商務(wù)交際英語(yǔ)Chapter2

1、English & Communicationfor Colleges Review of Chapter 1 The purposes of communication (交際的目的) The communication process (交際的過(guò)程) The two media used for sending messages The two media used for receiving messages The three major responsibilities of senders The two major responsibilities of receiver

2、s Forms of communication (交際的形式) Two types of barriers to communication The purposes of communication (交際的目的交際的目的)： 1）To Establish and Build Goodwill 建立并增進(jìn)信譽(yù)； 2）To Persuade 說(shuō)服對(duì)方； 3）To Obtain or Share Information 得到或共享信息； 4）To Establish Personal Effectiveness提高效率； 5）To Build Self-Esteem建立自尊。 The comm

3、unication process (交際的過(guò)程交際的過(guò)程) 1）The Sender 信息本身； 2）The Message 信息的發(fā)送者； 3）The Receiver 信息的接受者； 4）The Feedback 反饋； 5）The Channel 交流渠道（或方式）。ReceiverSenderMessageFeedbackChannelThe Communication ProcessCommunication Media:speakingwritingReading listeningSending MessagesReceiving Messages The Senders Re

4、sponsibilities 信息發(fā)送者的責(zé)任：信息發(fā)送者的責(zé)任： 1）Audience Analysis 對(duì)象分析； 2）Environmental Analysis 環(huán)境分析； 3）Encourage and Interpret Feedback 鼓勵(lì)并解釋反饋 The Receivers Responsibilities 信息接受者的責(zé)信息接受者的責(zé)任：任： 1）Reading 讀 2）Listening 聽(tīng) (1)Clarify for understanding 請(qǐng)求說(shuō)話人解釋清楚(2)Check for understanding 自己作出解釋與說(shuō)話人核實(shí)Forms of Comm

5、unication External and Internal Communication (對(duì)外和對(duì)內(nèi)) Formal and Informal Communication (正式和非正式) Downward, lateral (horizontal) and upward communication (對(duì)上對(duì)下和平級(jí)之間) Written, oral, and electronic communication(書(shū)面、口頭和電子文本) Barriers to CommunicationuEnvironmental factors (lighting, heat, humidity, comf

6、ort, and noise)uThe appearance of a written documentuErrors in content, spelling, or grammaruInappropriate formatua “closed or authoritarian climate”P(pán)ersonalities (extroverts vs. introverts)Educational backgrounds ExperiencesCultures StatusesBiases Motivation or interests小練習(xí)小練習(xí) 判斷正誤判斷正誤（True or Fals

7、e）。 (1) External communication originates within an organization and is sent to receivers within the organization. False External communication originates within an organization and is sent to receivers outside the organization. (2) To communicate effectively, the receiver must use audience analysis

8、, examine the messages environment, and encourage and interpret feedback. False To communicate effectively, the receiver must read and listen effectively. (3) The two types of communication barriers are external and internal. True (4) The key parts of the communication process are only sender, messa

9、ge, and receiver. False The key parts of the communication process are sender, message, receiver, feedback, and channel. (5)Two media are employed when receiving communicationsspeaking and writing. False Two media are employed when receiving communicationsreading and listening. 1.Your ability to est

10、ablish and build relationships affects every aspect of your life. Whether in your social, academic, or professional life, this ability determines the depth of your relationships with your friends, loved ones, family, classmates, and coworkers.2. Understanding your responsibilities as a participant i

11、n communication, understanding the forms of communication, and being aware of barriers to effective communication will aid you in becoming a better communicator.3. As humans, we have two means by which to send messages and two means by which we receive them. To send messages, we speak and write; the

12、se messages are accompanied by nonverbal symbols. To receive message, we read or listen.Translation 1.Your ability to establish and build relationships affects every aspect of your life. Whether in your social, academic, or professional life, this ability determines the depth of your relationships w

13、ith your friends, loved ones, family, classmates, and coworkers. 建立關(guān)系的能力會(huì)影響到你生活的各個(gè)方建立關(guān)系的能力會(huì)影響到你生活的各個(gè)方面。不論是在社交、學(xué)業(yè)和職業(yè)方面，這面。不論是在社交、學(xué)業(yè)和職業(yè)方面，這種能力都決定著你與朋友、所愛(ài)的人、家種能力都決定著你與朋友、所愛(ài)的人、家人、同學(xué)、同事的關(guān)系的緊密程度。人、同學(xué)、同事的關(guān)系的緊密程度。Translation 2. Understanding your responsibilities as a participant in communication, understan

