語法名詞THE noun

1、Chapter TwoChapter TwoDefinition & classification of the nounNouns with dual class membership Plural forms of the nounCase of the nounPracticeDefinition of the noun A NOUN is the name of a person, place, or thing, some state, quality, or action etc. Classification of the noun 專有名詞 Proper n. 名詞 個

2、體名詞Individual Nouns: country, house, orange 可數(shù)名詞 集體名詞Collective Nouns: family, committee 普通名詞 Common n. 物質(zhì)名詞Material Nouns: water, cotton, air, tea 不可數(shù)名詞 抽象名詞Abstract Nouns: strength, love 張道真張道真實(shí)用英語語法實(shí)用英語語法Nouns with dual class membership雙重類別名詞雙重類別名詞 She was a beauty in her youth. (individual noun)

3、 She had great beauty in her youth. (abstract noun) Twenty youths attended the meeting. (individual noun) The youth of China have ideas. (collective noun) The storm did great damage to the crops. (abstract noun) The court ordered him to pay ￥10,000 damages to the person he had hurt. (individual noun

4、) Dont count the chickens before they are hatched. (individual noun) Do you like boiled chicken? (material noun) Thousands of Lei Fengs emerged in China after his death. (Proper nounindividual noun) She showed me much kindness/many kindnesses. (see Ex. II P30) 物質(zhì)名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示巨大的數(shù)物質(zhì)名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示巨大的數(shù)量或范

5、圍，且有文學(xué)色彩。如：量或范圍，且有文學(xué)色彩。如： For months they traveled through the sands of the Gobi. They sailed on the great waters. 江河 The high snows高原積雪 the Snows of Kilimanjaro Partitive noun / Unit noun 單位詞單位詞 單位詞是表示事物個體性的詞語。英語的單位詞是表示事物個體性的詞語。英語的可數(shù)名詞可與單位詞搭配表示可數(shù)名詞可與單位詞搭配表示“一群一群”、“一幫一幫”等意義；不可數(shù)名詞一般不可以個數(shù)等意義；不可數(shù)名詞一般不可

6、以個數(shù)計算，要表示這類名詞的個體性也得用單位計算，要表示這類名詞的個體性也得用單位詞。詞。 1. We bought a new _ of furniture.2. John pulled out a _ of grass from the garden.3. They havent had a _ of rain for at least 2 years.4. I need a _ of sugar for my coffee.5. Jackson pulled a _ of change from his pocket.6. There wasnt an _ of corn left in

7、 the vegetable garden.7. We saw a _ of lightning in the sky.9piecebladedroplumphandfulearflash表物體形狀的單位詞表物體形狀的單位詞na cake of soapna bar of chocolate/soapna blade of grassna stick of celery/incensenan ear of corn / barley/ millet(小米）/ wheatna flight of stairs / stepsna loaf of breadna sheet of paperna

8、slice of meat/bacon/breadna strip of clothna grain of rice/salt/sandna lump of sugarna head of cabbage/lettuce / garlic10表物品集合的單位詞表物品集合的單位詞na heap of ashes / books / bones / leavesna pile of bills / bricks / cushions / rubbishna bunch of flowers / grapes / keysna bundle of sticks / strawna cluster o

9、f flowers / islandsna series of films / lecturesna tuft of feathers / grass / hair / beardna collection of stampsna packet/pack of cigarettes11表人群的單位詞表人群的單位詞na crowd of people/studentsnan army of soldiersna band of musiciansna bench of judges / examinersna choir of singersna crew of sailorsna group

10、of childrenna party of guestsna staff of teachersna troupe of actorsna gang of hooligans / rascals / thieves / robbersna mob of rebelsna team of players12表動物群的單位詞表動物群的單位詞na litter of puppiesna brood of chickensna cluster of antsna flock of birds / sheepna swarm of ants/bees/waspsna pack of wolves/ho

11、undsna school of fish / whalesna bevy of larks (百靈鳥)na shoal of fish / shrimpsna herd of cattle / elephant13表長度、重量、容量、面積的單位詞表長度、重量、容量、面積的單位詞na(n) inch / foot / yard / meter of clothna(n) ounce / pound / gram / kilo / ton of flourna gallon / liter / pint / quart of oilna(n) acre / hectare of land14表容

12、器的單位詞表容器的單位詞na bottle of beer / milkna bowl of rice / soupna basket of eggs / fruitna sack of rice / sugarna glass of waterna pail / bucket of waterna barrel of brandy/powderna packet of biscuitsna jar of strawberry jamna lorry load/shipload/ trainload / truck load of coalna handful / mouthful / spo

13、onful of rice15表方式、狀態(tài)的單位詞表方式、狀態(tài)的單位詞na fit of anger / coughing / laughter / fever / temperna peal of applause / laughter / thunderna burst of laughter / applausena ray of hope / light / sunshinena flash of lightning / light / hopena display of courage / force / power / skill / fireworks16ExercisesnA

14、_ of cattlenA _ of whalesnA _ of antsnA _ of chickensnA _ of sandnA _ of envelopesnA _ of cigarnA choir of _nA gang of _nA cluster of _nA suite of _nA head of _nA piece of _nA library of _17Plural forms of the noun1. Introduction 樸實(shí)之中有一種美。 There is a beauty in simplicity. 許多牲畜在去年的大雪中死去。 Many animals

15、 died in last years heavy snows. 統(tǒng)治者掠奪了他們的勞動果實(shí)。 The rulers robbed them of the fruits of their toil. 我們來到十字路口。 We came to a crossroads. 這是達(dá)到目的的一種手段。 This is a means to an end. 引起這些謠言得怪傳媒。 The media is / are to blame for starting the rumors. 今天的青年比我們過去處境要好。 The youth of today is / are better off than

16、we used to be. 他是一個披著羊皮的狼。 He is a wolf in sheeps clothing. 他毫不猶豫的同意了。 He agreed without a moments hesitation. 布朗先生的那個太太老是抱怨。 That wife of Mr. Browns is constantly complaining. 2. The form of noun pluralsA: pronunciation: /s/ /z/ /iz/ /p, t, k, f/ 等清輔音后發(fā)/s/ cups, hats, cakes, roofs /s, z, $,d$/等濁輔音后

17、發(fā)/iz/ glasses, roses, brushes, matches 其他情況發(fā)/z/ days, beds 注意：在長元音，雙元音后，ths讀作.baths, paths 在短元音或輔音及字母rth后，ths讀作cloths, moths, berths職位, lengths 特殊：youth, truthB: Irregular plurals & Plurals of the compound nouns goose-geese鵝, ox-oxen公牛, louse-lice虱子, brethren教友 touch-me-nots鳳仙花, go-betweens, wom

18、an-haters, man-eaters runners-up, men-of-war軍艦, grants-in-aid撥款, comrades-in-arms men servants, women doctors 外來語復(fù)數(shù)外來語復(fù)數(shù) us-i /ai/ stimulus-stimuli; locus-loci地點(diǎn); alumnus-alumni男校友 a-ae /i :/ alumna-alumnae女校友; alga-algae海藻; larva-larvae幼蟲 uma /e/ curriculum-curricula課程; addendum-addenda附錄 bacterium

19、-bacteria, medium-media, datum-data is-es /i:z/ thesis-theses; diagnosis-diagnoses; basis-bases; analysis-analyses; on-a criterion-criteria, phenomenon-phenomena注意：注意：data, memoranda, media, criteria在通俗英語中有時做單數(shù)使用。 This data is collected from reliable sources. He took out a memoranda. C. 其他復(fù)數(shù)形式其他復(fù)數(shù)形式

20、 The 1980s / 1980s VIPs / VIPs Mind your ps and qs. There are two ls in the word all. I will not accept your ifs and buts. You use too many thiss in your theme. 3. 常用于復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞常用于復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞(1) “二合一復(fù)數(shù)”： 一是工具和儀器如：bellows, spectacles, scales, clippers, pliers, tongs； 二是服裝如trousers, pants, shorts, tights, sl

21、acks, pajamas, suspenders。二合一復(fù)數(shù)名詞要求謂語動詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。n This pair of scissors needs sharpening. nNailclippers are the basic life necessities. (2) 若干以-ings結(jié)尾的名詞。 Beginnings早期階段, bookings預(yù)購, savings儲蓄, lodgings租住的房間, doings行為, findings調(diào)查結(jié)果, winnings贏的錢, writings作品, earnings掙的錢. n This reminded her of her suffe

