanscanobservewithinonelifetime.Andwhatwerethedifferencesbetweenthetwo35islandpopulations,differencesthathadtakenamerethirty-sevenyearsorsotoevolve?Well,thePodMrcarulizards―the'evolved'population―hadsignificantlylargerheadsthanthe'original'PodKopistepopulation:longer,wider,andtallerheads.intoamarkedlygreaterbiteforce.Achangeofthiskindtypicallygoeswithashifttoamorevegetariandietand,sureenough,thelizards

ofPodMrcarueatsignificantlymoreplantmaterialthanthe'ancestral'typeonPodKopiste.Fromthe45almostexclusivedietofinsectsstillenjoyedbythemodernPodKopistepopulation,thelizardsonPodMrcaruhadshiftedtoalargelyvegetariandiet,especiallyinsummer.Whywouldananimalneedastrongerbitewhen50shiftingtoavegetariandiet?Becauseplant,butnotanimal,cellshavewallsstiffenedbycellulose.Herbivorousmammalslikehorses,cattle,andelephantshavegreatmillstone-liketeethforgrindingcellulose,quitedifferentfromtheshearing55teethofcarnivoresandtheneedlyteethofAndtheyhavemassivejawmuscles,andcorrespondinglyrobustskullsforthemuscleattachments(thinkofthestoutmidlinecrestalongthetopofagorilla'sskull).Vegetariansalsohavepeculiaritiesofthegut.Animalsgenerallycan'tdigestcellulosewithouttheaidofbacteriaorothermicroorganisms,andmanyvertebratessetasideablindalleyinthegutcalledthecaecum,whichhousessuchbacteriaandactsas65afermentationchamber.Thecaecum,andotherpartsofthegut,canbecomequiteelaborateinspecialistherbivores.Carnivoresusuallyhavesimplergutsthanherbivores,andsmallertoo.Amongthecomplicationsthatbecomeinsertedin70herbivoregutsarethingscalledcaecalvalves.Valvesareincompletepartitions,sometimesmuscular,whichcanservetoregulateorslowdowntheflowofmaterialthroughthegut,orsimplyincreasethesurfaceareaoftheinteriorofthe75caecum.Nowthefascinatingthingisthat,althoughcaecalvalvesdon'tnormallyoccurinPodarcissiculaandarerareinthefamilytowhichitbelongs,thosevalveshaveactuallystartedtoevolveinthepopulationofP.siculaonPodMrcaru,the80populationthathas,foronlythepastthirty-sevenyears,beenevolvingtowardsherbivory.TheinvestigatorsdiscoveredotherevolutionarychangesinthelizardsofPodMrcaru.Thepopulationdensityincreased,andthelizardsceasedtodefend85territoriesinthewaythatthe'ancestral'populationonPodKopistedid.Ishouldrepeatthattheonlythingthatisreallyexceptionalaboutthiswholestory,andthereasonIamtellingithere,isthatitallhappenedsoextremelyrapidly,inamatterofafew90decades:evolutionbeforeourveryeyes.22222121Themainpurposeofthepassageistoillustratethephysicalchangesthathaveparetheenvironmentsoflizardslivingontwonearbyislets.presentanexampleofevolutioninlizardsoccurringoverarelativelyshortperiodoftime.analyzetheresultsoftwodifferentscientificstudiesaboutlizardevolution.

Basedonthepassage,Herrelandhiscolleagues'presumptionthatthelizardsonPodMrcaruweredescendedfromthefivepairstheearlierscientistsreleaseddependedonidentifyingthelizardsasPodarcissiculaandassumingthatthespecieswasabsentfromPodMrcaruuntil1971.determiningthatthephysicalcharacteristicsobservedinthelizardsonPodMrcaruwerealsofoundinsomeindividualsonPodKopiste.usingDNAanalysistodeterminefamilyrelationshipsbetweenlizardsonPodMrcaruandthoseonPodKopiste.eliminatingthepossibilitythatanylizardsotherthanPodarcissiculacouldhavebecomeestablishedonPodMrcarusince1971.2323Asusedinlines14and18,"original"mostnearlymeansinnovative.standard.initial.resourceful.2424WhichchoicebestsupportstheconclusionthatthelizardsonPodMrcarushowedevolutionarychangesotherthanthosedirectlyrelatedtochewinganddigestingplantmatter?Lines19-22("Thescientists...before")Kopiste")Lines51-54("Herbivorous...insectivores")Lines80-83("Thepopulation...did")25 282528Basedonthepassage,howmightthescientistshavejustifiablyrespondedtoachallengetotheirassumptiondescribedinlines19-22?ByconcedingthatfurtherstudiesneededtobeundertakeninordertoconfirmtheevolutionarystatusofthePodKopistelizardsBysuggestingthatthePodKopistelizardshavelessincommonwiththelizardsonPodMrcaruthanhadpreviouslybeenassumedByreplyingthatthereissufficientprooftosupportthecontentionthatthePodKopistelizardsevolvedmuchlessrapidlythanthePodMrcarulizardsByarguingthatthespecificevolutionofthePodKopistelizardsisultimatelynotrelevanttothemostimportantimplicationsofthestudy2626Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines11-13("Theyfound...Podarcissicula")Lines15-18("Herrel...island")Lines23-26("Inother...Podkopiste")Lines26-32("Evenif...lifetime")