14、ding the forms of communication, and being aware of barriers to effective communication will aid you in becoming a better communicator. 理解作為交流參與者的責(zé)任，理解交流的理解作為交流參與者的責(zé)任，理解交流的形式，認(rèn)識(shí)妨礙有效交流的種種問(wèn)題將有形式，認(rèn)識(shí)妨礙有效交流的種種問(wèn)題將有助于你成為一個(gè)善于交流的人。助于你成為一個(gè)善于交流的人。Translation 3. As humans, we have two means by which to send mes

15、sages and two means by which we receive them. To send messages, we speak and write; these messages are accompanied by nonverbal symbols. To receive message, we read or listen. 我們?nèi)祟惏l(fā)出訊息時(shí)有兩種途徑，接受訊我們?nèi)祟惏l(fā)出訊息時(shí)有兩種途徑，接受訊息時(shí)也有兩種途徑。我們通過(guò)說(shuō)和寫(xiě)發(fā)出息時(shí)也有兩種途徑。我們通過(guò)說(shuō)和寫(xiě)發(fā)出訊息，這些訊息會(huì)伴有一些非語(yǔ)言符號(hào)。訊息，這些訊息會(huì)伴有一些非語(yǔ)言符號(hào)。我們通過(guò)讀和聽(tīng)接收訊息。我們通過(guò)

16、讀和聽(tīng)接收訊息。TranslationChapter 2Communicating in A Diverse WorkplaceAnitas Case-Succeeding in a Global Business Environment Para 1-2 1. merge v.合并；融合；兼并 His department will merge with mine. 他的部門(mén)將和我的合并。 2. administrative assistant 行政助理 3. relocate v.重新裝置；再配置；放在新地方 Would you be willing to relocate to anot

17、her city? 你愿意被調(diào)到另外一個(gè)城市嗎？ She should be willing to relocate to the USA. 她應(yīng)該是愿意調(diào)遷到美國(guó)。 Para 1-2 一家非常成功的德國(guó)汽車公司最近與一個(gè)美國(guó)汽車公司并購(gòu)。來(lái)自德國(guó)的團(tuán)隊(duì)與美國(guó)雇員在底特律相會(huì)。 Anita Boaz女士受雇于底特律方面有7年了，在此期間，從行政助理晉升為經(jīng)理。因?yàn)檫@次并購(gòu)，Anita的新上司將是一位德國(guó)經(jīng)理，名叫Hans Dortmann。Anita在并購(gòu)前放松的美國(guó)辦公環(huán)境里感覺(jué)一直很好，但是現(xiàn)在因?yàn)橐獣?huì)見(jiàn)德國(guó)來(lái)訪者，她有點(diǎn)緊張。她擔(dān)心的原因是德國(guó)人的英語(yǔ)會(huì)讓她不太好懂。 Para 3-5

18、4. casual adj.非正式的；漫不經(jīng)心的 He was wearing casual clothes. 他穿著便服。 He took casual job to support the family. 他做些臨時(shí)性的工作來(lái)養(yǎng)家。 5. slacks n. 便褲；寬松長(zhǎng)褲 6. conservative adj.保守的；守舊的 7. business suit 西裝，正裝 8. baffle v.困惑；難倒；阻礙；受挫 Police are baffled as to the identity of the killer. 警方不解兇手是誰(shuí)。 One of the exam questi

19、ons baffled me completely. 有一道試題把我完全難住了。 9. chilly adj.寒冷的；冷淡的 Its a chilly morning. 這是一個(gè)寒冷的早晨。 He had a chilly welcome of our coming. 他冷淡地迎接我們的到來(lái)。 10. rude adj.粗魯無(wú)禮的 11. standoffish adj.不友好的；冷淡的 12. put off 使反感；使倒胃口；使生氣；使不高興： Hes a good salesman,but his offhand manner tends to put people off. 他是個(gè)很好

