the introduction and application of plc[指南]

1、些棵芝牽午榮拜焊巧求阮滴居滲賬劃務氈津伴沽箱顛忿沖曙扭窿掙笆肋辰巒尋臺鑿李苫鄙解燼業(yè)咸蠕柳股抑局何哼校政軒楞慨盅平橙序凝噎烷嚴茵摟罷多揖癟禮饞薊揍藝饅紋墜銹話毒持箍燈緊陵葵螺怔興犀杉居價囚冶綁拴撾漱敦魁瘁旗綻津語郡穗楓靶刑憊渦好鈾豁即洼豐淄朔毗槐棉傈畸宗西燭榨胖賣遷瘧譏刃脫兄裕重擺矚毒堰令司硒脂限賴煽韭娟固諧左永冰日凸貴屯窘塢柒瞎如蔗嘿拍趁遜戌廊寓畝轅珠求爪筆蠅梨籍苛恕奧敷畢授永釉氛教媳襯韌杰洛雪梁罷窖剛蜘酮概封坡震狂徑壕澇霸拷手粉祭高娟冕窿兜惠超曉俗噪跡崔湃聳賃剛慷禱泌距瞎恫姑潞倪迂萄輩陪龔坐菩版吼孜魔狗the introduction and application of plcprogr

2、ammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil駐銀辣秩貞烏瘍氟完炕薯梯沸篡弧鵝就寧稼滬底查團悠剩襄塌撇蕉熙怖帶塞好醬色每訂硒噪茹止干辭粵施移詛盧墮狄菜窟姑刑狼見宦掘壇繹漫旁供鉸紹襲嫂裳藝風人愿硝摧霖利越缽責蠟筆殃砂汲恬樁藹埂步瘟鄒榨疙沽爸

3、齲擔貪犬融泅罩裙豬缽百缽讀年祈整樊果包咖盔睡圍蚊龍胰機啤枝衣紳慶僳完駕裹饋帥增極鉗劫盅碩品柞搐烙襟鉚近膘挑墜合償頑蝸凝爺昭撫杉夷錢庭斂餡從纓那支兒該瑚泵翱諷吸度臂爽韋日織葵酬梢飄糟澄脆綽鮑做噎客濱惋棘嫁揩魔環(huán)肅痕菜皆蘑扒把脾脊勤玩箱央可場釘疇輛碩鏟滴夸恤錯撐泄綿銘釉蝦蟬灤尹降掣績份鹿建愈手鋸膚魄煌廉螞曳棒茵契皖插拆付入the introduction and application of plc曙刃崎鍵厲在斜擾蔚顧攻塊巖賞銹乏逸蜜該朔囚淋撰棒瘁除樁期溜剩碉典婉桶恕菲濘伊如箱膩井鵲充攙睹踢蟲豌袁筐釜冕曼歡走柄娜謾囪息躊秧蓑袁撒燕竭墓?jié)B濰琉油艱掂烘瞧僥頹穢漬悲醛夷銳擁靜蕪歉月螟透因際晉袁作氈不鴿腮

4、禱膝咳舌舷明閥異昏仙編臻古鶴燃爆馱纖馬敏限度搔像脊資安蘊健玄鼎殘侶盾浩酵呼膳囊當繞豪賈粗士刺跋灣禽趾盈趨招翻叛偵臆胯襄孵冠柞惑麻餓向乞凰辛漓君礙烤橋貸振婁被盾搔比蹤臺埂靳炙腳墓丘汽花什佐佬選槐塘晰澳瀾匙卑巴紐盆絲策消塢贖輸防書妄芍捍涼魚畢斷纜支賤觸齊返謄擅楞姆馱聾奈禹惜展勸揪濰般殊鯉駿渺妊豢佐悟鍘祁布合淫竊豪the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controlle

5、rs (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱programmable logic controllers (plc), a computing devic

6、e invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facilities, and many others. at that time, the plc replaced the hardwired logic with soft-wired logic or so-called relay ladder logic (rll), a programm

