高考閱讀＿＿題型探究(主旨大意題＼細節(jié)題＼推理判斷

1、高考閱讀理解題型探究臼探究點一細節(jié)理解題臼1題型特點與命題方式臼所謂細節(jié)題，是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括直接理解題(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提問。)、語義轉(zhuǎn)化題(需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表達上的差異，有時需要進行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論)、數(shù)字計算題、排列順序題、圖表圖畫題等臼抓住文段中的事實和細節(jié)是做好該題型的關(guān)鍵，也是做好其他類型問題的基礎(chǔ)。這類題型的題干常為：臼 when / where did the story happen?臼 which o

2、f the following statements is (not) correct?臼 which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?臼 which is the right order of the events given in the passage?臼 all the statements are true except臼該題型幾乎都可以在文章中直接找到與答案有關(guān)的信息，或是其變體。所以，搜查信息在閱讀中非常重要，它包括理解作者在敘述某事時使用的具體事實、數(shù)據(jù)、圖表等細節(jié)信息。在一篇短文里大部

3、分篇幅都屬于這類圍繞主體展開的細節(jié)。做這類題一般采用尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問題快速閱讀短文，找出與問題有關(guān)的詞語或句子，再對相關(guān)部分進行分析對比，找出答案。臼 2解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧 臼 細節(jié)題是針對文中某個細節(jié)、某句話或某部分具體內(nèi)容設(shè)置問題，正確答案的根據(jù)一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改寫往往成為正確選項。臼通常細節(jié)題的正確選項有以下特征：臼 (1)對原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進行替換。把原文中的一些詞換成意義相近的詞，成為正確選項。臼 (2)詞性或者語態(tài)的變化。把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，或者改變原文句子的語態(tài)，給考生制造障礙。臼 (3)語言簡化。把原文中的復(fù)雜語言現(xiàn)象進行簡化，成為正確答案

4、。臼 (4)正話反說。把原文中的意思反過來表達而成為正確選項(適用于尋找錯誤選項的題目)。臼干擾項也是以文章中的某個細節(jié)設(shè)題，若不仔細辨別，很容易臼 把它當成正確選項。干擾項有以下特征：臼 (1)將原文內(nèi)容擴大或縮小。把原文中的限定詞去掉或替換，使該選項看似正確，實際上卻是錯誤選項。臼 (2)把未然當已然。改變文中某句話的時態(tài)，如把將來時變成現(xiàn)在時，把未發(fā)生的事情當成已發(fā)生的事情。臼 (3)無中生有。即選項內(nèi)容是根據(jù)主觀想象或推測得出的結(jié)論，而文中并未涉及。臼 (4)偷換概念。把原來做該事的“張三”換成“李四”，所述細節(jié)確實與原文一致，一不小心就會誤選。臼(5)文不對題。這類題最不容易辨別，選

5、項中的描述與原文完全一致，確屬原文中的一個細節(jié)，這時要回到題干，看該選項是否能回答題干所提出的問題。臼 下面結(jié)合最新高考試題，對細節(jié)題的不同類型加以解讀。臼 1直接信息題臼 對此類題型，考生可以首先從問題中找到關(guān)鍵詞，然后以此為線索，運用略讀及查閱的技巧在文中迅速尋找這一細節(jié)，找到后再把這一部分內(nèi)容仔細閱讀一遍，仔細比較所給選項與文中細節(jié)的細微區(qū)別，在準確理解細節(jié)的前提下，最后確定最佳答案。 臼例1 2011·課標全國卷 臼 wanted, someone for a kiss臼臼 were looking for producers to join us on the sound

6、of london kiss 100 fm. youll work on the stations music programmes. music production experience in radio is necessary, along with rich knowledge of modern dance music. please apply in writing to producer vacancies, kiss 100.臼 臼()who should you get in touch with if you hope to work in a radio station

7、?臼 aproducer vacancies, kiss 100.臼 bmrs oglivie, palmlace limited.臼 cthe enterprise shopping centre.臼 dwealden district council.臼答案：a臼例2 2011·北京卷 as a young girl growing up in the 1930s, i always wanted to fly a plane, but back then it was almost unheard of for a woman to do that. i got a taste

