高英 logic fallacy 八大邏輯謬誤

1、.1Logical Fallacies 錯誤的推理錯誤的推理11-1BS 彭秀秀.2Eight Types of FallacyDicto simpliciter 絕對判斷Hasty generalization 草率結(jié)論P(yáng)ost hoc 牽強(qiáng)附會.3Contradictory premises 矛盾前提Ad misericordiam 文不對題False analogy 錯誤類比Hypothesis contrary to fact 與事實相反的假設(shè)Poisoning the well 井下放毒.4Dicto simpliciter 絕對判斷Exercise is good，so every

2、body should exercise.No!.5Dicto simpliciter 絕對判斷Exercise is good，so everybody should exercise.No!It means an argument based on an unqualified generalization. 即將普遍規(guī)則運(yùn)用于有特殊情況發(fā)生即將普遍規(guī)則運(yùn)用于有特殊情況發(fā)生的個別情形之中。的個別情形之中。.6Hasty generalization 草率結(jié)論Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are th

3、ieves.No!.7Hasty generalization 草率結(jié)論Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves.No! It applies a special case to general rule.由個別情形來推斷普遍規(guī)則由個別情形來推斷普遍規(guī)則.8Post hoc 牽強(qiáng)附會McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to

4、 provide us with nutritious foods.No!.9Post hoc 牽強(qiáng)附會McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.No!The cause has no connection with the result.原因和結(jié)果沒有必然聯(lián)系原因和結(jié)果沒有必然聯(lián)系.10He decided to give up all his decisi

5、ons.No!Contradictory premises 矛盾前提When the premises of an argument contradicteach other, there can be no argument. 當(dāng)論證的前提相互矛盾時，這立論便不能成立。當(dāng)論證的前提相互矛盾時，這立論便不能成立。.11We hope youll accept our recommendations. We spent the last three months working extra time on it. No!The answer has no connection with the

6、question.Ad misericordiam 文不對題.12Young children are like flowers-flowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.No!Making an analogy between different things.False analogy 錯誤類比.13No!rawing any supportable conclusion from a hyperthesis that

7、is not ture.Hypothesis contrary to fact 與事實相反的假設(shè).14.Poisoning the well 井下放毒My opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say.No!.15.Poisoning the well 井下放毒My opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say.No!Poisoning the Well, or speaking “against the man” rather than the issue , in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds s