軸向柱塞泵基本原理

1、datum, abteilung und vermerke geben sie ber im feld einbasic principle of apu軸向柱塞泵基本原理軸向柱塞泵基本原理 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.2葉片葉片螺桿泵螺桿泵擺線泵擺線泵外嚙合齒輪泵外嚙合齒輪泵齒輪泵齒輪泵模式模式結(jié)構(gòu)形式結(jié)構(gòu)形式葉片泵葉片泵徑向柱塞徑向柱塞軸向

2、柱塞軸向柱塞柱塞柱塞機(jī)械原理機(jī)械原理齒輪齒輪內(nèi)嚙合齒輪泵內(nèi)嚙合齒輪泵螺桿泵螺桿泵單作用葉片泵單作用葉片泵雙作用葉片泵雙作用葉片泵活塞偏心式活塞偏心式軸偏心式軸偏心式斜軸式斜軸式斜盤式斜盤式定量泵定量泵定量泵定量泵模式模式定量泵定量泵定量泵定量泵定量定量 / 變量變量定量泵定量泵定量定量 / 變量變量定量定量 / 變量變量定量定量 / 變量變量定量定量 / 變量變量液壓泵分類液壓泵分類 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of

3、 disposal as copy of passing by us.3液壓泵要素液壓泵要素1. 組成工作腔組成工作腔2. 產(chǎn)生工作腔容積變化產(chǎn)生工作腔容積變化4. 消除困油現(xiàn)象消除困油現(xiàn)象5. 盡量實(shí)現(xiàn)液體靜液壓平衡盡量實(shí)現(xiàn)液體靜液壓平衡6. 保證壽命的軸承結(jié)構(gòu)保證壽命的軸承結(jié)構(gòu) 7. 易于實(shí)現(xiàn)自潤滑易于實(shí)現(xiàn)自潤滑8. 合理的吸排油設(shè)計(jì)合理的吸排油設(shè)計(jì)9. 具有變量機(jī)構(gòu)具有變量機(jī)構(gòu)3. 有配油裝置有配油裝置 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications.

4、all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.4最高額定工作壓力最高額定工作壓力最高峰值壓力最高峰值壓力理論排量理論排量額定轉(zhuǎn)速額定轉(zhuǎn)速最高轉(zhuǎn)速最高轉(zhuǎn)速極限吸油壓力極限吸油壓力額定功率額定功率實(shí)際排量實(shí)際排量實(shí)際流量實(shí)際流量容積效率容積效率機(jī)械效率機(jī)械效率/ /總效率總效率 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by

5、 us.5最高額定工作壓力最高額定工作壓力 最高峰值壓力最高峰值壓力液壓泵特性液壓泵特性 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.6理論排量理論排量 （無泄漏的狀態(tài)下，泵軸轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)排（無泄漏的狀態(tài)下，泵軸轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)排 出的液體容積：稱出的液體容積：稱理論幾何理論幾何排量）排量） 理論流量理論流量 （無泄漏的狀態(tài)下，泵軸轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)排（無泄漏的狀態(tài)下，泵軸轉(zhuǎn)一轉(zhuǎn)排 出的

6、液體容積：稱出的液體容積：稱理論理論流量）流量） q=qq=q* *n n 液壓泵特性液壓泵特性 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.7實(shí)際流量實(shí)際流量 qq實(shí)際實(shí)際 = q= q理論理論 - - qq內(nèi)泄漏：指配油盤吸油腔和壓油腔之間的泄漏內(nèi)泄漏：指配油盤吸油腔和壓油腔之間的泄漏外泄漏：指流向回轉(zhuǎn)體外的泄漏外泄漏：指流向回轉(zhuǎn)體外的泄漏 all rig

7、hts reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.8容積效率容積效率 理論理論理論理論實(shí)際pvqq1qqqqq液壓泵特性液壓泵特性 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy o

8、f passing by us.9機(jī)械效率機(jī)械效率/ /總效率總效率 實(shí)際實(shí)際理論理論pmpmmmmm pvpvpmpmp p * * all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.10額定轉(zhuǎn)速額定轉(zhuǎn)速 最高轉(zhuǎn)速最高轉(zhuǎn)速 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark

9、 rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.11額定功率額定功率 極限吸油壓力（允許真空度）極限吸油壓力（允許真空度） all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.12 性能性能種類種類 額定壓力額定壓力barbar額定轉(zhuǎn)速額定轉(zhuǎn)速rpmrpm額定排量額定排量ccc