8、 of that dream in 2001, when my husband arranged for me to ride in a hot air balloon for my birthday. but the experience turned out to be very dull.臼()what happened to the author in 2001?臼 ashe flew an airplane. bshe entered a competition cshe went on a hot air balloon ride d. she moved into a retir

9、ement community臼答案：c臼2間接信息題臼做這類題目時，考生需要對原文信息進行加工處理，然后再進行進一步的推理或鑒別，這是介于事實細節(jié)題和推理判斷題之間的一種題型，對考生來說有一定難度。 例3 2011·北京卷 臼 on occasion, i teach a course called history matters for a group of higher education managers. my goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes and ideas. beca

10、use i want students to thoroughly study the material and exchange臼their ideas with each other in the classroom，i have a ruleno laptops, ipads, phones, etc. when students were told my rule in advance of the class, some of them were not happy.臼 臼 ()some of the students in the history class were unhapp

11、y with_.臼 athe course material bothers misuse of technology 臼 cdiscussion topics dthe authors class regulations臼答案：d臼臼高考閱讀-細節(jié)題臼3數(shù)字計算題臼 數(shù)字計算題也是近幾年高考中?？嫉膬?nèi)容，此類試題是在文章中直接表現(xiàn)出來細節(jié)事實，有的要經(jīng)過具體的計算才能夠得出正確的答案。具體的計算題可以是對年代的計算、月份的計算或比例的計算等。文章中經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)許多數(shù)字，它們對解題產(chǎn)生一定的影響。解答此類試題的方法是先來理解文章的大意，然后經(jīng)過對比、分析、計算等就能夠得出正確的答案。臼 例4 2

12、011·遼寧卷 according to the coalitions studies, of over two hundred million people living in the united states, up to three million are homelessand the number is still growing臼()how many people are homeless in the us. according to the coalition studies?臼 a39% of the population. b200 million people

13、.臼 cabout 3 million people. dabout one fifth of the population臼答案：c臼4排列順序題臼 這種試題要求考生根據(jù)事件發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件發(fā)生的正確順序。做這種題時可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一個事件和最后一個事件，迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而快速選出正確答案。臼 例5 2011·山東卷 the researchers designed a special cap for the user. this head cover picks up the signals from the scalp (頭皮)

14、 and sends them to a computer. the computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. the wheelchair also has臼two cameras that identify objects in its path. they help the computer react to commands from the brain.臼臼 ()which of the following shows the path of the signals described

15、 in paragraph 5?臼 ascalp computer cap wheelchair bcomputer cap scalp wheelchair臼 cscalp cap computer wheelchair dcap computer scalp wheelchair臼答案：c臼探究點二主旨大意題臼主旨大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題標題或目的設(shè)題。這類題目考查的范圍是：基本論點、文章標題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，

16、對文章進行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。臼1題型特點與命題方式臼 【設(shè)題類型】臼 (1)概括文章大意； (2)選出最佳題目(標題) (3)概括人物特點。臼 【設(shè)問形式】臼 (1)標題類常見的標題型題干：臼 the best title / headline for this passage might be_.臼 the text (passage) could be entitled _.臼 what is the best title for the passage? 臼 which of the following would be suitable as a title for the

17、 passage? 臼 (2)大意類常見的主題型題干：臼 this passage chiefly deals with _.臼 whats the topic of the article?臼 what is the subject discussed in the text?臼 with what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?臼【命題趨勢】臼 考查考生對文章的主題、標題、中心思想的理解程度及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。常見題型為最佳標題(title)或中心思想(main idea)等。主題思想是文章的核心，能否抓住文章的主題思想，是考生閱

18、讀能力最主要的體現(xiàn)。高考中閱讀理解的測試，自然也以此作為檢驗考生閱讀理解能力最重要的標準。要準確地抓住文章的主題思想，就要十分留意文章的開頭和結(jié)尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，從上下文連貫的意思來理解全文，看作者主要談的是什么，透過文字敘述的過程來歸納主題，再從選擇項中找出最符合表達主題思想的選項。有些干擾項，從局部看也許不算錯，但從全局看卻又片面。這類干擾項與正確答案之差，其實是局部與全局之差?？忌谧鲱}時不要為局部現(xiàn)象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整體思想。臼 2解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧 臼 做這類題時常用略讀法?？焖匍喿x文章找出各個段落的主題句。把各個段落的主題句聯(lián)系起來著眼于全文結(jié)構(gòu)安排，了解文章的重

