小學英語語法歸類

1、-作者xxxx-日期xxxx小學英語語法歸類【精品文檔】第一章 名詞 noun一、種類：專有名詞和普通名詞例如：Jerry likes cookies,and his favorite is Oreo. (普通名詞) （專有名詞） Tina wants to be a writer in the future,just like Jane Austen (普通名詞) （專有名詞）（一）專有名詞人名：John，Linda，Einstein國家名、地名、山河名：China，Hong Kong，the West Lake,the Great Wall機構(gòu)、報刊：China Daily（中國日報），t

2、he Unite Nations（聯(lián)合國）星期幾、節(jié)日：Friday，National Day（國慶節(jié)），Christmas專有名詞的首字母要大寫，節(jié)假日前不用冠詞，江河湖海的名字需要與定冠詞the連用（二）普通名詞1、可數(shù)名詞：單數(shù)名詞和復數(shù)名詞（1）單數(shù)名詞用法首字母發(fā)音為輔音時，使用不定冠詞a,例如：a dog,a uniform ju:nf:m首字母的發(fā)音為元音時，使用不定冠詞an,例如：an apple,an hour ar(2)復數(shù)名詞規(guī)則變化： 直接加s:snakes,beds,bars 元音字母加y結(jié)尾，直接加s:boys,keys,toys 以s,x,sh,ch結(jié)尾，加es:

3、buses,boxes,watches 輔音字母加y結(jié)尾，變y為i加es：babies,ladies,flies 以f、fe結(jié)尾，變f、fe為v,加es:knife-knives;leaf-leaves;wolf-wolves 以o結(jié)尾，表示人物、動植物的單詞，加es:potatoes,tomatoes,heroes 以o結(jié)尾，表示無生命體的物體，多數(shù)加s:photos，radios，pianos,zoos不規(guī)則變化 單復數(shù)同行：deer,sheep,Chinese 改變中間元音：goose-geese，tooth-teeth，foot-feet 改變詞尾：ox-oxen,child-chil

4、dren,man-men,woman-women,mouse-mice注意：roof-roofs,handkerchief- handkerchiefs,scarf-scarfsscarves Fish用作可數(shù)名詞時是指魚的條數(shù)，單復數(shù)同行two fish； 指魚的種類時復數(shù)形式為fishes 做不可數(shù)名詞時指魚肉 有的名詞總是復數(shù)形式，常與復數(shù)動詞連用，例如clothes，police are，glass，scissors（剪刀），trousers（褲子）有些名詞的復數(shù)形式，通常是把最后一個詞變作復數(shù)形式，如boy students;但如果man和woman位于復合名詞的第一部分，兩部分都要

5、變成復數(shù)。如men drivers,women drivers2、不可數(shù)名詞用法：不能與不定冠詞aan連用：正確：I need some sugar，salt and flour to make a cake錯誤：I need a sugar，a salt and a flour to make a cake不可數(shù)名詞在句子中用作單數(shù)名詞來使用正確：There is some bread on the table錯誤：There are some bread on the table不可數(shù)名詞的量可以借助piece，slice，drop等單位詞來表示 paper/bread/furniture

6、： 2 pieces of paper/bread/furniture water:2 glasses of water soap:2 bars of soap rice:2 bowls of rice 不可數(shù)名詞可以用some，any，little/a little,much,a lot of來修飾，但是不能用many，few/ a few 正確：Jerry has many homeworks today 錯誤：Jerry has much homework today 對不可數(shù)名詞量的提問應該用how much，對可數(shù)名詞個數(shù)的提問應該用how many，如：The monkey eat

7、s 2 kilos of fruit every day二、名詞的所有格表示名詞與名詞之間的一種所屬關(guān)系，意思為“的”Is this Lindas umbrella？No,it isns Peters.構(gòu)成：1、 單數(shù)名詞和不以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞后加sthe boys ballthe childs petChildrens Daywomens clothes2、 以s或es結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞后面加the boys ballsTeachersDaythe ladiesdresses3、 在并列的幾個名詞后面 各加s，表示物體分別屬于某人；在并列的幾個名詞的最后一個名詞后加s，表示物體為幾個人共同擁有的