20、的推銷員，可他那隨便的舉止容易使人反感。 13. cultural orientation 文化取向 Para 3-5 Anita與她的新上司德國(guó)人Dortmann先生的第一次見(jiàn)面定在一個(gè)周五底特律辦公室的休閑著裝日。Anita選擇了漂亮的寬松褲子，而非牛仔褲。那天，交通不同尋常的擁擠，所以Anita到會(huì)就晚了幾分鐘。當(dāng)她到達(dá)會(huì)議室時(shí)，會(huì)議室的門(mén)關(guān)著。她敲了一下門(mén)，然后就進(jìn)去了。德國(guó)人，全部西裝革履，圍著一張會(huì)議桌正襟危坐。Anita對(duì)Dortmann伸出手去，微笑著說(shuō)：“Hans，早上好。很高興見(jiàn)到您！我是Anita Boaz?！?Dortmann 猶豫著站了起來(lái)，簡(jiǎn)略地打了個(gè)招呼，然后坐了

21、下來(lái)。Anita覺(jué)得有點(diǎn)受到冷遇。這時(shí)她認(rèn)定原因可能是Dortmann先生不習(xí)慣與女士一起在管理層工作。Anita感覺(jué)失望。她離開(kāi)時(shí)，認(rèn)為Dortmann和其它德國(guó)人既粗魯又不友好。與此同時(shí)，德國(guó)人也因?yàn)楦杏X(jué)到Anita的粗魯行為而不高興。 幾星期后，公司開(kāi)辦了幾堂文化導(dǎo)向課。Anita學(xué)到了有關(guān)德國(guó)商人的特點(diǎn)：v他們重視領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和組織機(jī)構(gòu)v他們相互致意時(shí)很正式，適時(shí)使用“博士”或“教授”等頭銜v他們喜歡工作時(shí)用數(shù)據(jù)或其它實(shí)在的“證據(jù)”v他們傾向于將公務(wù)與休閑分開(kāi)，完成公務(wù)后再幽默，再閑聊。 許久以后，Anita與她的同事和德國(guó)人發(fā)展了友好交往。但是，首先他們應(yīng)該相互尊重。Anitas Case-

22、Succeeding in a Global Business EnvironmentCharacteristics of German businesspeoplel Have a high regard for authority and structurel Greet each other formally, using titles such as “doctor” or “professor” when appropriatel Enjoy working with data and other concrete “evidence”l Tend to separate busin

23、ess and pleasure, saving humor and social talk until after the business is doneAnitas Case-Succeeding in a Global Business EnvironmentAnitas problems:Dressed slacks instead of jeansA few minutes late for the meetingKnocked once at the door and went inCalled the given name of Hans Dortmann2.1 Cultura

24、l Differences at Home and Abroad 國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)的文化差異 Cultural diversity (definition) (para.1) With cultural diversity, people from different backgrounds have different languages, customs, values, manners, perceptions, social structure, and decision-making practices. 文化多樣性，就是指人們有著不同的語(yǔ)言，習(xí)俗，價(jià)值觀，禮節(jié)，感受，社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和決策經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

25、Multicultural society(para.3) Multicultural society it is a society made up of people from many different cultures. 多文化社會(huì)，是由來(lái)自許多不同文化背景的人組成的社會(huì)。如美國(guó)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)匯聚了30多種文化，可以稱得上是一個(gè)典型的多文化社會(huì)。multi-: many; more than one 許多的，多倍的，多方面的multicolored 彩色的 multi-role 多作用的，多功能的multinational adj.涉及多國(guó)的 multinational company n

26、. 跨國(guó)公司make up: (由部分）組成，構(gòu)成（整體）；Eg. Women make up 56% of the student numbers. 彌補(bǔ)（不足）；補(bǔ)償，賠償 配制 eg: make up the medicine 編造，虛構(gòu)（故事）eg: make up some excuse 鋪床 eg: make up the bed Example Immigrants to America (para.4)Hispanics (拉美裔人)Asian Americans(亞裔美國(guó)人): China, Korea, IndiaAfrican Americans(非裔美國(guó)人)the U.

27、S. Census Bureau: 美國(guó)人口普查局the U.S. Department of Labor: 美國(guó)勞工部 Multinational company Multinational company it conducts business in two or more nations. 跨國(guó)公司指的是在兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的國(guó)家開(kāi)展業(yè)務(wù)的公司，比如肯德基、麥當(dāng)勞這樣的快餐店，已經(jīng)遍布世界各地。Cultural Differences (p40) ExampleCompliment Americans: pleased to Americans: pleased to receive re

28、ceive Asians: uncomfortable;Asians: uncomfortable; a sign of vain a sign of vainCultural DifferencesPersonal Space4Language Differences1Body Language2Facial Expressions3Business Cards5Language Differences People all over the world speak more than 3,000 languages. The most widely used language in the