19、心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的標題是中心思想最精煉的表達形式，選擇的標題意義范圍要能涵蓋全文，不能太大也不能太小。命題者在出這類題時，常常利用生活常識臼編造干擾項，把文中的細節(jié)當主旨，利用局部信息編造干擾項，編制超出文章范圍的標題或不能涵蓋文章中心意義的標題來考查考生的理解程度，考生要特別留意。臼 下面結(jié)合高考試題，談?wù)剺祟}類和大意類主旨大意題的解題技巧。臼 (1)標題類臼 標題是段落中心思想最精煉的表達形式。在閱讀中不僅要求考生能夠通過自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且還要對概括出的中心思想加以提煉，擬定出段落的標題。在測試中能夠迅速而準確地選擇標題。 臼文章標題可以是單詞、短語，也

20、可以是句子。標題可幫助讀者迅速推測出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章討論的中心把握作者的觀點和意圖。它的特點是：短小精悍，多為短語；涵蓋性強，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當，既不能太大，也不能太??；精確性強，不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。臼例72011·課標全國卷臼cassandra feeley finds it hard to manage on her husbands income. so this year she did something more than a hobby: she planted vegetables in her yard. for her

21、 fist garden, ms feeley has put in 15 tomato plants, and five rows of a variety of vegetables. the familys old farm house has become a chicken bourse ,its residents arriving next month. last year, ms.rita gartin kept a small garden. this year she has made it much larger because, she said ,“the cost

22、of everything is going up and i was looking to lose a few pounds too; so its a win-win situation all around.”臼they are among the growing number of americans who, driven by higher living costs and a falling economy(經(jīng)濟), have taken up vegetable gardening for the first time. other have increased the si

23、ze of their existing gardens. seed companies and garden shops say no since the 1970s have there been such an increase in interest in growing food at home. now many gardens across the country hacek been sold out for several months. in austin, tex., some of the gardens have a three-year waiting list.臼

24、george c.ball jr, owner of a company, said sales of vegetable seeds and plants are up by 40%, over last year, double the average growth of last five years. mr.ball argues that some of the reasons have been building for the last few years. the big one is striking use in me cost on food like bread and

25、 milk, together with the increases in the price of fruit and vegetables. food prices have increase of higher oil price. people are driving less, taking fewer vacations, so there more time to garden.臼64. what does the word “residents” in paragraph 1 probably refer to?臼a. chickens b. tomatoes c. garde

26、ns d. people臼65. why is vegetable gardening becoming increasingly popular?臼a. more americans are dong it for fun. b. the price of oil is lower than before.臼c. theres a growing need for fruits. d. the cost of living is on the rise.臼66. which of the following might be the best title for the text?臼a. f

27、amily food planning b. banking on gardening臼c. a belt-tightening move d. gardening as a hobby臼答案：aaa臼(2)大意類臼 解答該題型最關(guān)鍵的是找出主題句，把握文章主旨。臼 概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段開頭再看全文找主題句，若無明顯主題句，就通過關(guān)鍵詞句來概括(如議論文中尋找表達作者觀點態(tài)度的詞句，記敘文尋找概括情節(jié)和中心的動詞或反映人物特點的形容詞。)。文中出現(xiàn)兩種或兩種以上的不同觀點時，務(wù)必牢記作者的觀點才是體現(xiàn)全文中心的。此時，要注意一些轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如but, yet, however, alt

28、hough, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等。當文章中表示相反的觀點時，往往用到這些詞。答題時要弄清哪個是作者的觀點，排除迷惑性信息，準確歸納主旨大意。臼例82011·安徽卷they are the sort of friends who are so close they trust each other with their lives. if one fails the other is there to catch him.臼they are wellman ,whose legs were permanently inj

29、ured nine years ago in a rock-climbing accident. and corbett, an experi enced rock climber ,together ,they climed up half dome ,the famous 2,000-foot rock in the yosemite national park ,the medium of through the most different routes.( 路線 ) 臼during the climb, crorbett took the lead, hit in the metal