22、rings in the old society.n The sweepings have been disposed of. n The surroundings here are usually quiet. n Good tidings spread all over the land. n Her earnings are higher this year.25(3) contents目錄, arms, statistics統(tǒng)計資料, fireworks, remains殘余, thanks, assets, riches, ashes, valuables, particulars,

23、 greens, tropics, goods, brains頭腦, archives, eaves, minutes, suburbs, wages, crossroads等. n Are my valuables safe here? n Many troops/soldiers were sent overseas. n Riches have wings. 富貴無常。錢財易散。n They include silks and colored thread.n Please give my respects to the Chinese people.n She told him of

24、her hopes and fears.26(4) Cordillera, Peninsula, , Falls such as the Alps, the Balkans, the Niagara Falls.nThe Niagara Falls enjoy great fame in the world.nThe West Indies are commonly divided into two parts. nThe Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.nThe Straits of Gibralta

25、r have not lost their strategic importance. 27(5) 單復(fù)數(shù)同形,如: barracks營房, headquarters司令部, means方法, series系列, species種類, works工廠。動詞取決于這些名詞是用單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)。n The only means is to appeal to arms. n All means have been tried out. 28(6) people, police, cattle, poultry, livestock, vermin, gentry, militia等集體名詞應(yīng)使用復(fù)數(shù)

26、謂語動詞：n Our livestock are not as numerous as they used to be. (7) 集體名詞如audience, board, crew, committee, jury, faculty, flock, majority, government, team, class, company, enemy, family, public, firm, group, staff等，謂語動詞為單數(shù)時，在意義上把集體名詞看成一個整體；為復(fù)數(shù)時，指該集體的各個成員。n The committee were unanimous in their opinion

27、 that day. n The committee is made up of ten members. 29但是，但是，merchandise, machinery, foliage（葉子）（葉子）, furniture, vegetation, clothing, luggage等集體名詞表一類東西的總稱，常用作單數(shù)。常用作單數(shù)。n The merchandise has arrived undamaged. n Your luggage is overweight.304. 復(fù)數(shù)形式但常用于單數(shù)的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式但常用于單數(shù)的名詞(1) Unique things in the world

28、 such as the United States, the United Nations, the NetherlandsnThe United States has two official languages: English and Spanish.nThe United Nations has its headquarters located in New York.31(2) Subject ending with -ics is used as the singular form, but regarded as the plural form when it doesnt r

29、efer to a subject. mathematics, athletics, gymnastics, acoustics, optics, mechanics, statistics, linguistics, thermodynamics 熱力學(xué)n The economics of the country are pessimistic.n The acoustics of the hall are faultless.n His politics are rather conservative.32(3) news, summons 永遠(yuǎn)是單數(shù)。永遠(yuǎn)是單數(shù)。n News is tr

30、aveling fast nowadays.n A summons was issued.(4) 以以-s結(jié)尾的游戲名稱結(jié)尾的游戲名稱，如 billiards（臺球）, draughts（跳棋）, darts（投鏢）, marbles（打彈子）等，后接動詞單數(shù)。但cards（紙牌）除外。n Billiards is his favorite recreation. n Cards are not allowed here.33(5) 以以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱結(jié)尾的疾病名稱通常用作單數(shù)。 如bronchitis支氣管炎、mumps腮腺炎、tonsillitis扁桃體炎、arthritis關(guān)節(jié)炎、m

31、easles麻疹等。但有時做復(fù)數(shù)用。n Arthritis is a disease causing pain and swelling in the joints of the body. n Generally measles dont / doesnt occur in adulthood. 34Exercises1. 十年過去了，我發(fā)現(xiàn)他多了些白頭發(fā)。Ten years had elapsed. I found that he had a few white hairs.2. 這些害蟲對家禽非常有害。These vermin do great harm to poultry.3. 這個

32、柵欄被用作是御敵于城外的一種防護(hù)。The barrier was used as a means of protection which kept theenemy out of the town.4. 公眾被鼓勵發(fā)表對此事的看法。The public are invited to express their opinions about the affair.5. 多數(shù)人的看法是什么？What is the majoritys view? 35nDiabetes _ (be) a common disease.nBilliards _ (be) a good indoor game.nThe

