英語句子成分及基本結構

1、英語句子成分及基本結構英語句子成分及基本結構 （一）句子成分的定義（一）句子成分的定義 構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主要成分有主語和謂語主語和謂語； 次要成分有次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語。足語。（二）（二）句子的具體成分句子的具體成分 主語主語（subject)：主語是一個句子所敘述的：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。主語可由主體，一般位于句首。主語可由名詞、代名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的

2、形容詞和主語從句容詞和主語從句等表示。等表示。 1 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞） 2 We often speak English in class.（代詞） 3 One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞） 4 To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） 5 Smoking does harm to the health.（動名詞） 6 The rich

3、 should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞） 7 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句） 8 It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）謂語謂語(predicate) 謂語說明主語所做的謂語說明主語所做的動作動作或具有的或具有的特征和狀態(tài)特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構成如下：構成如下： 1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語

4、構成。如：、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、復合謂語：由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞、復合謂語：由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構成。如：原形構成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 表語表語(predicative) 表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。等）

5、之后。 Our teacher of English is an American. （名詞） Is it yours?（代詞） The weather has turned cold. （形容詞） The speech is exciting. （分詞）Three times seven is twenty one? （數(shù)詞） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動名詞） The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語） Time is up. The class

6、 is over.（副詞） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）賓語(object) 賓語表示動作的對象或承受者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞及物動詞和介詞后 面。例如： They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名詞） The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代詞） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞） They helped the old with

7、their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語） I enjoy listening to popular music.（動名詞短語） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）賓語補足語(complement of object) 英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動

8、詞（如為：某些及物動詞（如make等等+賓語賓語+賓賓補）。賓補可由補）。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。 His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in

9、the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）定語定語(attributive) 修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers in o

10、ur school.（名詞） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）狀語狀語(adverbial) 修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。

11、可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語） He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語） Wait a minute.（名詞） Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下 How about meeting

12、 again at six?（時間狀語） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點狀語） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語） In order to catch up

13、with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結果狀語） She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語） I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）同位語 同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞或名詞短語對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如： We students should study hard. We all are students. Carol , an American teache

14、r, will come to our school.獨立成分 有時句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨立成分感嘆詞感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定詞肯定詞yes 否定詞否定詞no 稱呼語稱呼語：mum, dad。 插入語插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end情態(tài)詞情態(tài)詞,表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）:perhaps也許,maybe大概,actually實際上,certainly當然，等。 簡單句、并列句和復合句（一）句子種

15、類兩種分類法 1、按句子的用途可分四種： 1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的結構可分三種： 1）簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一

16、個謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構成。e.g. You help him and he helps you. He wants to go there but I dont hurry up, or you will b

17、e late. This house belongs to Mr.Smith；it costs millions of dollars. 3）復合句：含有一個或一個以上從句從句的句子。復合句包含：名詞性從句、定語從句名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句和狀語從句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall This is the book that I want. I think that he is right. 簡單句的五種基本句型 1主語+不及物動詞：( S V) We w

18、ork. She came My head aches. The bell rang.2主語+系動詞+表語(SVC) 系動詞 一 be動詞類： am、 is 、are 、was 、were 二 表示變化類：become、 get 、 turn 、 grow 、go 三 感官動詞類: look sound smell taste feel appear, seem四 表示延續(xù)性的動詞 ：remain 、stay 、keep He is a student His face turned red The apple tastes sweet The soldier keeps still.3主語+及物動詞+賓語(SVO） e.g. Henry bought a dictionary. Mike ate three cakes she drew a beautiful picture.4、