29、 United States is English, but the most widely used language in the world is Chinese. 全世界有三千多種語(yǔ)言，它們的發(fā)音、形式、結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)法等都各不相同。比如說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)What is it?的中文表達(dá)是“它是什么？”兩句話意思相同，但句子結(jié)構(gòu)卻不一樣。雖然英語(yǔ)被普遍使用，但它僅僅是十幾個(gè)國(guó)家的母語(yǔ)。在美國(guó)，被使用得最多的語(yǔ)言是英語(yǔ)。而在全世界，被使用得最多的語(yǔ)言是漢語(yǔ)。Language Differences:世界上主要的大語(yǔ)系Body Language 肢體語(yǔ)言肢體語(yǔ)言，也就是打手勢(shì)或運(yùn)用我們身體的一些部位，是一

30、種非言語(yǔ)交際。肢體語(yǔ)言往往比話語(yǔ)本身更重要。舉例說(shuō)明，OK的手勢(shì)在法國(guó)意味著“沒(méi)有價(jià)值”或“零”，而在美國(guó)意味著“我接受”。伊斯蘭國(guó)家的人認(rèn)為腳是不干凈的。印度人打招呼時(shí)，雙手合十，點(diǎn)頭或鞠躬。如果一位日本人向你鞠躬，你最好以同樣的深度回鞠一躬。Body Language Body LanguageBody language Greeting customs (p42表格)Facial Expressions Eye contact (目光接觸目光接觸) Americans: maintain steady eye contact Asians: Less contact is more re

31、spectful! Smile (微笑微笑) Americans: to show pleasure and good nature Middle Easterners: to soothe(安慰) sb, to avoid conflict French: to smile on the street is an inappropriate intrusion Asians: when they are happy, sad, apologetic, angry, frustrated, thankful, or even confused面部表情 不同文化對(duì)于面部表情和微笑有著不同的理解。

32、美國(guó)人從小被教育說(shuō)話時(shí)要看著對(duì)方，而在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)里，這樣做是不禮貌的。美國(guó)人常常用微笑來(lái)表示高興和善意，而亞洲人以微笑來(lái)表達(dá)或者掩蓋各種感情。在微笑的時(shí)候，他們也許高興、感激、抱歉、困惑、悲傷、沮喪甚至憤怒。Personal Space 1 inch = 2.54 cm; 1 foot = 30.48 cmNorth Americans distance habit050cm: intimate lovers and family members50120cm: friends (personal distance)120270cm: acquaintances (social distance

33、)270cm: public space, not belong to oneselfBehind: strangers speaking from behind are allowed to stand much more nearer.私人空間 私人空間是環(huán)繞在一個(gè)人周圍、不容他人侵犯的空間。侵犯了一個(gè)人的私人空間，會(huì)讓這個(gè)人感到很不舒服。大多數(shù)美國(guó)人或歐洲人對(duì)于18英寸到3英尺的距離感到舒適，而亞洲人習(xí)慣超過(guò)3英尺以上的私人空間。Business Cards Americas: causal with cards Chinese: take business cards very ser

34、iously and exchange them early in a meeting Japanese: take business cards seriously, hold the business card with the thumbs and forefingers of both hands and bow slightly 美國(guó)人對(duì)于名片不那么講究，在中國(guó)就不一樣了。中國(guó)人很看重名片，往往在會(huì)議之前就交換名片。當(dāng)你接到中國(guó)人的名片的時(shí)候，要仔細(xì)看它，不要馬上收起來(lái)。 Do the exercise of Checkpoint 2keys:F F F T F T T 2.2 Ef

35、fective Cross-Cultural Communication 有效的跨文化交際 Cross-cultural communication 跨文化交際跨文化交際 Cross-cultural communication takes place when two individuals from different cultures communicate, whether verbally, nonverbally or in writing. 跨文化交際在兩個(gè)來(lái)自不同文化的人之間產(chǎn)生，它有可能是語(yǔ)言交際、非語(yǔ)言交際或書(shū)面交際。Four Guidelines for Crosscul

36、tural Communication跨文化交際的四項(xiàng)指南 1Learn about and accept cultural differences. Activities like reading books, talking with foreign friends and traveling abroad can help you understand different life styles, values and customs and thus see the differences between cultures. 學(xué)習(xí)以及接受文化差異。學(xué)習(xí)以及接受文化差異。 你可以從博客、