33、 Himalayas _ (lie) on the west boundary of China.nMathematics _ (be) the base of all other sciences.nThe acoustics of the hall _ (be) excellent.nThe scales _ (do) not work accurately.nBacteria of the harmful kind _ (cause) diseases.36isislieisaredocausenThe committee _ (have) not agreed on a plan.nH

34、e joined the party (which is, who was, who were) in power.nHe joined the party (which is, who was, who were) walking before him.nHer earnings _ (be) soon spent.n(Much, Many) machinery _ (need) repairing.nThe police _ (be) controlling the crowds.37havewereneedsareCase of the nounn格是一種語法范疇，它是表示名詞或代詞與句

35、中其他詞之間意義關(guān)系的形式?，F(xiàn)代英語名詞有兩個格：通格common case和屬格genitive case/the possessive case。當(dāng)名詞在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或補(bǔ)語時，名詞詞形無變化，采取通格形式。當(dāng)名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系時，名詞采用屬格形式。屬格又分為兩種：s屬格和of屬格。381. Forms (1) an hour and a halfs talk, a week or sos break, the Presidents office, the editors-in-chiefs office his mother-in-laws interference(2) the

36、 birds nest, wolves fierce, a workers rest-room 工人療養(yǎng)院(3) the Working Peoples Palace of Culture 勞動人民文化宮 The oxens horn (4) Dickens / Dickenss novels392. Uses Living things or beings n There you can get a birds eye view of the city. Lifeless thingsn todays Peoples Dailyn without a moments hesitationn

37、He reaffirmed his governments policy of opposing hegemonism.n After that they had a good nights sleep. 40 Idiomatic expressionsnNational Day is coming. Lets play to our hearts content.nHe escaped the danger by a hairs breadth.nHe has bought a pair of new shoes and he has been wearing it for ten year

38、s. So he has really got his moneys worth.nLadies! Keep the strangers at arms length. nIts only within a stones throw from the teachers office to the classroom.41nOut of harms way不要受損害nat ones wits end, nin ones minds eye 在某人心目中nhave sth. at ones fingers end 熟練掌握nfor goodness sake nFor s sake 類習(xí)語類習(xí)語

39、如果起修飾作用的名詞以/s/結(jié)尾，則加，有時甚至省略。如nFor fairness sake, for conscience sake, for convenience sake42n如果起修飾作用的名詞不以/s/結(jié)尾，則加s。如nThey did this only for friendships sake.n In my minds eye, I can still see his kind face.nThe two groups were at swords points. (Unfriendly)nNow you may sing to your hearts content.nFi

40、nally he found himself at the waters edge.nThe beach is within a stones throw. 433. Functions (1) 所有關(guān)系所有關(guān)系 possessive genitive nThe earths gravity=The earth has gravity. =the gravity of the earth(2) 主謂關(guān)系主謂關(guān)系 subjective genitivenHis parents consent= His parents consented. =the consent of his parents

41、nThe visitors arrival= The visitors arrived. nThe oceans roar= The ocean roared. (3) 動賓關(guān)系動賓關(guān)系 objective genitivenThe boys release= released the boy. =the release of the boynThe enemys defeat=defeat the enemy. 44(4) 表示來源表示來源genitive of origin nThe girls story=The girl told the story. =the story of th

42、e girlnThe generals poem=The general wrote the poem. (5) 表示類別表示類別 descriptive genitivenA womens college= a college for womennChildrens books=books for children nA summers day=a day in summernA doctors degree (6) 表示度量表示度量genitive of measure nTen days absence=The absence lasted for ten days. =an absen

43、ce of ten days one dollars value454. of屬格與屬格與s屬格屬格 s屬格多用于表示有生命的東西。屬格多用于表示有生命的東西。of屬格多用于表示屬格多用于表示無生命的東西。無生命的東西。nthe ladys car, the roof of his house但有時無生命的亦可以用但有時無生命的亦可以用s屬格，如地理名詞，表示時屬格，如地理名詞，表示時間、位置的名詞等。間、位置的名詞等。nThe worlds economy=the economy of the world, nlast years profit = the profit for last y