30、 spikes（尖狀物）that guided the ropes and climbed up. then, after wellmanm pulled himself up the rope, corbett went down to remove the spikers and climbed up again. this process was repeated time and again, inch by inch, for 13 days.臼wellmans job was not easy either. he got himself up the rope through u

31、pper body stength alone. in all, wellman figured that he had done 5,000 pull-ups up the rope on the climb. 臼however, when the two men first met, they never talked about climbing . “he knew that was how i got injured.” wellman said. until one day wellman decided that he wanted to climb again and they

32、 started training.臼their climb of half dome was not all smooth. at one point, pieces of rock gave way, and corbett dropped down quickly. wellman locked their rope in place. stopping the fail at 20 feet. his quick action probably saved his friends life.臼“your partner can save your life - you can save

33、 your partners life,” wellman said as the pair received congratulations from friends. ”there are real close ties.” 臼64. which of the following was a challenge for corbett in climbing half dome?臼a. to climb up to remove the spikes. b. to climb it twice臼c. to do 5,000 pull-ups up the rope. d. to lock

34、the rope in place.臼65. why did the two men never talk about climbing when they first met?臼a. corbett was poorly trained. b. wellman had lost interest in climbing.臼c. corbett didnt want to hurt wellman.臼d. wellman hadnt decided whether to climb again.臼66. what do we know about wellman?臼a. he climbed

35、half dome by himself. b. he was disabled in a traffic accident.臼c. he stopped rock-climbing for some time.臼d. he was saved by corbett during the climb.臼67. the main idea of the text is that_臼a. two beads are better than one b. friendship is precious in life臼c. the disabled should never give up 臼d. a

36、 man can be destroyed but cannot be defeated臼答案：bccb臼探究點三語義推測題臼猜詞悟義是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考閱讀理解中必考的題型。它不但需要準確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯?？忌鷳?yīng)學(xué)會通過構(gòu)詞、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、同義、反義及上下文線索等確定詞義。臼1題型特點與命題方式臼 此類題型有逐漸增加的趨勢，尤其是猜測詞語、句義題，因為猜測詞語、句義題涉及題材背景、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、文章主旨、作者的觀點態(tài)度等。聯(lián)系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答這類題的關(guān)鍵。近幾年閱讀理解的生詞率略有上升，加大了猜測力度。命題者著重

37、考查考生利用同義或反義關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法、語法和語篇文脈等理解生詞的能力。臼【命題趨勢】臼 (1)要求根據(jù)閱讀材料所提供的信息，結(jié)合中學(xué)生應(yīng)有的常識和經(jīng)驗，正確判斷生詞短語的含義或熟詞在特定語境中表達的具體含義以及一些句子的意思。臼 (2)要求猜測詞義的詞一般為實詞及其短語，通過構(gòu)詞、定義、對比、因果、聯(lián)想、上下文等線索確定詞義的具體內(nèi)容。臼 (3)代詞復(fù)指理解題也是猜測詞義的常考類型。用“邏輯關(guān)系梳理法”、“遞向?qū)ほ櫡ā崩砬迦宋锛笆挛镏g的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在。臼【設(shè)問形式】臼 (1)the underlined word “” in the second (third) paragraph ref

38、ers to (means) _.臼 (2)by saying “” in the first (second) paragraph, the author means that _.臼 (3)in paragraph ， “” can be replaced by “_ ”臼 (4)the meaning of “” in paragraph is related to _.臼 臼(5)which of the following has the closest meaning to(paragraph)?臼(6)the underlined sentence in the paragrap

39、h probably means that _.臼 2解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧 臼做這種類型的題，要根據(jù)詞、短語、句子所在的語境上下文來判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類題時慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境主觀臆斷。臼下面結(jié)合近幾年高考試題，對猜詞悟義的技巧加以解讀。臼 (1)根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進行猜測臼有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需要猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。例如：臼 it will be very hard but also very brittle that is, it wil

40、l break easily.臼 從后面that is(也就是說)的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。臼the herdsman,_ who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.臼 定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了herdsman的詞義為“牧羊人”。 臼例9 2009·福建卷 in his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reach

41、ing extremely important tipping_ points,_ such as the melting(融化)of the ice sheets in greenland or west antarctica臼 ()the underlined words “tipping points” most probably refer to “_”臼 afreezing points bburning points cmelting points dboiling points臼答案：c臼(2)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進行猜測臼閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時后面緊跟一個同位語，對前面的詞進行解釋，這時

