被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)滴完整PPT課件

1、獨(dú)特的具體要求主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞要求練習(xí)練習(xí)主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義第1頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)1.1.當(dāng)不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用當(dāng)不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用by 短語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)。 ( (只是告訴老只是告訴老師杯子壞了，不知是誰(shuí)弄壞的，或不想說(shuō)出誰(shuí)弄壞的師杯子壞了，不知是誰(shuí)弄壞的，或不想說(shuō)出誰(shuí)弄壞的) )。 2.2.突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用by 短語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)。 3.3.當(dāng)漢語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)既不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，這時(shí)常用當(dāng)漢語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)既不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行

2、者，也不是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，這時(shí)常用in + + 名詞作狀語(yǔ)，而代替名詞作狀語(yǔ)，而代替 by 短語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)。 第2頁(yè)/共42頁(yè) 主要體現(xiàn)在主要體現(xiàn)在bebe的變化上，其形式與系動(dòng)詞的變化上，其形式與系動(dòng)詞bebe的變化形式完全一樣。以的變化形式完全一樣。以為例，列為例，列表如下：表如下： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am / is / are + given am / is / are + given 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：一般過(guò)去時(shí)：was / were +given was / were +given 一般將來(lái)時(shí)：一般將來(lái)時(shí)：shall / will +be+ given shall / will +be+

3、 given 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am / is / are + being + givenam / is / are + being + given 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have / has + been + givenhave / has + been + given 過(guò)去完成時(shí)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)：had + been + given had + been + given 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：was / were + being + givenwas / were + being + given 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)： should / would +be+ givenshould

4、 / would +be+ given 將來(lái)完成時(shí)：將來(lái)完成時(shí)：shall / will + have been + givenshall / will + have been + given 過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) 完 成 時(shí) ：過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) 完 成 時(shí) ：s h o u l d / w o u l d + h a v e b e e n + g i v e ns h o u l d / w o u l d + h a v e b e e n + g i v e n can/could + be done can/could + be done 第3頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： People g

5、row rice in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 2. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)： They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. 第4頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)3. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)： They will send cars abroad by sea. They will give plen

6、ty of jobs to school-leavers. 4. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)： The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. 第5頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： The radio is broadcasting English lessons. We are painting the rooms. 6. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)： Why didnt they drive the

7、re on time? Because the workers were mending the road. This time last year we were planting trees here. 7. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： Someone has told me We have brought down the price. 第6頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)8. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)： When I got to the theatre, I found The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; 第7頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)9. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：含

8、有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be+ 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 You must hand in your compositions after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. 第8頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)（1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ) I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party. 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)

9、 謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)（2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. 返回第9頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第10頁(yè)/共42頁(yè) 被動(dòng)句中，動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者一般不表示，如表示，被動(dòng)句中，動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者一般不表示，如表示，則用則用 by sbby sb. .短語(yǔ)，而短語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)，而短語(yǔ) with sth.with sth. 一般表示一般表示“用用某種材料或工具某種材料或工具”等。等。Eg. This picture is being

10、 painted by Tom. The hall is filled with smoke.有時(shí)同一個(gè)句子，用不同短語(yǔ)含義不同有時(shí)同一個(gè)句子，用不同短語(yǔ)含義不同,如：如：He was killed by a stone. 他被石頭砸死了。（可能是山上滾下來(lái)的石頭。）他被石頭砸死了。（可能是山上滾下來(lái)的石頭。） He was killed with a stone. 他被石頭砸死了。他被石頭砸死了。 （可能是別人用石頭砸的。）（可能是別人用石頭砸的。）第11頁(yè)/共42頁(yè) 4.主動(dòng)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)，句子的種類(lèi)不變。 Eg. Can you tell me the story?Can the story

11、be told to me? 第12頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)6 6、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)：、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)：Eg. The desk was broken by Bob. 被動(dòng)動(dòng)作被動(dòng)動(dòng)作The desk was broken.主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)或特征，包括主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)或特征，包括get+V.ed是是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。系表結(jié)構(gòu)。7 7、不管何種句子，只要能變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)部分，、不管何種句子，只要能變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)部分，都要變成被動(dòng)形式。都要變成被動(dòng)形式。Eg. We can turn ice into water if we heat it.Ice can be turned into water if it is

12、 heated.第13頁(yè)/共42頁(yè) 二、帶雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，要考慮意義把間賓轉(zhuǎn)為主語(yǔ)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)，一般變間接賓語(yǔ)為主語(yǔ)時(shí)比較多。 Eg. He gave me his card.I was given his card.His card was given to me.He bought her a skirt.A skirt was bought for her. My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接賓語(yǔ)(指物)改為主語(yǔ)