Themainpurposeoftheparentheticalstatementincludedinlines56-57istoillustratethestrengthandagilityofPodMrcarulizardscomparedwiththatofvideananalogytoilluminateastructuraldetailoftheheadofPodMrcarulizards.offeracontrastbetweenPodMrcarulizardsandspeciesofanimalsfoundinotherhabitats.demonstratetheuniquenatureofthephysicalshapeofPodMrcarulizards.2929Accordingtothegraph,insectscomposewhatapproximateproportionoftotalfoodmassofthelizards'summerdietonPodKopiste?A)0.05B)0.40C)0.60D)0.952727Asusedinline56,"robust"mostnearlymeanssturdy.versatile.rough.vigorous.30 313031Whichstatementcomparingthesummerdietsofthelizardsonthetwoisletsisbestsupportedbythegraph?TheamountofplantmatterconsumedbythelizardsofPodMrcaruincreasedmoregraduallythantheamountofplantmatterconsumedbythelizardsofPodKopiste.TheproportionoftotalfoodmassderivedfromplantmatteronPodKopisteisgenerallyequaltotheproportionoftotalfoodmassderivedfrominsectsonPodMrcaru.TheproportionoffoodmassthatisneitherplantmatternorinsectsisroughlyequivalentforthelizardofPodKopisteandthelizardsofPodMrcaru.ThetotalmassofinsectsconsumedbythelizardsofPodKopistehasincreasedmorethanhasthemassofinsectsconsumedbyPodMrcarulizards.

Basedonthepassage,whichchoicebestidentifiesalikelydifferencebetweenthegraphandahypotheticalgraphprovidingdataaboutthelizards'winterdietthatmeasuredthesamethreedietarysources?ThegrayPodMrcarubarwouldbeshorter,andeitherorbothoftheremainingPodMrcarubarswouldbelonger.ThegrayPodKopistebarwouldbelonger,andeitherorbothoftheremainingPodKopistebarswouldbeshorter.ThewhitePodMrcarubarwouldbelonger,andtheblackPodMrcarubarwouldbeshorter.TheblackPodKopistebarwouldbeshorter,andthegrayandtheblackPodMrcarubarswouldbothbelonger.Questions32-42arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.isadaptedfromWrayHerbert,OnSecondThought:OutsmartingYourMind'sHabits.?2010byWrayHerbert.PrincetonpsychologistDanielOppenheimerandcolleagueAdamAlterbelievethatmanyoftheeconomicdecisionswemakehavelittletodowithobjectivevalue.Market5choiceshavemuchmoretodowiththebrain'sbasicinternalperceptionoftheworldandthewaythoseperceptionsshapeourfeelingsofcomfortandease.Inthisview,evencurrencyhasnoclearandabsolutevaluewithinonenationaleconomy.10Regardlessofthosenumbersonbillsandcoins,moneyderivesitstruevalueatleastinpartfromtheindividualmind.Inaseriesofexperiments,thesetwopsychologistshavebeenstudyingthemarketplacecuesthattriggerpsychologicalcomfort15ordiscomfort,andthusshapeusaseconomicbeings.Thebasicideaisthatit'shumannaturetogetanxiousandwarywhentheworldisstrangeormoreateasearoundthefamiliar20andcomprehensible.Butthecuesthatsignalustobeonguardinthemodernsocialworld―includingthefinancialworld―maynotbeobvious.Indeed,theymaybealmostundetectableattimes.It'sthesenuancedsignalsthatthepsychologistshavebeen25exploringinthelab.Here'sanexampleoftheirwork.OppenheimerandAlteraskedagroupofvolunteerstoestimatehowmuchofvariouscommoditiestheycouldbuywithadollar.Theywereordinarythingslikepaper30clipsandgumballsandpapernapkins.Someofthevolunteersweregivenaregularolddollarbill,withGeorgeWashingtononit,whileothersweregivenlessfamiliarcurrencyofthesamevalue:aSusanB.Anthony$1coin,forexample.Invariably,the35volunteersbelievedthatthefamiliarolddollarbillwasworthmore―thatithadmorebuyingpower―thantheunusualcurrency.That'snotlogical,ofcourse.Butitwasnota