8、。Lucy and Lilys pet 這只寵物為Lucy和Lily共同擁有Lucys and Lilys pets 這些 寵物分別屬于Lucy和Lily4、“of+名詞”一般用來表示無生命的物體間的所屬關(guān)系，而且也經(jīng)?？梢赞D(zhuǎn)化為s的格式，如：天空的顏色 the color of the sky the skys color自行車鈴 the bell of the bicycle the bicycles bell 畫框 the frame of the picture the pictures frame書的標題 the title of the book the books title5、

9、雙重所有格，“of+名詞所有格”，通常用來表示整體中的一個或部分Peter的一位朋友：a friend of PetersMartin的一些親戚：some relatives of Martins=some of Martins Relatives第二章 冠詞 article冠詞是置于名詞前，對名詞起限制作用的一種虛詞。冠詞可以說是名詞的一種標志，它不能離開名詞而獨立存在。冠詞在用法上分為不定冠詞、定冠詞和零冠詞三種。一、 不定冠詞（a/an）首字母發(fā)音為輔音或半元音/j/、/w/時，使用不定冠詞a,例如：a dog,a uniform ju:nf:m首字母的發(fā)音為元音時，使用不定冠詞an,例

10、如：an apple,an hour ar用法：1、用于可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式，表示“一”：I have a new pencil-box2、表示一類人或物：An elephant is strong3、第一次提到的人或物：Look,a boy is crying in the street.4、表示“每一”的意思，通常在時間或計算單位前：I go swimming once a week固定搭配have a look 看一下 a lot of 許多，大量have a good time 玩的愉快 a great deal of （+不可數(shù)名詞）大量take a break 休息一下 a numb

11、er of （+可數(shù)名詞）許多take a walk 散步 a few （+可數(shù)名詞）一些in a hurry 急匆匆地 a little （+不可數(shù)名詞）一些half an hour 半小時二、 定冠詞（the）用法：特指某些人或物The man in black is my father.指前面提到過的人或物I have a dog.The dog is white.指談話雙方都知道的人或物What do you think of the film?指宇宙間獨一無二的東西The earth goes around the sun.用于單數(shù)名詞前表示一類人或事The horse is a u

12、seful animal.用于序數(shù)詞前January is the first month of the year.用于形容詞的最高級Who is the tallest student in your class?用于方位和位置前at the top/back/bottom of in the middle of用于某些專有名詞前the Yangtze River the Alps the Tianshan Mountainsthe Pacific Ocean the Yellow Sea the West Lake the Hawaiian Islandsthe New York Time

13、s the British Museum the Ming Dynastythe United Nations用于含有普通名詞的專有名稱the United States of America美利堅合眾國the Peoples Republic of China中華人民共和國the Summer Palace 頤和園用于姓氏復數(shù)形式前，表示一家人The Wangs are having dinner now用于樂器名詞前play the piano/the violin/the guitar用于形容詞前，表示某一類人，注意后面的動詞要用復數(shù)the poor窮人 the rich 富人 the

14、sick病人the young should respect the old.固定搭配：make the bed鋪床 at the beginning of在開始的時候lay the table擺餐具 in the end最后on the right/left在右/左邊 to tell the truth說實話by the way順便說一下 in the morning/afternoon/eveninggo to the cinema去看電影三、 零冠詞以下幾種情況不用任何冠詞一些專有名詞前不用加任何冠詞：China Europe月份、星期、季節(jié)前不用加冠詞：I like autumn be

15、st.一日三餐前不加冠詞：all the students have lunch at school.某些節(jié)假日前不用加冠詞：Christmas Day New Years Day但我國用 festival 構(gòu)成的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日通常用定冠詞：the Spring Festival 春節(jié) / the Mid-autumn Festival.可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)不用加冠詞，表示“一類”：l likes apples表示交通或通訊方式的名詞前不加冠詞：by bus/car/taxi/train/plane on foot by/radio/telephone/e-mail固定搭配：go to school at

16、 schoolgo to town at nightgo to bed at noonat home in hospital第三章 數(shù)詞 numeral表示數(shù)目多少或順序如何的詞，數(shù)詞可分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞一、 基數(shù)詞：表示人或物數(shù)量的多少1、1-12：one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve2、13-19:thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen3、20-90(整十數(shù)):twenty thirty forty fifty seve