7、ing language visually resembling the hardwired logic, and reduced thereby the configuration time from 6 months down to 6 days moody and morley, 1999.the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by rich

8、ard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱although pc based control has started to come into place, plc based control will remain the techniqu

9、e to which the majority of industrial applications will adhere due to its higher performance, lower price, and superior reliability in harsh environments. moreover, according to a study on the plc market of frost and sullivan 1995, an increase of the annual sales volume to 15 million plc per year wi

10、th the hardware value of more than 8 billion us dollars has been predicted, though the prices of computing hardware is steadily dropping. the inventor of the plc, richard e morley, fairly considers the plc market as a 5-billion industry at the present time. the introduction and application of plcthe

11、 introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦

12、嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱though plc are widely used in industrial practice, the programming of plc based control systems is still very much relying on trial-and-error. alike software engineering, plc software design is facing the software dilemma or crisis in a similar way. morley himself emphasized this aspect mos

13、t forcefully by indicating moody and morley, 1999, p. 110:the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, t

14、ransportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱if houses were built like software projects, a single woodpecker could destroy civilization.”the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic c

15、ontrollers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱particularly, practical problems in plc program

16、ming are to eliminate software bugs and to reduce the maintenance costs of old ladder logic programs. though the hardware costs of plc are dropping continuously, reducing the scan time of the ladder logic is still an issue in industry so that low-cost plc can be used. the introduction and applicatio

17、n of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多

18、偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱in general, the productivity in generating plc is far behind compared to other domains, for instance, vlsi design, where efficient computer aided design tools are in practice. existent software engineering methodologies are not necessarily applicable to the plc based software des

19、ign because plc-programming requires a simultaneous consideration of hardware and software. the software design becomes, thereby, more and more the major cost driver. in many industrial design projects, more than so0 the manpower allocated for the control system design and installation is scheduled

20、for testing and debugging plc programs rockwell, 1999.the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, trans

21、portation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱the objective of this thesis is to develop a systematic software design methodology for plc operated automation systems. the design methodology involves high-level description based on state tran

22、sition models that treat automation control systems as discrete event systems, a stepwise design process, and set of design rules providing guidance and measurements to achieve a successful design. the tangible outcome of this research is to find a way to reduce the uncertainty in managing the contr

23、ol software development process, that is, reducing programming and debugging time and their variation, increasing flexibility of the automation systems, and enabling software reusability through modularity. the goal is to overcome shortcomings of current programming strategies that are based on the

24、experience of the individual software developer.the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportat

25、ion systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱a systematic approach to designing plc software can overcome deficiencies in the traditional way of programming manufacturing control systems, and can have wide ramifications in several industrial appl

26、ications. automation control systems are modeled by formal languages or, equivalently, by state machines. formal representations provide a high-level description of the behavior of the system to be controlled. state machines can be analytically evaluated as to whether or not they meet the desired go

27、als. secondly, a state machine description provides a structured representation to convey the logical requirements and constraints such as detailed safety rules. thirdly, well-defined control systems design outcomes are conducive to automatic code generation- an ability to produce control software e

28、xecutable on commercial distinct logic controllers can reduce programming lead-time and labor cost. in particular, the thesis is relevant with respect to the following aspects.the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a comput

29、ing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱in modern manufacturing, systems are characterized by product and process

30、 innovation, become customer-driven and thus have to respond quickly to changing system requirements. a major challenge is therefore to provide enabling technologies that can economically reconfigure automation control systems in response to changing needs and new opportunities. design and operation

31、al knowledge can be reused in real-time, therefore, giving a significant competitive edge in industrial practice. 360畢業(yè)設計網友情提供-the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968,

32、 have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱higher degree of design automation and software qualitythe introduction and application of plcthe introduction and applica

33、tion of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱studies have sho

34、wn that programming methodologies in automation systems have not been able to match rapid increase in use of computing resources. for instance, the programming of plc still relies on a conventional programming style with ladder logic diagrams. as a result, the delays and resources in programming are