37、書(shū)本雜志、電影等地方獲得其他人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，你也可以出國(guó)旅游，和外國(guó)人交朋友，從中積累你自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。無(wú)論何種方式，都能讓你了解不同的生活方式，價(jià)值觀和習(xí)俗，從而幫助你了解文化之間的差異。 2Be sensitive to people from other cultures. A stereotype helps you understand features of a group, but its far from enough to judge every single individual. Even positive stereotypes can be misleading or even

38、 damaging. In addition to stereotypes, you should avoid talking about politics and religions, and be more sensitive to ethnic, religious and moral values of others. 謹(jǐn)慎地面對(duì)來(lái)自不同文化的人。謹(jǐn)慎地面對(duì)來(lái)自不同文化的人。 典型的形象可以幫助你了解它所代表的群體的特點(diǎn)，但對(duì)于判斷群體里的個(gè)人特點(diǎn)，則遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。就算是正面的典型形象也會(huì)誤導(dǎo)人，甚至造成不良影響。除了典型形象，你還要注意，不要談?wù)撜魏妥诮淘掝}，對(duì)待他人的民族觀、宗教觀和

39、道德觀的時(shí)候，一定要謹(jǐn)慎言行。 3Be prepared for language barriers and get past them. Language is very important in cross-cultural communication. Learning some key phrases of languages other than your own is very useful. 為語(yǔ)言障礙做好準(zhǔn)備，爭(zhēng)取跨過(guò)這個(gè)障礙。為語(yǔ)言障礙做好準(zhǔn)備，爭(zhēng)取跨過(guò)這個(gè)障礙。 語(yǔ)言對(duì)于跨文化交際非常重要，學(xué)習(xí)一些外語(yǔ)的日常用語(yǔ)，能夠讓你和他人之間相處得更為融洽。 4Keep messag

40、es simple and short. It will make the process of communication easier and faster. It will make the process of communication easier and faster. 保證信息的簡(jiǎn)短性保證信息的簡(jiǎn)短性，這樣會(huì)讓交際的過(guò)程更輕松更有效率。Eight Strategies for Global Communication跨文化交際的八條策略 (1)Be adaptable. 要適應(yīng)對(duì)方 (2)Use your best English-speaking habits. 使用最好的英

41、語(yǔ)說(shuō)話習(xí)慣，如果不是正式討論業(yè)務(wù)問(wèn)題，講話要慢一些，盡量使用較簡(jiǎn)單的詞語(yǔ) (3)Do not use acronyms, slang, and jargon. 不要使用縮略語(yǔ)、俚語(yǔ)和行話 (4)Be aware of a cultures forms of nonverbal communication. 了解其他文化非言語(yǔ)交際的形式 (5)Use visual aids. 使用輔助視覺(jué)手段 (6)Recognize that people from other than your own have different assumptions. 承認(rèn)來(lái)自其他文化的人們對(duì)什么是恰當(dāng)?shù)挠兄煌募?/p>

42、設(shè) (7)Be careful about using humor. 使用幽默時(shí)要小心 (8)Maintain personal contact. 保持人與人之間的直接接觸練習(xí) Which of the following is NOT the strategy for effective global communication? A. Be adaptable in your communication style B. Use your best English speaking habits. C. Use acronyms slang and jargon. D. Use visua

43、l aids. C2.3 Other Diversities in the Workplace 工作場(chǎng)所其它的差異 除了文化差異，跨國(guó)公司里還存在著各種各樣的差異，比如，員工之間可能有不同的宗教信仰、性格特點(diǎn)、社會(huì)地位等。 In addition to differences in cultures, you are likely to encounter other types of diversity in the workplace. They are: race or ethnicity 種族或民族差異 gender 性別差異 physical abilities 體能差異 socia

44、l class 社會(huì)階層差異 age 年齡差異 socioeconomic status 社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)水平差異 religion 宗教差異 personality 性格差異 It is necessary for us to learn some tips for more effective cross-cultural communication. For example: Dont make assumptions based on a persons behaviors, appearance, name or group. Dont tell if someone is good or