10、c變量變量齒輪泵齒輪泵最高最高300300500 - 6000500 - 60000.2 - 2000.2 - 200定量定量內(nèi)嚙合齒輪泵內(nèi)嚙合齒輪泵最高最高300300500 - 3000500 - 30003 - 2503 - 250定量定量葉片泵葉片泵最高最高70701000 - 30001000 - 30000.5 - 1000.5 - 100變量變量徑向柱塞泵徑向柱塞泵最高最高1001001000 - 20001000 - 20005 - 1005 - 100定量定量斜軸泵斜軸泵350350500 - 3000500 - 30005 - 10005 - 1000定量定量/ / 變量變

11、量斜盤泵斜盤泵450450500 - 3000500 - 300010 - 100010 - 1000定量定量 / / 變量變量 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.13選擇油泵需要考慮的因素選擇油泵需要考慮的因素 工作介質(zhì)工作介質(zhì) 所需要的工作壓力范圍所需要的工作壓力范圍 期望的速度范圍期望的速度范圍 最低最高工作溫度最低最高工作溫度 最低最高工作介

12、質(zhì)粘度最低最高工作介質(zhì)粘度 安裝要求（配管方式等）安裝要求（配管方式等） 驅(qū)動(dòng)方式（連軸器等）驅(qū)動(dòng)方式（連軸器等） 期望的使用壽命期望的使用壽命 最大允許噪音值最大允許噪音值 維護(hù)容易度維護(hù)容易度 最高造價(jià)最高造價(jià) all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.14液壓泵和液壓馬達(dá)液壓泵和液壓馬達(dá)在液壓系統(tǒng)中，從能量轉(zhuǎn)換的角度看，液壓泵把機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液壓能，屬于

13、 動(dòng)力元件；而液壓馬達(dá)則是把液壓能轉(zhuǎn)換成機(jī)械能，屬于轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)輸出的執(zhí)行元件。但它們在結(jié)構(gòu)和原理上也有許多相通或相似的地方，屬于可逆式機(jī)構(gòu)可逆式機(jī)構(gòu)。 液壓泵液壓泵無論泵采用哪種結(jié)構(gòu)開式，從工作原理上看，它們都是通過一個(gè)周期性變化的密封容積來完成吸油和壓油的過程。而吸油腔和壓油腔之間通過配流裝置隔開，保證了泵的密封，可以應(yīng)用于高壓的系統(tǒng)。一般來講，我們所說的液壓泵都屬于容積式的液壓泵容積式的液壓泵。液壓馬達(dá)液壓馬達(dá)無論是哪種結(jié)構(gòu)形式的馬達(dá)，它們都是把液壓能轉(zhuǎn)換成機(jī)械能輸出。 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of tr

14、ade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.15開式回路開式回路 如左圖。所謂開式回路，指得是泵從液面壓力為大氣壓的油箱中吸油，而執(zhí)行元件（液壓缸或液壓馬達(dá)）的回油到油箱中。所以在開式回路中，有吸油管路，壓力管路，回油管路和泄油管路。下圖是幾種開式回路的系統(tǒng)原理圖。 如右圖。在回路中加入方向控制閥可以使執(zhí)行元件（液壓馬達(dá)或液壓缸）的回油口接回油箱。 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade m

15、ark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.16開式回路開式回路 如左圖。執(zhí)行元件的速度（或轉(zhuǎn)速）可以通過流量控制閥來調(diào)節(jié)。而溢流閥可以防止系統(tǒng)過載，起安全保護(hù)作用。 如右圖。系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)力元件換成了變量泵，三位四通換向閥在中位時(shí)可以使泵卸載。系統(tǒng)還加入了過濾器、冷卻器和其他輔助元件。 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of

16、disposal as copy of passing by us.17閉式回路閉式回路 參見左圖。所謂閉式回路，指得是液壓油直接從執(zhí)行元件回到泵的吸油口，這樣根據(jù)負(fù)載方向不同，在回路中就存在高壓側(cè)和低壓側(cè)。 見右圖：圖示為雙向變量的液壓泵和液壓馬達(dá)，兩個(gè)在高低壓側(cè)反向安裝的溢流閥可以在兩個(gè)方向上起安全保護(hù)作用。 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.1

17、8閉式回路閉式回路 見右圖：通過一個(gè)與主泵相連的輔助泵，可以通過兩個(gè)單向閥向這種回路的低壓側(cè)補(bǔ)充液壓油。多余的油通過溢流閥回油箱。 見左圖：變量液壓泵和液壓馬達(dá)的泄漏油通過獨(dú)立的管路引回油箱，所以系統(tǒng)需要補(bǔ)充油液。 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.19柱塞泵的控制分類柱塞泵柱塞泵斜軸式斜軸式斜盤式斜盤式閉式泵閉式泵開式泵開式泵a4vsoa11voa