17、nty eighty ninety 4、21-99（非整十數(shù)）：個位數(shù)同1-9，在十位和個位之間加連字號“-”，Twenty-one thirty-nine forty-six5、三位數(shù)的表示方法：百位和十位（沒十位則和個位）之間要加and345 :three hundred and forty-five107：one hundred and seven260：two hundred and sixty6、四位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字表達方法：在數(shù)字超過四位數(shù)時，每三位標一個逗號2, 134, 543, 682billon million thousand 十億 百萬 千2,678:two thousan

18、d six hundred and seventy-eight25,000:twenty-five thousand679,328:six hundred and seventy-nine thousand three hundred and twenty-eight 注意：hundred million billion在表示確切數(shù)字時，只用其單數(shù)形式；在表示不確切數(shù)字時要用其復數(shù)形式，并與of短語連用，如hundreds of students成百上千個學生二、 序數(shù)詞：表示順序，與基數(shù)詞相比較形式如下基數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞說明1One1stfirst1-3序數(shù)詞為獨立單詞2two2ndsecond3

19、three3rdthird4four4thfourth4-19序數(shù)詞在其數(shù)詞的詞尾加th5five5thfifth6six6thsixth7seven7thseventh8eight8theighth9nine9thninth10ten10thtenth11eleven11theleventh12twelve12thtwelfth13thirteen13ththirteenth14fourteen14thfourteenth15fifteen15thfifteenth16sixteen16thsixteenth17seventeen17thseventeenth18eighteen18thei

20、ghteenth19nineteen19thnineteenth20twenty20thtwentieth20-90整十位數(shù)的序數(shù)詞，將相應基數(shù)詞詞尾的y變成i，再加eth21-99非整十數(shù)的序數(shù)詞，由“十位數(shù)的基數(shù)詞-個位數(shù)的序數(shù)詞”組成21twenty-one21sttwenty-first29twenty-nine29thtwenty-ninth30thirty30ththirtieth40forty40thfortieth50fifty50thfiftieth60sixty60thsixtieth70seventy70thseventieth80eighty80theightieth9

21、0ninety90thninetieth100One hundred100thone hundredth整百位序數(shù)詞在hundred加th三、 數(shù)詞的用法1、 加減乘除的運算11=2 one plus one is two10-3=7 ten minus mans three is seven9x8=72 nine times eight is seventy-two16÷2=8 sixteen divided by two is eight2、 小數(shù)3.14 three point one four或three point fourteen0.35 (zero) point thr

22、ee five(thirty-five)3、分數(shù)分子用基數(shù)詞表示 ，分母用序數(shù)詞，分子大于1時，分母加s表示復數(shù)三分之一 one third 五分之二 two fifths4、年份用基數(shù)詞，兩位一讀1998 nineteen ninety-eight2000 two thousand2008 two thousand and eight1905 nineteen o five/nineteen hundred and five5、倍數(shù)或次數(shù)的表示法Once twice three times four times6、年齡的表達表示幾歲，用基數(shù)詞+ years oldHe is twelve y

23、ears old表示在年齡時，用at the age of + 基數(shù)詞At the age of six ,she began to learn English7、半的表達 一半：half a/an + 名詞 a half + 名詞一個半：a/an/one + 名詞 + and a half One and a half + 名詞如：an/one hour and a half或one and a half hours8、車路、車次、航班次、房間號、樓層、頁數(shù)等的表示法36次列車：Train 364019次航班：Flight 4019101房間：Room 101第50頁：Page 50第二課：

24、Lesson two/the second lesson五樓：Floor 5/the fifth floor四、 時間和日期的表達方法1、時間表達用基數(shù)詞，主要有兩種方法順讀法1：20 one twenty 6：35 six thirty-five倒讀法不超過三十分鐘：分鐘 + past + 鐘點數(shù)，表示幾點過幾分4：25 twenty-five past four 10:13 thirteen past ten超過三十分鐘：分鐘 past （鐘點數(shù)1），表示幾點差幾分7：55 five to eight 11:40 twenty to twelve30分用half，15分用 a quarte

