華盟教育新SAT必備背景知識Declaration of Independence

1、 新SAT必備背景知識-Declaration of Independence華盟教育Mellisa1. When in the course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature

2、 and Natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.In the course of 在.的過程中People 民族Assume 開始從事， 擔(dān)任Decent 合適的Impel 驅(qū)使釋義：在人類事物的發(fā)展過程當(dāng)中，一個民族應(yīng)該解開與另一個民族之間的政治聯(lián)系，這件事情非常的必要。然后，這個民族應(yīng)該開始成為一個獨立國家，并且立足于地球的其他政權(quán)

3、之中，并且建立這樣一個國家是有自然定律和上帝授意的。出于對人類輿論的尊重，應(yīng)該把驅(qū)使民族獨立的原因公布出來。2. We hold these truths to be self-evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, g

4、overnments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governer. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government , laying its foundation on such principl

5、es and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.Self-evident 不言而喻的Unalienable 不可剝奪的Consent 同意，贊成End 目標(biāo)Abolish 廢除Effect 獲得釋義：我們認(rèn)為以下真理是不言而喻的：所有人生而平等，人們被他們的造物者賦予了一些不了被剝奪的權(quán)利，生存權(quán)，自由權(quán)和追求快樂的權(quán)利。 為了保證這些權(quán)利， 政府出現(xiàn)了。政府的正當(dāng)?shù)臋?quán)利是經(jīng)過統(tǒng)治者同意才被授予的。任何形式的政府一

6、旦對這些目標(biāo)的實現(xiàn)進(jìn)行了破壞，人們就有權(quán)利廢除這個政府，建立一個新的政府。根據(jù)這樣的原則來建立政府，并且以這樣的原則組織政府。對于人民來講，才能獲得安全感和幸福感。3. Prudence , indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light無關(guān)緊要的，輕微的 and transient causes, and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that makind are more disposed to更加傾向于做某事 s

7、uffer, while evials are sufferable , than to right themselves To right oneself 為自己伸冤by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations篡權(quán)，奪位, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce 使。處于什么狀態(tài)them under absolute Despotism , it is

8、 their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security -such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King

9、 of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world.釋義：審慎地來說，成立了多年的政府不應(yīng)該由無關(guān)緊要或者一時的原因換掉。根據(jù)過往的經(jīng)驗來看， 當(dāng)邪惡可以忍受的時候， 人們更愿意忍受，而不是為自己伸冤而廢除政府。但是當(dāng)存在

10、長期的濫用權(quán)力和強(qiáng)取豪奪，表明政府企圖把人民處于專制狀態(tài)下， 人民就有權(quán)利推翻政府，為他們將來的生活提供保障。這就是殖民地人民過去遭受的這種苦難強(qiáng)迫人們推翻更換政府。當(dāng)今的大不列顛的歷史就是不斷的強(qiáng)取豪奪，這樣做的目的就是為了在各個州之上建立絕對的暴政。 總而言之， 為了證明以上說的都是事實，我們應(yīng)該把事實公諸于世， 讓世人做出評判 Thomas Jefferson:An American Founding Father who was principle author of the Declaration of Independence (1776) . He was elected the

11、 second Vice President of the United State (1797 - 1801) and the third President (1801- 1809)4. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly , for opposing with mainly firmness his in vasion on the rights of the people .He has refused for a long time, after such dissolution , to cause others to

12、 be erected ; whereby the legislative powers , incapable of annihilation , have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsions within.He has endeavored to present the population of these sta

13、tes ; for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the condition of new apprpriations of lands.Representative house 眾議院Dissolution 解散Annihilation 剝奪At large 普遍Convulsion 動亂Naturalization 入籍Hither 到此處A

14、ppropriation 撥用釋義：4. He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.He has forbidden his Governors 殖民總督to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has ut

15、terly neglected to attend them.He has refused to pass other laws for the accomodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature t立法機(jī)構(gòu) , a right inestimable to them and formidable only to tyrants.He has called together legislativ

16、e bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the dpository of their public records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.Wholesome 有益的Pressing 緊迫的Utterly 完全Attend 處理Relinquish 放棄Inestimable 珍貴的Formidable 可怕的Depository 儲藏所Fatiguing 使人勞累釋義：他拒絕同義批準(zhǔn)一

17、些法律，這些法律是對于公眾利益來說最有益、最必要的。英國殖民者禁止他的殖民總督批準(zhǔn)極端重要的法律。當(dāng)這個法律被擱置之后，他們又完全置之不理。 殖民者拒絕通過其他的法律，對于大地區(qū)人民提供便利的法律。除非人們放棄在立法機(jī)構(gòu)中的代表權(quán)，而這種代表權(quán)是人們非常珍貴，對暴君非常害怕的權(quán)利。 暴君就會召集這些立法機(jī)關(guān)到一個不尋常的， 令人不適的，距離檔案庫非常遠(yuǎn)的地方，唯一的目的就是為了讓這些代表非常的疲憊， 從而逼迫他們順從暴君的暴政。Declaration of Indupendence in US history :Document that was approved by the Contine

18、ntal Congress on July 4,1776 and that announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies fro Great Britain. It explained why the Congress on July 2 “unanimously” by the votes of 12 colonies (with New York abstaining) had resolved that “these United Colonies are , and of right ought to be

19、 Free and Independent states.” According , the day on which final separation was officially voted was July 2, although the 4th, the day on which the Declaration of Independence was adopted , has always been celebrated in the United States as the great national holiday - the Fourth of July , or Indep

20、endence day.6. He has obstructed the administration of justice , by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their office, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new officers,