18、10vsoa10voa10coa4vga4vtga4vsga4vsha10vga7voa8vokvaa7va2va2vk all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.20軸向柱塞單元（泵馬達(dá)軸向柱塞單元（泵馬達(dá)）的分類的分類 斜軸式軸向柱塞泵 斜盤式軸向柱塞泵 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well i

19、n cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.21斜軸式柱塞單元斜軸式柱塞單元泵（馬達(dá)）原理泵（馬達(dá)）原理 結(jié)構(gòu)原理：如圖所示。錐形柱塞的球狀端連在驅(qū)動(dòng)軸上，另一端則插在缸體孔中，缸體的軸線與驅(qū)動(dòng)軸的軸線成一角度。（參見示意圖） 用作泵用作泵：驅(qū)動(dòng)軸通過柱塞帶動(dòng)缸體轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，柱塞則在缸體孔中來回移動(dòng)，并通過與缸體配合的配油盤完成吸油和排油的過程。在變量泵中，缸體與驅(qū)動(dòng)軸的夾角可以在特定的范圍內(nèi)無級變化，從而改變泵的排量。而在定量泵中，這個(gè)傾角是固定不變的。 用作馬

20、達(dá)用作馬達(dá)：是個(gè)逆向過程。壓力油推動(dòng)柱塞在缸體孔中運(yùn)動(dòng)，柱塞作用在軸法蘭上的力分解后可以驅(qū)動(dòng)軸產(chǎn)生旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.22斜軸柱塞機(jī)構(gòu)示意圖斜軸柱塞機(jī)構(gòu)示意圖 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights appl

21、ications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.23斜軸式柱塞單元斜軸式柱塞單元泵（馬達(dá)）組件圖泵（馬達(dá)）組件圖 結(jié)構(gòu)：見右圖。 功能：用作泵時(shí)，改變傾角和轉(zhuǎn)速可以改變泵的流量；用作馬達(dá)時(shí)，輸出轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)矩則分別與輸入流量和進(jìn)出壓力差成正比。 這種斜軸式的設(shè)計(jì)中，柱塞作用在缸體上的徑向力非常小，而缸體與配流盤之間的球面配合也使得在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)過程中的泄漏很小。即使在高壓下，缸體和配流盤之間的壓力油膜也能保證最小的泄漏量。所以能夠保證很高的容積效率。 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as

22、well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.24斜軸式柱塞泵舉例斜軸式柱塞泵舉例 定量泵（馬達(dá)）a2f，用于開式或閉式回路中。 變量泵a7vo，用于開式回路中 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.25幾種

23、常見類型斜軸液壓泵（馬達(dá)）的職能符號幾種常見類型斜軸液壓泵（馬達(dá)）的職能符號 定量馬達(dá)a2fm，用于開式或閉式回路，正反轉(zhuǎn)輸出均可。 變量馬達(dá)a6vm，用于開式或閉式回路，單向無級變量，正反轉(zhuǎn)輸出。 變量泵a7vo，用于開式回路，單向無級變量，單向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。 變量泵a2v，用于閉式回路，雙向無級變量，雙向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。 a，b表示壓力油口s表示吸油口t，r表示泄漏油口 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as c

24、opy of passing by us.26斜軸式泵（馬達(dá)）旋轉(zhuǎn)組件的受力情況斜軸式泵（馬達(dá)）旋轉(zhuǎn)組件的受力情況 圖示為定量泵（馬達(dá)）組件的受力情況。 在傳動(dòng)軸法蘭上進(jìn)行力的分解。對泵而言，力矩轉(zhuǎn)化成了活塞的作用力；馬達(dá)的情況正好相反。 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.27斜盤式柱塞泵（馬達(dá)）斜盤式柱塞泵（馬達(dá)） 結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)：柱塞置于缸體孔中，其軸

25、線與傳動(dòng)軸的軸線一致。柱塞的另一端通過滑靴與斜盤滑動(dòng)配合。斜盤的傾角可以改變。 用作液壓泵：缸體隨著驅(qū)動(dòng)軸一起轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。由于缸體的軸線與斜盤的軸線成一角度，所以柱塞會(huì)在缸體孔中前后移動(dòng)，外伸時(shí)完成吸油過程，內(nèi)縮時(shí)完成排油過程。 用作液壓馬達(dá)：壓力油推動(dòng)柱塞外伸，斜盤對柱塞的反作用力可以分解成徑向力和軸向力，作用于高壓區(qū)柱塞上的徑向力可以產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)力矩，從而帶動(dòng)軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal a