13、，則在間接賓語(yǔ)(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說(shuō)： A present was given to me yesterday. 第14頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，常在間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞 to，如： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。 The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，間接賓語(yǔ)前用介詞 for, 如： build, buy, cook,

14、cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. ) The meat was cooked for us. Some country music was played for us. 有些既不用to 也不用for, 根據(jù)動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系。 He asked me a question. (A question was asked of me. ) People al

15、l over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短語(yǔ)) 第15頁(yè)/共42頁(yè) 三、帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)三、帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)+ 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ))的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語(yǔ)改為主語(yǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面。語(yǔ)保留在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面。 We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. She

16、told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions. 在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后都帶to，這時(shí)不定式為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，也就是說(shuō)不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)不存在省略to 的問(wèn)題。 We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar.第16頁(yè)/共42頁(yè) 注意2：帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)

17、的句子，如果賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)是名詞，變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，應(yīng)將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，不要誤把賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的名詞作主語(yǔ)。如： Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and 誤：Love apples were called them. 正：They were called love apples. 第17頁(yè)/共42頁(yè) 四、四、 由動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞+ 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要把介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，介詞它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開(kāi)或漏掉。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：或副詞不可拆開(kāi)或漏掉。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有： agree to

18、, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。 第18頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。 第19頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)構(gòu)成，變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式，如下： 1) We take good care of the books. 2)

19、 You must pay attention to your pronunciation. 用于這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, catch hold of, give advice on, take pride in, get rid of，take notice of, keep an eye on 等。第20頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)五、祈使句主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)，使用五、祈使句主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)，使用 let,allow.let,allow.Eg.

20、 Dont close the door.Let the door not be closed.Allow the door not to be closed.返回第21頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)1、當(dāng)主動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody, 作by的賓語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如： Nobody can answer this question. 誤：The question can be answered by nobody. 正： 獨(dú)特的具體要求2、當(dāng)否定句中的賓語(yǔ)是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時(shí)，

21、在被動(dòng)句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語(yǔ)，并將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 誤：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.第22頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)3、以 who, what, which 等開(kāi)頭做主語(yǔ)的特殊疑問(wèn)句，變被動(dòng)時(shí)要加上 by。By可放在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)后，也可和它們一起放在句首，但 who 為 whom。E

22、g. Who wrote this novel?Who was this novel written by?By whom was this novel written ?返回第23頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞要求：主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞要求：1、及物動(dòng)詞有被動(dòng)態(tài)，且seat, discourage, devote, raise 等及物動(dòng)詞必用被動(dòng)。Eg. He failed again, but he was not discouraged. He was devoted to his research work. The price has been raised. Please be seat

23、ed.第24頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)2、有些動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)態(tài)：have, cost, rise, have, cost, rise, fall, happen, take place, come about, fall, happen, take place, come about, break out, come into beingbreak out, come into being( 出現(xiàn)、成立、誕生，give outgive out（用完、失靈），go ongo on（穿得上、合適），go outgo out（熄滅、過(guò)時(shí)），lastlast（夠用、維持)， belong to, run out of,

24、 be belong to, run out of, be in sight (of)in sight (of) （看見(jiàn)），be out of sightbe out of sight（of of ）（看不見(jiàn)）。3 3、表示狀態(tài)的、表示狀態(tài)的 equal equal ( (等于），等于），fit fit （適（適合），合），hold (hold (容納），容納），mean mean ( (意味著），意味著），wish wish （希望）等（希望）等, ,也不用也不用被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。第25頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)4 4、當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞、當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞 leave, enter, reachleave, ente

25、r, reach 等的賓語(yǔ)是表等的賓語(yǔ)是表示地點(diǎn)、處所或組織的名詞時(shí)不用示地點(diǎn)、處所或組織的名詞時(shí)不用被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。5、當(dāng)動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)已組成一個(gè)不可分割的成語(yǔ)時(shí)，不不用用被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。Eg. keep ones word, make up ones mind, speak ones mind (說(shuō)出心里話(huà)），do ones best, take ones place（就座），lose heart, shake hands, keep watch（守望）， make a face .6 6、固定短語(yǔ)、固定短語(yǔ) be going to, have to, had betterbe goi