fluke.Theygotthesameresultwhentheygave40somepeoplearare$2billandotherstwosingles.It'snotasthoughpeopleneverseea$2bill,anditdoeshaveThomasJeffersononit,afterall.Butjusttheslightunfamiliarityofthedenominationwasenoughtomakepeopledevalueit.Whywouldthis45be?OppenheimerandAlterbelievethisirrationalbehaviorisrootedinourmostfundamentalmentalprocesses:Theworldisfullofstimuliofvariouskinds,somemorefamiliarthanothers,andthebrainistunedtoprocessthefamiliaronesrapidly,50effortlessly,andintuitively.Thiscognitivestrategyisknownasthe"fluencyheuristic."Moredifficultoraliencuesrequiremorementalwork,moreploddingdeliberation;thebrainswitchestoitsmorecautiousandcalculatingstyletobeonthesafeside.55Weintuitivelyknowthatfamiliar$1billsarevaluableitems,butthedollarcoinisanunknowncommodity―andthedifferenceshowsjusthowharditisforustoknow"thevalueofadollar."Thisishumblingtoknow.Butthere'smore.The60psychologistswantedtoseeifthesamecognitivebentshapesourperceptionsandattitudestowardgoodsthemselves,andtheydecidedtousetypefacemanipulationtofindout.Inthisexperiment,theygaveeveryonethesamecurrency―thefamiliar65dollarbill―buttheymadethecommoditiesmoreorlessaccessible.Someofthe"consumers"purchasedthegumballsandpaperclipsfromaformthatwasprintedinaclearblackfont,whileothershadtoselectfromaformprintedindifficult-to-readgray70script―basicallythesamemanipulationdescribedbefore.Theideawastomakethestrangenessassubtleaspossibletoreduceittobasicperception.Evenatthismostfundamentallevel,thedifferencesshapedeconomicjudgment:volunteersinthestudy75consistentlyratedidenticalgoodsaslessvaluablewhentheycameinanunfamiliar,cognitivelychallengingform.3232fromAdamL.AlterandDanielM.Oppenheimer,"EasyontheMind,EasyontheWallet:TheRolesofFamiliarityandProcessingFluencyinValuationJudgments.?2008byPsychonomicSociety,Inc.

Themainideaofthepassageisthatevenrelativelysophisticatedconsumerscanbemanipulatedpsychologically.marketplacedecisionscanbeinfluencedbyIndividuals'senseofpsychologicaldiscomfort.theperceivedvalueofanycurrencyvariessignificantlybasedonthematerialwithwhichitismade.certainunfamiliarstimulihavelittleeffectontheabilityofaconsumertomakerationaldecisions.3333Asusedinline6,"basic"mostnearlymeansfundamental.indispensable.undeveloped.simple.3434Asusedinline9,"absolute"mostnearlymeansdefinitive.arbitrary.perfect.positive.3535Asusedinlines30and34,"old"mostmonplace.antiquated.long-standing.36 403640Theauthorimpliesthattheimageofarespectedhistoricalfigurewouldbeexpectedtoreinforcethecredibilityofcurrencythatisencounteredinfrequently.makeaparticulardenominationofcurrencyseemmorevaluablethanitreallyis.inspireconfidenceinthefinancialsystemthatusesthatcurrency.reassureusersofpapermoneythatitisaslegitimateascoinsmadeofpreciousmetals.

Whichchoicebestdescribesthefunctionofthelastparagraph?Itattemptstoclarifycertaincomplexproblems.Itsuggeststhatcertainfindingsmayneedqualification.Itsupportsandexpandsontheprecedingdiscussion.Itproposesanewinterpretationofexistingdata.37 413741Whichchoiceprovidesthebeste