26、s copy of passing by us.28斜盤式柱塞機(jī)構(gòu)原理示意圖斜盤式柱塞機(jī)構(gòu)原理示意圖 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.29斜盤式柱塞單元斜盤式柱塞單元泵（馬達(dá)）泵（馬達(dá)） 傳動(dòng)軸1，柱塞2 柱塞面3,柱塞行程4 斜盤5，斜盤傾角6 缸體7，通軸式驅(qū)動(dòng)8 配流盤9，上死點(diǎn)10 下死點(diǎn)11，壓力油口12 吸油口13。 功能原理：用作泵時(shí)

27、，柱塞的位移通過配流盤完成吸油和排油的過程，改變斜盤的傾角和轉(zhuǎn)速可以改變泵的流量；用作馬達(dá)時(shí)，輸出轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)矩則分別與輸入流量和進(jìn)出壓力差成正比。 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.30斜盤式柱塞泵舉例斜盤式柱塞泵舉例 變量泵a4vg，用于閉式回路中。工作壓力高過450 bar。 變量泵a10vo，用于開式回路中。工作壓力可達(dá)315 bar。 all

28、rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.31幾種常見類型斜盤液壓泵（馬達(dá)）的職能符號幾種常見類型斜盤液壓泵（馬達(dá)）的職能符號 變量泵a4vg，用于閉式回路，雙向無級變量，雙向驅(qū)動(dòng)，可串聯(lián)一輔助泵。 變量泵a4vso/g/h，用于開式、閉式和半閉式回路，無級變量。根據(jù)回路的不同，可單向或雙向驅(qū)動(dòng)。 a，b表示壓力油口s表示吸油口t，r，l表示泄漏油口u表示沖洗油口

29、all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.32幾種常見類型斜盤液壓泵（馬達(dá)）的職能符號（幾種常見類型斜盤液壓泵（馬達(dá)）的職能符號（2） 定量馬達(dá)a4fm，用于開式或閉式回路。正反向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。 變量泵a10vo，用于開式回路，單向無級變量，單向驅(qū)動(dòng)。 變量泵a11vlo，用于開式回路，單向無級變量，單向驅(qū)動(dòng)，內(nèi)置輔助泵。 a，b表示壓力油口s表示吸油口t，r，l表

30、示泄漏油口u表示軸承沖洗油口 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.33液壓泵的變量控制液壓泵的變量控制 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy o

31、f passing by us.34 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.35泵控液壓系統(tǒng)與閥控液壓系統(tǒng)能耗比較泵控液壓系統(tǒng)與閥控液壓系統(tǒng)能耗比較泵控系統(tǒng)泵控系統(tǒng)節(jié)流閥控系統(tǒng)節(jié)流閥控系統(tǒng) 負(fù)荷傳感閥控系統(tǒng)負(fù)荷傳感閥控系統(tǒng)qqqppp執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)a執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)b浪費(fèi)掉的能量浪費(fèi)掉的能量 all rights reserved by bosch r

32、exroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.36 泵變量控制控制了什麼泵變量控制控制了什麼 - - 壓力：恒壓；負(fù)荷傳感壓力：恒壓；負(fù)荷傳感 - - 流量流量 - - 功率功率油泵變量控制的要點(diǎn) all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of dispos

33、al as copy of passing by us.37vgmax.vgmin.先導(dǎo)壓力先導(dǎo)壓力p 恒壓控制恒壓控制 恒功率控制恒功率控制先導(dǎo)流量控制先導(dǎo)流量控制 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.382. 2. 變量泵系統(tǒng)變量泵系統(tǒng) - - 壓力耦合壓力耦合 - - 流量耦合流量耦合 all rights reserved by bosch r

34、exroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.39 * 壓力控制變量壓力控制變量 * 壓差控制變量壓差控制變量 * 帶有反饋的排量控制變量帶有反饋的排量控制變量 * 速度感應(yīng)變量速度感應(yīng)變量 * 電子控制變量電子控制變量 * 壓力指令變量壓力指令變量 * 逆向控制變量逆向控制變量 all rights reserved by bosch rexroth ag, as well in cases of trade mark rights applications. all rights of disposal as copy of passing by us.40軸向柱塞泵的變量控制軸向柱塞泵的變量控制 pump control單擊獲取數(shù)據(jù)表p control壓力信號控制壓力信號控制 p control負(fù)荷傳感控制負(fù)荷傳感控制q control機(jī)械反饋?zhàn)兞繖C(jī)械反饋?zhàn)兞縟a-ssc control速度感應(yīng)變量速度感應(yīng)變量electronic control電子泵電子泵pres. comm.壓力指令變量壓力指令變量mooring cont.逆向控制逆向控制恒壓