25、r9:30 half past nine 5:45 a quarter to six3、 日期的表達方法日期October 1st/Oct.1st 讀作：October （the） first/the first of October7月18日 July 18th/Jul.18th 讀作：July （the）eighteenth/the of JulyJanuary Jan. Febuary Feb. March Mar. April Apr. May June Jun.July Jul. August Aug. September Sep. October Oct. November Nov

26、. December Dec.五、 數(shù)量詞的用法1、 表示長、寬、高、面積等，用基數(shù)詞單位詞（meter foot inch kilogram）形容詞（long wide,high）two meters long兩米長 three feet high 三英尺高four inches wide四英尺寬2、 表示時間、距離時，用含有數(shù)詞的名詞所有格形式作定語five minuteswalkits an hoursride from my home to the university3、 由數(shù)詞和其他名詞組成的符合數(shù)詞，其中的名詞用作單數(shù)形式，各部分之間用連字符來連接A three-month-ol

27、d baby a five-day holiday注意：復合名詞相當于一個形容詞用來修飾名詞，不能做表語The building is ten meters highThis is a ten-meter-high building第四章 代詞 pronoun pronan代詞就是代替名詞的詞，同屬名詞詞性。代詞可分為人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞一、 人身代詞第一人稱單數(shù)第一人稱復數(shù)第二人稱單、復數(shù)第三人稱單數(shù)第三人稱復數(shù)主格iweyouHe she itthey賓格meusyouHim her itthem用法：主格用作主語、表語I like sport(i作主

28、語)It was she who helped us a lot（she用作表語）賓格用作賓語（用于動詞和介詞的后面）口語中也可作為表語Please give me a pen(賓格me用于動詞give后面)This present is for her(賓格her用于介詞for后面 )Whos there?its me （賓格me用作表語）人稱代詞的順序單數(shù)；you,he/she and i復數(shù):we,you and theyYou,she and I are in the same school你我她在同一所學校里These apples are for Mary and meWe,you

29、 and they are all from Beijingit 的特殊用法it除了指“事”或“物”的它以外，還常用于指時間、天氣、距離、形式主語和形式賓語等what time is it? (it指時間)it is a fine day today. (it指天氣) its hard to say (it作形式主語)I think it important to keep healthy(it作形式賓語)二、物主代詞是表示所有關(guān)系的代詞，有兩種形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞單數(shù)復數(shù)第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱形容詞性物主代詞myyourhis her itsouryou

30、rtheir名詞性物主代詞mineyourshis hers itsoursyourstheirs用法：形容詞性物主代詞起形容詞的作用，用來修飾名詞，放在名詞前，不可單獨使用This is his football名詞性物主代詞起名詞作用，可以單獨使用，相當于“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”Your shoes are white.Mine are black( Mine = my shoes)固定搭配：on ones way (to) 在某人去的路上of ones own 某人自己的do ones homework 做某人的作業(yè)to ones surprise/joy 高興的是三、反身代詞 強調(diào)的

31、是某人自己，共有八個：myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves用法：用作賓語或介詞賓語I finished the work by myself.(myself用作介詞by的賓語)用作同位語The teacher herself will visit Peters parents.(herself是the teacher的同位語)固定搭配：by oneself獨自 help oneself to 隨便吃make oneself at home 像在自己家一樣，別拘束enjoy oneself 玩

32、的開心hurt oneself 弄傷自己teach oneself 自學say to oneself 自言自語look at oneself in the mirror 照鏡子四、指示代詞表示“這個、那個、這些、那些”指向性的代詞this these指在時間或空間上里說話人較近的人或物that those指在時間或空間上里說話人較遠的人或物this that指單數(shù)名詞 these those指復數(shù)名詞用法：1、作主語：That is an apple2、作定語：These desks are new問句中有指示代詞，在回答時要用人稱代詞it代替this和that,they 代替these和th

33、oseWhats this on the desk? Its a ruler3、電話用語中:This is表示“我是”Is that表示“你是嗎？”4、that,those常用來代替前面的名詞或名詞詞組，以免重復：The weather in winter in Shanghai is much warmer than that in Beijing.5、this,that有時用于代替上文或下文中的一句話或情況：That is why I think English is important to us.The wonderful song goes like this:(這首美妙的歌是這樣唱