45、bad based on his belief, career or appearance. 當(dāng)你與來(lái)自不同背景的人打交道的時(shí)候，交際技巧顯得格外的重要。如：不要根據(jù)別人的行為、穿著、名字或所處的群體給人定性。 Please turn to the course book, page 53, to learn more tips. 教材就口頭和書(shū)面的跨文化交際提出了14條具體的建議： 1) 多樣性有很多層次并且非常復(fù)雜復(fù)雜性，包括一種文化之中不同的亞文化； 2) 除非直接涉及所談內(nèi)容，否則，不要使用有關(guān)國(guó)別、人種、宗教等詞匯，因?yàn)檫@樣會(huì)使人隔離； 3) 承認(rèn)自己所不懂的東西； 4) 注意人們?nèi)?/p>

46、何稱呼他們自己； 5) 不要以面貌、姓名和團(tuán)體取人； 6) 不要以高人一等的態(tài)度待人； 7) 對(duì)親身聽(tīng)到的東西不要懷疑它的真實(shí)性； 8) 愿意改變自己的偏見(jiàn)； 9) 在寫(xiě)作時(shí)，多用事實(shí)，少下判斷； 10) 在寫(xiě)作和談話的時(shí)候，考慮是不是應(yīng)刪去某些提法和形容詞； 11) 使用平行的稱謂和詞語(yǔ)； 12) 在使用“我們”這個(gè)詞時(shí)要小心； 13) 避免使用判斷性詞語(yǔ)； 14) 寫(xiě)作時(shí)，請(qǐng)另一個(gè)人看一下你寫(xiě)的東西，因?yàn)樗赡軙?huì)有一個(gè)不同的視角。 2.4 Working Effectively in Teams 有效的團(tuán)隊(duì)合作 在企業(yè)中，幾乎沒(méi)有哪項(xiàng)工作是一個(gè)人可以完全勝任的，可以說(shuō)，高效的工作團(tuán)隊(duì)已經(jīng)成

47、為了現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的生力軍。一個(gè)“真正的”團(tuán)隊(duì)，就是一群人以特定任務(wù)為中心、互相合作，每個(gè)人有著明確的責(zé)權(quán)分工，每個(gè)人都把個(gè)人的智慧、能力和力量貢獻(xiàn)給這一團(tuán)隊(duì)正在從事的工作。無(wú)論團(tuán)隊(duì)中每個(gè)人地位高低，都會(huì)獲得同樣的尊重。 Five Stages of Effective Work Teams高效的工作團(tuán)隊(duì)形成的五個(gè)階段 Stage 1. Members learn about each other. 階段1. 團(tuán)隊(duì)成員進(jìn)行彼此了解。他們交換關(guān)于他們自己和團(tuán)隊(duì)任務(wù)的觀點(diǎn)和信息。 Stage 2. Members get down to work. 階段2. 團(tuán)隊(duì)成員開(kāi)始著手工作。團(tuán)隊(duì)確立目標(biāo)和任務(wù)。在

48、此階段，每個(gè)成員也許會(huì)面臨犧牲小我保全大我的考驗(yàn)。 Stage 3. Members set roles and tasks. 階段3. 團(tuán)隊(duì)成員了解自己的角色和任務(wù)。團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)調(diào)一致，確定如何實(shí)施工作。每個(gè)成員對(duì)自己的具體任務(wù)負(fù)責(zé)。 Stage 4. The team carries out its work. 階段4. 團(tuán)隊(duì)開(kāi)始工作。通過(guò)協(xié)商，團(tuán)隊(duì)成員化解矛盾分歧，并在執(zhí)行自己任務(wù)和團(tuán)隊(duì)任務(wù)的時(shí)候，以各種方式進(jìn)行信息交流，支持彼此。 Stage 5. The team develops its identity. 階段5. 團(tuán)隊(duì)形成了自己的歸屬性。團(tuán)隊(duì)成員把自己當(dāng)作團(tuán)隊(duì)的一份子，并為團(tuán)隊(duì)的目標(biāo)

49、不懈努力。Team Membership高效團(tuán)隊(duì)的五種角色。 Successful teams are made up of individuals who have different backgrounds and play different roles. These roles are seldom assigned, but naturally assumed. 1. The leader makes sure everyone understands the teams goal. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)確保每個(gè)人了解了團(tuán)隊(duì)目標(biāo)，并確保每個(gè)人致力于團(tuán)隊(duì)任務(wù)。 2. The challenger is not afraid to question ineffective techniques. 挑戰(zhàn)者挑戰(zhàn)者不害怕質(zhì)疑他認(rèn)為無(wú)效的技巧或策略，總是希望能促進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)的進(jìn)步。 3. The do