42、可利用同位關(guān)系對前面或后面的詞義或句意進行猜測。例如：臼 they traveled a long way, at last got to a castle,_ a large building in old times.臼 同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了castle 的確切詞義，即古時候的“城堡”。臼we are on the night_ shiftfrom midnight to 8 am. this week.臼 兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。臼 the “chunnel”， a tunnel(隧

43、道) connecting england and france, is now complete.臼 此句中a tunnel connecting england and france是chunnel的同位語。因此，the “chunnel”就是英法之間的海底隧道。臼例10 2011·遼寧卷 the coalition for the homeless is an organization that seeks to address the needs of the homeless population in the united states. it is a network

44、of offices, some of which provide food and houses for the homeless population, and some of which fight for the passing of laws that would give every american the right to a place to call home臼 ()the word “address” in the first line probably means_.臼 atalk about bdeal with cfight for dwrite to臼答案：b臼(

45、3)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化等)進行猜測臼 在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴，在后面加后綴，從而構(gòu)成一個詞，乍看起來，這個詞可能是新詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如：臼 “our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” anaclerio said, “and theyre very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”臼 文中interactive是由前綴inter(相互的)和active(活動的，活

46、躍的)而構(gòu)成的，同時根據(jù)上下文的意思可以判斷，該詞的含義應(yīng)是“互動的”。臼例11 the new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the del monte gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater臼 ()the underlined word “fixture” in paragraph 3 probably refers to something _.臼 athat people enjoy eating bthat

47、is always present臼 cthat is difficult to get dthat people use as a gift臼答案：b臼(4)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進行猜測： 在一篇閱讀文章中，根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。例如： （1） the lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. sometimes the weakness was permanent. so the player could never play the sport again臼（2）the low test score, they thin

48、k, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. and without a degree from a prestigious_ university,_ they fear that many of lifes doors will remain forever closed臼例12 2011·福建卷 the problem is that if we invest little time in a person, our engagement with that person will decline

49、(減弱)until eventually it dies into “someone i once knew”臼()the underlined word “engagement” in the second paragraph probably means “_”臼aappointment bconnection cinterview dagreement臼答案 b臼(5)根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進行猜測臼文章中的代詞it, that, this, he, him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠，要認真查找；有時也需要對前面提到的內(nèi)

50、容進行總結(jié)，才能判斷出代詞所指代的事。例如：臼however, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. a growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it. 臼例13 2011·福建卷 to get rid of alcohol from the body is a very slow process and it is not possible to speed it up with any measures lik

51、e taking a shower or having a cup of tea or coffee臼()the underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to “_”臼aalcohol babsorption cblood dprocess臼答案：d臼(6)根據(jù)同義關(guān)系進行猜測臼當詞或短語之間有并列連詞and 或or時，其連接的兩項內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進的，由此確定同等關(guān)系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，由此可推知其大致意思。臼although he often had the opportunity, mr. tritt was n

52、ever able to steal money from a customer. this would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.臼例14 2011·福建卷 when things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that i cant achieve something. then, there are other distractions,_ such as fam

53、ily or hobbies臼()what does the underlined word “distractions” probably refer to? 臼aways that help one to focus. bwords that help one to feel less tense.臼cactivities that turn ones attention away. dhabits that make it hard for one to relax.臼答案；c臼(7)根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進行猜測臼根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but, however, otherwise等就可以

54、看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。例如：臼she is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.臼but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but 前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一節(jié)上了一半才來”，因此反向推理，可得出她平時一向“準時”的結(jié)論。臼(8)通過上下文理解猜測詞義臼通過上下文的具體信息猜測詞義是目前高考閱讀理解題中最常見的一種命題形式。臼例15 the familys old

55、 farm house has become a chicken house, its residents arriving next month臼()what does the underlined word “residents” refer to? 臼asmall chicken. bunusual actions. csurprising looks. danxious feelings.臼答案：a臼探究點四推理判斷題臼1題型特點與命題方式臼既要求考生透過文章表面文字信息推測文章隱含意思，又要求考生對作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細節(jié)的發(fā)展作出正確的推理判斷，力求從作者的角度去考慮，不要固守自己的看法或觀點。 臼這類試