34、的)五、疑問代詞疑問代詞主要有which who/whom whose what它們和一些疑問副詞如：how when where why等用法類似，放在句首，后面跟一般疑問句句型，構(gòu)成特殊疑問句Which do you prefer,tea or coffee？What color is your new dress?This blue bag is Mikes(對劃線部分提問)Whose is this blue bag?針對名詞性的物主代詞Mikes用whose提問，后面加上一般疑問句句型is this blue bag,構(gòu)成特殊疑問句。六、不定代詞不定代詞是不明確代替哪個具體名詞的代詞

35、。常用的不定代詞有：one ones both all either neither other another none each every some any many much few little還有由some- any- no- every-合成的不定代詞。1、one和ones的用法one指人或物，表示一個或一個人?？勺髦髡Z、表語、賓語、定語作主語：One has ones own right to choose作表語：That is the one he is looking for.one用來代替前面的單數(shù)名詞，ones用來代替前面的復數(shù)名詞，以免重復I lost my old

36、camera;this is a new oneRed apples often taste better than green ones2、either neither both all的用法 either指兩者中的一個，用單數(shù)形式neither兩者都否定，一個都沒有，用單數(shù)形式both兩者全肯定，用復數(shù)形式all 指三個、三個以上的人或物，用復數(shù)形式Either of his parents is a teacherNeither of his parents are teachersBoth of his parents are teachersAll of the students a

37、re happy on Childrens Day3、the other和another用法the other表示兩者中的另一個another表示多個中的另一個I have two uncles.One is a policeman,the other is a doctorHere are three apples.One is red,another is green and the third is yellow.4、others和the others的用法 others表示別的，另一些，不包含所有其余的the others表示所有其余的After class,some students

38、 are talking with each other,others are playing games(可能還有一些學生在做別的事)There are 30 students in our class.16 are boys and the others are girls.(其余指余下的14位)5、some和any的用法some表示一些，一般用于肯定句中;一般疑問句一般不用some，只有當表示當表示邀請或期待對方作出肯定回答時才能用some;some修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時，不是“一些”的含義，而是“某個”I have some here.Do you have any?Would you l

39、ike some coffee?Heany表示一些，用于否定句和一般疑問句中any用于肯定句，后面修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時，表示“任一”The teacher likes any student in her class這位老師喜歡她班里的每一位學生6、（a）few和（a）little的用法few,little:幾乎沒有（否定語氣）a few:一些，少數(shù)幾個（肯定語氣）a little：一點點（肯定語氣）few,a few指可數(shù)的事物，只能與可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)搭配little,a little指不可數(shù)事物，只能與不可數(shù)名詞搭配Lets buy some milk.There is little in th

40、e fridge.(我們?nèi)ベI些牛奶吧，冰箱里幾乎沒有了)He has a few friends.He often plays with them.only quite just still后面只能搭配a few或a little,表示肯定語氣7、many和much的用法 many表示許多,只能與可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)搭配much表示許多，只能與不可數(shù)名詞搭配Would you like to have a look at my stamps ? I have many.He doesnt know much about this company. 8、some-,any-,every-,no-合成的不

41、定代詞它們可以分別和-thing,-body,-one合成不定代詞something表示某事,用于肯定句anything表示某事時，用于否定句和一般疑問句；表示任何事時，可用于肯定句everything表示一切事nothing表示沒什么I have something to tell you我有事要告訴你Do you have anything to say?你有話要說嗎He has nothing to say他無話可說Everything is Ok with me我一切安好第五章 介詞 preposition prpzn介詞是一種虛詞，必須與名詞、代詞、動名詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、動詞等一起構(gòu)

42、成句子成分。一、表示時間的介詞用at的時間短語具體時刻：at 7 oclock at 9:15用餐時間：at lunch time at tea break節(jié)日：at Christmas at Easter年齡：at ten/at the age of ten其他時間：at noon at night/midnight at that time用on的時間短語（主要表示具體某一天，包括某一天的上午、下午或晚上）星期幾：on Thursday星期幾的上午:on Sunday afternoon日期：on May 21st日期的上午：on the morning of January 22nd節(jié)日