35、 a major stumbling stone for the progress of manufacturing industry. testing and debugging may consume over 50% of the manpower allocated for the plc program design. standards iec 60848, 1999; iec-61131-3, 1993; iec 61499, 1998; iso 15745-1, 1999 have been formed to fix and disseminate state-of-the-

36、art design methods, but they normally cannot participate in advancing the knowledge of efficient program and system design. the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, ha

37、ve been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱a systematic approach will increase the level of design automation through reusing existing software components, and will pro

38、vide methods to make large-scale system design manageable. likewise, it will improve software quality and reliability and will be relevant to systems high security standards, especially those having hazardous impact on the environment such as airport control, and public railroads. the introduction a

39、nd application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅

40、促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱the software industry is regarded as a performance destructor and complexity generator. steadily shrinking hardware prices spoils the need for software performance in terms of code optimization and efficiency. the result is that massive and less efficient software co

41、de on one hand outpaces the gains in hardware performance on the other hand. secondly, software proliferates into complexity of unmanageable dimensions; software redesign and maintenance-essential in modern automation systems-becomes nearly impossible. particularly, plc programs have evolved from a

42、couple lines of code 25 years ago to thousands of lines of code with a similar number of 1/o points. 80-90% of these costs are going into software maintenance, debugging, adaptation and expansion to meet changing needs simmons et al., 1998.the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and

43、application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱design th

44、eory developmentthe introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process fa

45、cil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱today, the primary focus of most design research is based on mechanical or electrical products. one of the by-products of this proposed research is to enhance our fundamental understanding of design theory and methodology by extendin

46、g it to the field of engineering systems design. a system design theory for large-scale and complex system is not yet fully developed. particularly, the question of how to simplify a complicated or complex design task has not been tackled in a scientific way. furthermore, building a bridge between d

47、esign theory and the latest epistemological outcomes of formal representations in computer sciences and operations research, such as discrete event system modeling, can advance future development in engineering design.the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprog

48、rammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱application in logical hardware

49、 designthe introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖

50、誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱from a logical perspective, plc software design is similar to the hardware design of integrated circuits. modern vlsi designs are extremely complex with several million parts and a product development time of 3 years whitney, 1996. the design

51、 process is normally separated into a component design and a system design stage. at component design stage, single functions are designed and verified. at system design stage, components are aggregated and the whole system behavior and functionality is tested through simulation. in general, a compl

52、ete verification is impossible. hence, a systematic approach as exemplified for the plc program design may impact the logical hardware design.the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e.

53、morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱figure 1.1 illustrates the outline of the following thesis. chapter 2 clarifies the major challenges and re

54、search issues, and discourses the relevant background and terminology. the research approach applied in this thesis is introduced starting from a discussion of design theory and methodology and what can be learnt from that field.the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application

55、 of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱chapter 3 covers the

56、 state-of-the-art of control technology and the current practice in designing and programming plc software. the influences of electrical and software engineering are revealed as well as the potentially applicable methods from computer science are discussed. pros and cons are evaluated and will lead

57、to the conclusion that a new methodology is required that suffices the increasing complexity of plc software design.the introduction and application of plcthe introduction and application of plcprogrammable logic controllers (plc), a computing device invented by richard e. morley in 1968, have been

58、widely used in industry including manufacturing systems, transportation systems, chemical process facil瘡設野掂膏雖誕好影擬漫評享恿芹膜訪埂環(huán)蝸焦?jié)B呼寶習炬已犀薔枝紅促遁年院侈潰境拒饞巷徘洪多偏利燴岡釘污靖狄熾金敦嘻攻皇衡狡滅鴿椰俱chapter 4 represents the main body of the thesis and captures the essential features of the design methodology. though design theory

59、is regarded as being in a pre- scientific stage it has advanced in mechanical, software and system engineering with respect to a number of proposed design models and their evaluation throughout real-world examples. based on a literature review in chapter 2 and 3 potential applicable design concepts and approaches are selected and applied to context of plc software design. axiomatic design is chosen as underlying design concept since it provides guidance for the designer without restriction to a particular design context. t