American_history22

1、v Outbreak of the First World WarInevitable result of contradiction between two groups of imperialist powers:vAlliesBritain, France, and RussiavThe Central European PowersGermany, Austria-Hungary and Italy The political, economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers.World War IWorld War I Worl

2、d War I and the United States vU.S. policy in WWI (from neutrality to entering)v The First World War, which broke out in 1914, was the result of fierce struggle between two imperialist blocs for colonies, markets, and spheres of influence.v Most Americans felt that their country had no vital interes

3、ts in the outcome of the war. On August 4, 1914, President Wilson issued an official statement proclaiming American neutrality.World War I and the United StatesvU.S. involvementvBut the United States was impartial neither in action, nor in thought. It pursed a policy of pro-Ally partiality. Britain

4、and France could buy arms and war materials from the U.S. and get loans from American banks and financial institutions, while Germany could have little access to American resources because of British control of Atlantic.v When Germany used submarines to cut British sea routes and sink American ships

5、, the U.S government threatened to go to war against Germany.vIn the end, when Germany refused to give up its submarine warfare, the U.S. government declared war on Germany on April 6,1917.4.1 World War IGermans submarines sank ships going to England injuring American trade.Germany promised the Mexi

6、cans a chance “to regain its lost territory by the war against the US”.After two years fighting, both sides grew wearya good chance for America to enter the war. World War Iv US entered the war in 1917 More than 4 million Americans went to the battlefieldplaying an important role in turning the tide

7、 of the war: broke German defense line helped the British break German submarine blockadev The German Government appealed to President Wilson for peace settlement v An armistice (?；饏f(xié)議?；饏f(xié)議) was concluded in November 1918 World War I and the United StatesvThe Versailles Treaty System and the Washingto

8、n Systemv The war ended on November 11,1918, and the Peace Conference (the Paris Conference) began on January 18,1919.v The conference was actually a conference of division of colonies of the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain, France and Italy). Although

9、President Wilson put forward a program of Fourteen Points, which was praised by many as liberal and progressive, he was actually trying to advance American interests.The United States in the 1920s vA period of material successv As a result of the war, the U.S. had changed from a debtor nation to a c

10、reditor.v There was further urbanization, new development of technology and mass production in the 1920s. v With the growth of production, there was a marked increase in the living standard of many people. Automobiles, telephones, radios, and refrigerators became more popular by 1929.v The governmen

11、t in this period gave direct or indirect help to industry and business and showed little interest in regulation or control. 4.2 Post WWI to the 1940svThe booming 1920s The 1920s electionthe first for women voted for a presidential candidate. prevailing prosperity, conservative governmental policypri

12、vate business received substantial encouragementThe Great Depression and the New Deal vThe stock market crash and the Great DepressionvThere were serious weaknesses, however, in the American economy in the 1920s. v 1.One weakness was that there was no regulation or control over various kinds of inve

13、stment companies. The banking system lacked stability.v 2. Another serious weakness was stock market speculation and over-expansion of credit. The prices of many stocks had no relation to profits or to real value.Withdrawal of CashHoover Village People Waiting for Relief The Great Depression and the

14、 New DealvFranklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal vIn 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose Franklin D. Roosevelt as their next president who promised a New Deal to get America out of the depression. Roosevelt had a sure sense of what seemed practical or possible, and he was

15、 a great communicator, able to talk to people in all walks of life. The Great Depression and the New Dealv The immediate problem Roosevelt faced was how to prevent the possible collapse of the American economic and political system. In his first 100 days in the White House, he made Congress pass a l

16、arge number of acts, with the purpose of preventing the further worsening of the economic situation and helping the needy people. v Franklin D. Roosevelts New DealIn 1933 Roosevelt rallied the people to the banner of his program, known as the “New Deal”. It helped the country get out of the depressi

17、on 4.2 Post WWI to the 1940s“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” Franklin D. RooseveltThe Great Depression and the New Dealv The New Deal included the following contents:1. establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and currency system, overco

18、ming the financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of financial capital;2. federal government management of relief and establishment of social security systems 3. stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture;4. formulation and implementation of federal labor laws to ra

19、ise the role of labor in the relations of production;5. improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain religious groups. World War II and the United States vBeginning of the Warv The Second World War was the result of struggle between the great powers for control of the world and

20、military expansion of the countries of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and militarist Japan. v From the Japanese attack on China in 1937 to the German attack on Poland in 1939, from the attack on the Soviet Union in June, 1941 to the Pearl Harbor incident in December, 1941, the war spread to the whole w

21、orld and involved all the great powers in the world.A sit-on-the-fence policy vdo trade with the warring countries, including the aggressorsvbelieve in “glorious isolation” Its negative effect:vIsolationism encouraged Nazi and Adolph Hitler to believe that they could rely on American neutrality and

22、their victims could not buy munitions in US.vJapan believed that pacifist US would not fight for the integrity of China.World War IIv On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese air force attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It was the direct cause for Americas entrance into the w

23、ar. 4.3 World War IIWorld War II and the United StatesvEvolution of the American foreign policyv In the early 1930s, the U.S. followed the foreign policy of isolationism, that is, to keep the U.S. out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia. vBut with the spread of the war, especially a

24、fter the fall of France, the U.S. gradually moved away from neutrality and tried to assist Britainv The bombing of Pearl Harbor changed the whole situation. The nation was formally in war with the Axis powers, that is, Germany, Italy and Japan.4.3 World War IIWorld War II and the United StatesvThree