26、ng to, have to, had better 等，等，可視情態(tài)動(dòng)詞類(lèi)變化?？梢暻閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞類(lèi)變化。We have to finish our homework every day.Our homework has to be finished every day.第26頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)7. 有些動(dòng)詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和有些動(dòng)詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時(shí)，表示等副詞連用時(shí)，表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動(dòng)詞，用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)，這時(shí)不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，常見(jiàn)主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動(dòng)詞，用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)，這時(shí)不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，常見(jiàn)的有：的有：wri

27、te, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：等。如： The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。這布很好洗。 The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷(xiāo)。這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷(xiāo)。 The pen writes smoothly. 這支筆寫(xiě)字很流暢。這支筆寫(xiě)字很流暢。 對(duì)比：對(duì)比： The books sell well. (主動(dòng)句主動(dòng)句) The books were sold out. (被動(dòng)句被動(dòng)句) The meat didnt cook well. (主動(dòng)句主動(dòng)句) The meat was cooked for

28、a long time over low heat. (被動(dòng)句被動(dòng)句)返回第27頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第一，感官系動(dòng)詞一般用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 誤：It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 誤：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 誤：The pop music is sound

29、ed beautiful.第二，謂語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 誤：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand burned. 誤：Her hand was had burned.第28頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)第三，一些不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of,

30、 add up to等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building.第四，不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 誤：The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses rema

31、ined. 誤：After the earthquake, few houses were remained. 第五，賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語(yǔ)，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句子的主語(yǔ)，如： I taught myself English. 誤：Myself was taught English. We love each other. 誤：Each other is loved. 第29頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)九九. . 在漢語(yǔ)中，有一類(lèi)句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示。在漢語(yǔ)中，有一類(lèi)句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示。據(jù)說(shuō)It is said t

32、hat 據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo) It is reported that 據(jù)推測(cè) It is supposed that 希望It is hoped that 眾所周知It is well known that 普遍認(rèn)為It is generally considered that 有人建議It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.返回第30頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)有些情況下動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式

33、也可以表示被動(dòng)意義。有些情況下動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式也可以表示被動(dòng)意義。 一、表示“開(kāi)始”；“結(jié)束”類(lèi)的動(dòng)詞。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有begin, start, open, close, end, finish, stop等。例如： School begins in September. The stores in this area open later at weekends than at weekdays. 二、主語(yǔ)是物，謂語(yǔ)是表示主語(yǔ)特征或?qū)傩缘膭?dòng)詞。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有write, read, wear, wash, clean, sell, run, lock等。這些動(dòng)詞常與副詞或否定詞連用。例如：

34、 The machine runs well. This pen writes quite smoothly. The bookshelf hardly sells. 第31頁(yè)/共42頁(yè) 三、表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)特征的連系動(dòng)詞：look, feel, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear等。例如： Do you like the material? Yes, it _ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is feltCYour idea sounds reasonable. What he said proved

35、to be correct. 第32頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)四、動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義 1. 在need, require, want(需要)等動(dòng)詞后，表示某物(人)要進(jìn)行處理時(shí)，后接動(dòng)名詞一般式的主動(dòng)形式作賓語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)意義，相當(dāng)于不定式的被動(dòng)式。Youve come just in time to help us. Fine, what requires doing? (=Fine, what requires to be done?) This sentence needs _ . A. an improvement B. improve C. improving D. improvedC2. b

36、e worth 后接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)意義。 His suggestion is not worth considering. 第33頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)五、動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義 1. 不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)。例如： The next train to arrive was from New York. 2. 作定語(yǔ)的不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且句子的主語(yǔ)或間接賓語(yǔ)與該不定式有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)。 Please give me something to eat. ( (間接賓語(yǔ)間接賓語(yǔ)meme是是to eatto eat的邏輯主語(yǔ)的邏輯主

37、語(yǔ)) ) ( (主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)I I是是to doto do的邏輯主語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)) ) I have a lot of work to do today. 第34頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)3. 用在作表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的形容詞后面的不定式，如果與句子的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，一般用主動(dòng)形式。例如： His speech in English was difficult to follow. Do you think him easy to get along with?返回 第35頁(yè)/共42頁(yè) 1) How are you today? Oh, I _ as ill as I do now for a very l

38、ong time. A. didnt feel B. wasnt feeling C. dont feel D. havent felt. 2) Old Mc Donald gave up smoking for a while, but soon _ to his old ways. A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned 3) They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I _ a good drink. A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying第36頁(yè)/共42頁(yè)4) Tom _ into the house when no one_. A. slipped, was looking B. had slipped, looked C. slipped, had looked D. was slipping, looked 5) The pen I _ I _ is on my desk, right unde