43、：on Childrens Day用in的時間短語泛指一天的上午、中午或晚上：in the morning月份：in September年份：in 2010季節(jié)：in spring/summer/autumn/winter年齡：in her twentiesBefor after in的用法before表示在某一時間或某件事情之前after表示在某一時間或某件事情之后in一段時間：表示一段時間之后，用于將來時I always brush my teeth before going to bedMy grandma often takes a walk after supperMy uncle

44、will come to my home in two days二、表示空間和方位的介詞at,in的用法at用于建筑廠、機場、車站等范圍較小的地點；in用于國家、城市等較大范圍的地點at home at school at the sports meet at the party at the airportat the railway station at the bus stop in the world in our cityon above over below under的用法on表示“在上面”，有接觸面,但不強調(diào)是否垂直The bowls are on the table abov

45、e表示“在上方”，不接觸，但不強調(diào)是否垂直There are some birds flying above the tree.over表示“在正上方”，不接觸，垂直There is a bridge over the river.below表示“在下方”不接觸，但不強調(diào)是否垂直There is a street below my windowsunder表示“在的下面” 不接觸，垂直There is a football under the deskabove與below相對，over與under相對at,by,beside,next,nearat,by,beside均表示“在旁邊”next

46、 to表示“緊靠旁邊”near表示“在附近”She sat down at the table and drank the coffeeShe sat by her motherHe put the umbrella beside the door classroom The music room is next to our There is a supermarket near my homebetween,amongbetween表示在兩者之間among表示在三者或三者以上的中間He stood between his two brothers.He sat among his toys

47、.in,toin表示某事物或某地在一個區(qū)域內(nèi)to表示某事物或某地相對于另一事物或地方的位置Shanghai is in the east of ChinaJapan is to the east of China日本在中國的東面There is a photo on the newspaper表示一張照片在報紙的上方There is a photo in the newspaper表示報紙上有張照片There is a bird in the treeThere is an apple on the treein front of,in the front ofin front of表示在某一

48、空間外部的前面，反義詞為behindin the front of表示在某一空間內(nèi)部的前面，反義詞為at the back ofDont stand in front of the busDont sit in the front of the busacross,throughacross表示在表面穿過：walk across the road swim across the riverthrough表示在里面穿過：go through the tunnel穿過隧道三、表示手段和材料的介詞 by表示用某種方式，多用于交通Lucy always goes to school by bus/in

49、 a busWe often keep in touch by e-mailon表示“以方式”,多用于固定詞組They talked on the telephoneShe learns English on the radio/on TVwith表示用某種工具I often do my homework with a ball penHe broke the window with a stonewith表示某種工具時，必須用冠詞或物主代詞draw in pencil/draw with a pencilin表示用某種材料、語言或穿顏色的衣服She wrote the letter in i

50、nk.They talk in English.The boy in black is our monitor.of, from都表示某種材料制成，但是使用of表示成品仍可看出原料，使用from表示成品已經(jīng)看不出原料了The box is made of wood.Wine is made from grapes.四、固定搭配：about：what about/how about怎么樣 worry about擔心 walk about四處 a story/movie about關(guān)于的故事/電影after:after school放學后 after class下課后 look after 照顧

51、day after day日復一日（表示重復） year after year年復一年 go/run after追趕 after all終究，畢竟at：at home在家 at school在校 at work在工作時at the foot of在的腳下 at the bottom of在的底部at the beginning of在開始 at the end of在結(jié)束時at once立刻 not at all根本不，完全不 look at看laugh at嘲笑 smile at對微笑throw at扔向 shout at向喊around：走 show sb. Around帶某人參觀某地 around the country全國 around the world全世界before：the day before yesterday前天by：pass by路過，經(jīng)過 by the end of到末為止by the way順便一提 day by day一天天的（表示在前進）little by little/bit by bit漸漸地 by mistake出錯for：for a while一會兒 for example例如for the first/last time第 一/最后 次 buy sth. for be good/bad for對有好/壞處 be fam