25、 summits during the warv1.The first summit was held at Teheran in November 1943. At the conference, it was declared that Japan should be deprived of all its gains in China. Taiwan was to be returned to China and Korea to be an independent nation after the war.World War II and the United Statesv2.The

26、 second summit was held in Yalta in February, 1945. At this conference Roosevelt had the promise of Stalin that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan three months after the defeat of Germany.World War II and the United Statesv3.The third summit was held at Potsdam, outside Berlin, during July

27、and August in 1945, confirming the temporary division of Europe. At the same time, the conference showed there were great differences among the three powers, which later led to tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Cold WarvClash of interests betweenU.S and Soviet Union after W

28、Wv When the Second War finally ended in 1945, the clash of the two countries became clear.v The Soviet Union put forward the theory that they could be no long-term peaceful coexistence between socialism and capitalism and the Soviet Union should rapidly build up its strength for the final struggle a

29、gainst capitalism, represented by the United States and Britain.v The U.S. also worked out its own policy-the containment policy that the U.S. policy should be a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Later the Containment Policy became the official pol

30、icy towards the Soviet Union.The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan vThe Truman doctrinevThe open declaration of the Containment 遏制Policy was made by President Harry Truman on March 12, 1949 in his speech to Congress where he said it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples

31、 who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. v The Truman Doctrine was that the U.S. government would support any country that said it was fighting against Communism.v馬歇爾計(jì)劃（The Marshall Plan），官方名稱為歐洲復(fù)興計(jì)劃（European Recovery Program），是二戰(zhàn)后美國對(duì)被戰(zhàn)爭破壞的西歐各國進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)援助、協(xié)助重建

32、的計(jì)劃，對(duì)歐洲國家的發(fā)展和世界政治格局產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。 The Berlin Crisis and the NATO vThe Berlin BlockadevIn April 1948, the Russians suddenly cut off the flow of traffic into West Berlin, which was occupied by France, Britain and the United States, and in June, they stopped all the traffic.vFaced with the blockade, the U.S

33、. finally decided to start a large airlift. Over a period of less than 11 months, the U.S. transported a total of 1.4 million metric tones of food, fuel and other supplies into West Berlin. In May 1949, when the Russians saw that they could not achieve their goal, they lifted the blockade.The Berlin

34、 Crisis and the NATOvThe Berlin BlockadevIn 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany officially came into being. The Soviet Union took the similar action and set up the German Democratic Republic in the eastern zone (East Germany), making the division of Germany a permanent fact. By then, the cold war

35、had spread over the whole of Europe.vIn August, 1961,the Soviets created a wall between the east and west sectors of Berlin, forcibly sealing off the inhabitants of East Germany.The Berlin Blockade and the NATO vThe founding of the NATOvThe Berlin Crisis and the expansion of Soviet influence in east

36、 Europe aroused growing alarm throughout Western Europe vAs a consequence, The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in 1949 by 12 nations, to coordinate the military defenses of member nations against possible Soviet aggression.vThe treaty pledged that an attack on any one member would be an attack on a

37、ll, and provided for a council of the NATO.other major issues during the cold warvThe Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) v In 1962, the Soviet Union sent both offensive and defensive medium and intermediate missiles to Cuba and started building missile sites there secretly.v At the same time, Soviet Premie

38、r Khrushchev informed President Kennedy that the Soviet Union had no intention of putting missiles in Cuba.v When the photos taken by American spy planes showed that missile sites were under construction in Cuba and some missiles had been installed, the American government was shocked.other major is

39、sues during the cold warvAfter much discussion, President Kennedy finally decided on the use of naval force to prevent military material and arms from getting into Cuba and demanded the removal of missiles. vAfter two weeks of tense stalemate, the Soviet government agreed to dismantle its bases and

40、ship the missiles back to the Soviet Union.United States Relations with China vNormalization of relations with Chinav In the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the deep involvement in the Vietnam War and the expansion of influence of the Soviet Union in the world, the U.S. began to look for a way to i

41、mprove relations with China so as to to work with China against Soviet expansion.v In February 1972, President Nixon visited China and the two countries issued the Shanghai Communiqu. The visit ended twenty-three years of hostility and led to the establishment of diplomatic relations in January 1979

42、. vTable Tennis Foreign PolicyvNixonfirst US president visited Beijing. vThe “Shanghai Communiqu”a new US policy: there was one China; Taiwan was part of China; a peaceful settlement of the dispute by the Chinese themselves was in American interest.4.4 Post WWII Years Richard Nixon & Premier Zho

43、u Enlai4.4 Post WWII Years vAmerica Since 1980s4.4 Post WWII Years Bill Clinton George Herbert Walker Bush Ronald ReaganvRonald Regan At sixty nine, Reagan became the oldest person ever elected as US President in 1980.vEconomic programreductions in income taxes and business taxesdeep cuts in federal

44、 spending in every area except defense Reagan proposed a wide-ranging program of legislation.4.4 Post WWII Years v George H. W. BushBush concentrated on social and economic problems. Two WarsThe Gulf War On August 2, 1990, Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait & seized downtown Kuwait City Desert Storm Bu

45、sh rallied the United Nations and Congress and sent troops to Iraq. Destruction of Iraqi Army: weeks of air and missile bombardment & 4 days ground attack4.4 Post WWII Years 4.4 Post WWII Years v Bill Clintonthe third youngest person ever elected as president at forty-six. Economic recoveryWhen he was elected, unemployment7.4 %. When voters went to choose his successor in 2000, unemployment3.9 %. v NAFTAthe North American Free Trade Agre