21、 and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people , and eat out their substance. He has kept among us , in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power. He has combined with other

22、s to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation.Judiciary 司法制度Tenure 任期Erect 建立A multitude of 大批的Swarm 成群Harass 騷擾Standing army 常備軍Jurisdiction 管轄；司法權(quán)釋義： 背景知識：美國獨立日時7.4號。因為獨立宣言是在1776年7月4日簽訂的。當(dāng)時在美

23、洲有13個英屬殖民地，1776.7.2號，其中12各州（除了紐約州棄權(quán)）獨立了出來， 而因為7.4號才簽訂，所有美國獨立日還是定在7.4號。 1.英國殖民者阻撓法律的執(zhí)行，拒接批準(zhǔn)建立司法權(quán)力的法案。 2. 殖民者讓法官依照他自己的一員形式， 原因是法官要保證自己的任期和工資。 3. 殖民者新設(shè)了大批的官員， 讓這些官員騷擾人民，并且吞噬人民的財務(wù)。 4. 在和平時期， 殖民者還設(shè)立了常備軍， 而未經(jīng)立法機(jī)構(gòu)的同意。 5. 在殖民者的引導(dǎo)下， 讓軍隊凌駕于政權(quán)之上。 6. 殖民者和別人勾結(jié)， 讓我們?nèi)シ倪@樣的管理，是和我們的法律不承認(rèn)的管理， 去批準(zhǔn)法律不同意的法案。 Check and b

24、alance:Principle of government under which separate branches are empowered to orevent actions by other branches and are induced to share power. Checks and balances are applied primarily in constitutional governments . They are of fundamental importance in tripatite governments , such as that of the

25、United States , which separate powers among legislative , executive , and judicial branches.7. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;For protecting them , by a mock trial , from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of theese States.For cutting off our

26、 trade with all parts of the world;For imposing taxes on us without our consent ;For depriving us in many cases , of the benefits of trial by jury;For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses;For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring Province , establishin

27、g therein an arbitrary government , and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies; For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governme

28、nts.For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsiever.Quartering 駐軍Mock trial 假審訊Impose on 強(qiáng)加于Deprive 剝奪Case 法律案件Jury 陪審團(tuán)Pretended offenses “莫須有的”罪名Jurisdiction 管轄，司法權(quán)Arbitrary 專治的Charters 特許狀釋義：Checks and Balances:憲政知識原則：制

29、約和平衡 Legislative: 立法權(quán)-國會- 參議院vs.眾議院 Executive：行政權(quán)-總統(tǒng) Judicial: 司法權(quán)-最高法院+大法官 因為英國殖民者在我們的人民之間駐扎了大量的軍隊， 所以美國想獨立。 并且通過假的審訊審判，英國政府還庇護(hù)這些官僚，而這些官員犯下了巨大的罪行。 殖民者切斷了我們與世界的貿(mào)易， 未經(jīng)我們的同意，對我們強(qiáng)行征稅。 殖民者在很多案件中，剝奪了我們享有陪審團(tuán)的權(quán)利。 英國殖民者以莫須有的罪名把我們押解到國外受審。 首先英國殖民者在一個臨近的省份里，廢除了英國法律中的自由制度， 建立了專制的制度， 并且還擴(kuò)到了省份的面積疆域，建立了一個工具向這些地區(qū)的人

30、民實施專制統(tǒng)治。 英國殖民者取消了我們的特許狀，廢除了我們最珍貴的法律，改變了我們政府的基本形式。 他們?nèi)∠宋覀冏约旱牧⒎?quán)力， 還宣稱他們在任何情況下，都具有為我們立法的權(quán)利。Congress of the United States :The legislature of the United States of America, established under the Constitution of 1789 and separated structureally from the excutive and judicial branches of government. It c

31、onsists of two houses : the Senate , in which each state, regardless of its size, is represented by two senators, and the House ofRepresentatives ( see Representatives, House of ), to which members are elected on the basis of population. Among the express powers of Congress as defined in the Constit

32、ution are the power to lay and collect taxes , borrow money on the credit of the United States , regulate commerce , coin money, declare war , raise and support armies , and make all laws necessary for the execution of its powers.8. He has abdicted government here, by declaring us out of his protect

33、ion and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people.He is at this transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny , already begun with circunstances of cruelty an

34、d pefidy scaercely parellel in the most barbarous age, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow citizens taken capitive on the high seas to bear arms against their country , to become the executioners of their friends and brethren , or to fall themselves by t

35、heir hands.He has excited demostic insurrection amongst us , and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian savages , whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes , and conditions.Abdicate 放棄Wage 開始， 進(jìn)行（戰(zhàn)爭）Plunder 掠奪Ravag

36、e 破壞Mercenary 雇傭兵Desolation 荒涼Perfidy 背信棄義Barbarous 野蠻的Captive 俘虜Brethren 同胞Insurrection 內(nèi)亂Merciless 殘忍的釋義：Senate：One of the two houses of the legislature (Congress) of the United States , established in 1789 under the Constitution . Each state elects two senators for six-year terms.The role of the

37、Senate was conceived by the Founding Fathers as a check on the popularly elected House of Representatives. Thus , each state , regardless of size or population , is equally represented. Further , until the Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution (1913) , election to the Senate was indirect by the

38、state legislatures . They are now elected directly by voters of each state.9.In every stage of these oppressions we have potitioned for redress呼吁對于.的糾正 in the most humble terms : our repeated petition have been answered only by repeated injury . A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.Nor have we been wanting inattention on our British brethren