44、ear但是：todays newspaper今天的報紙; the newspaper of today 當(dāng)今的報紙46 the + adj./participle表示一類人，只能用表示一類人，只能用of屬格。屬格。nthe struggle of the exploited, the livelihood of the poor of屬格表示動賓關(guān)系，屬格表示動賓關(guān)系，s屬格表示主謂關(guān)系。屬格表示主謂關(guān)系。n the familys support n the examination of the fire department 檢查消防部門注意：The proposal obtained m

45、uch familys support. 主謂 He refused to pay his familys support. 動賓有些含有主謂關(guān)系的of結(jié)構(gòu)，不能用s屬格來代替。如n The joy of his return= His return gives joy. n An angel of a girl= The girl is an angel. n He is a girl of a boy. 女孩似的男孩。47 of 結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇結(jié)構(gòu)的選擇當(dāng)修飾語有后置修飾語時，用當(dāng)修飾語有后置修飾語時，用of屬格。屬格。n Have you read the articles of the s

46、tudents who were with us at the rally yesterday? 當(dāng)修飾語后面有一個同位語時，用當(dāng)修飾語后面有一個同位語時，用of屬格。屬格。nThe arrival of his daughter, a student of German當(dāng)被修飾語后面有一個同位語時，用當(dāng)被修飾語后面有一個同位語時，用s屬格。屬格。nThe monitors brother, a PLA man, was here this morning. 當(dāng)修飾語是比較長的并列成分時，用當(dāng)修飾語是比較長的并列成分時，用of屬格。屬格。nThe arrival of his daughter

47、 and his German friend n? His daughter and his German friends arrival485. Double genitive 兼用兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的后置修飾語。兼用兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的后置修飾語。of + possessive case Partitive meaning n a friend of my fathersn Mrs. Browns daughter 暗示只有一個女兒n a daughter of Mrs. Browns 暗示不是唯一的女兒49Emotional forcen That silly uncle of yours had told

48、 me the same joke five times.n That little daughter of your uncles is really a dear.n I really hate that pride of Marys.比較：a picture / portrait / printing / photograph / statue of my uncles a picture of my uncle50后置修飾語必須是限定的，指人的。被修飾的中心后置修飾語必須是限定的，指人的。被修飾的中心詞是非限定的。詞是非限定的。n? an opera of a composers n?

49、 The daughter of Mrs. Browns has come. n? The friend of the doctors n? The friend of a doctors n? A friend of a doctors nA friend of the doctors 但是：當(dāng)?shù)诙€名詞后有關(guān)系從句修飾時亦可。如nthe friends of Bobs who were here last night51 雙重屬格所修飾的中心詞可和雙重屬格所修飾的中心詞可和a, any, some, this, these, every, such, no, which, two 連用連用

50、 n three novels of Lu Xunsn any daughter of Mrs. Greensn some inventions of Edisons當(dāng)被修飾的名詞是criticism, opinion, judgment, condemnation，帶有動詞含義。雙重屬格表示主謂關(guān)系，of 屬格表示動賓或同位關(guān)系ncriticism of Toms criticism of Tom 湯姆提出的批評 對湯姆的批評nA bone of the dogs a bone of the dog 一根狗吃的骨頭 一根狗骨頭52nJohn is one of my friends. Joh

51、n is a friend of mine. nOne of Doctor Blacks patients has died. A patient of Doctor Blacks has died.nThose new shoes, I mean yours, look very smart. Those new shoes of yours look very smart.nThis is Pro. Greens secretary. (No change.)nThat is a tale told by an idiot. (No change.)nThese exercises you

52、 set are quite easy. These exercises of yours are quite easy.53HomeworknPut as many nouns in the following sentences as possible into plural forms. Make other changes if necessary.1. A crisis often occurs in the best regulated family.2. Another criterion is needed in analyzing this phenomenon.3. The

53、 anonymous workman was the real hero on the campus.4. The runner-up was given a pound note.5. The skeleton found in the lower stratum was taken at once to the museum.54nError correction 1. Each man and each woman have to consider how to react to sudden emergency.2. Individuals exposed to loud noise for long intervals may suffer te