太平洋垃圾帶模型

1、the great pacific ocean garbage patchsummaryin recent years,due to the accumulation of marine rubbish, near the west coast of the united states formed a plastic products based on thethe great pacific ocean garbage patch, this debris creates many potential threats to marine ecology, and, therefore, t

2、o human well-being. in order to help the researcher solve the all kinds of complicated problems “the great pacific ocean garbage patch” bring about. in this paper, aiming at such as the source, reasons of the formation of, pollution level,garbage distribution density, the mechanism of photodegradati

3、on and the expenses of the plastic garbage processing, and corrective measure,we make the further analysis discussion,at the same time, the corresponding established the following five main models. about the formation of“the great pacific ocean garbage patch”,we established the damped oscillation dy

4、namic simulation model,proving the key factor of the formation of the ocean trash bags is the ocean currents role.and we can reckon that on earth four other similar ocean currents vortex are also have the trash island.we introduce the pollution index direct at the pollution degree of plastic garbage

5、,andwe set up the pollution level layered model, in additon to consider the impact to the environment of plastic garbage ,we also looking to the influence of the outside world,with the influence of the population growth on the amount of plastic garbage as an example, we establish plastic garbage gro

6、wth model.about the analysis of“the great pacific ocean garbage patch”garbage density distribution, we set up garbage density distribution model.we establish photodegradation model about the photodegradation mechanism of the plastic garbage,but the complexity of the current photodegradation mechanis

7、m is not entirely clear ,waits for further studying,this reflected the model considering the needs of scientific research in the future.to economical aspects,in order to forecast the expenses of the plastic garbage processing,we set up the expenses of estimated model.keywords：damping vibration dynam

8、ic simulation, the photodegradation mechanism , pollution index , expenses, measure.introductionwhere is the largest landfill in the world? its in the pacific ocean, about one thousand kilometers near the shore of america, called the great pacific garbage patch. its a specific area between californi

9、a state and hawaii, but until now theres no accurate estimation about its coverage. the great pacific garbage patch is notorious for its high concentration of littered trash, plastic debris. according to a recent investigation, 80 percent of the trash is from main continents, 10 percent consists of

10、used nets or other fishing tools and the other 10 percent of trash is from passing-by ships. most of the garbage islands are in oceanic gyres.undoubtedly the accumulation of garbage has already made huge negative influence on the environment. large amount of oceanic animals die of eating up plastic

11、trash by mistake. its a critical moment to release some feasible and practical methods to prevent deterioration. proper methods involve comprehensive information about the object. we verify many basic parameters characterizing the formation process of the huge landfill. the effect of ocean current i

12、s considered as the top factor in transferring garbage to america seashore.we build several models to solve eight problems separately: the source of the plastic garbage, the formation of“the great pacific ocean garbage patch”, the pollution degree of the plastic garbage,the influence of the populati

13、on growth to the amount of the plastic garbage ,the distribution of the garbage density in great pacific garbage patch, the photodegradation mechanism of the plastic garbage,forecasting the expenses of the plastic garbage processing,and the improving measures and suggestions. .definition and termino

14、logy wpollution indexw1styrofoam pieces (s) of weightw2polypropylene(p) of weightw3thin plastic films(t）of weightethe number of plastic garbage that each person every day manufacturing ethe number of plastic garbage manufacturing that in the x1year to x2 year fthe number of the x1 to x2 years to lan

15、d plastic garbage into the pacific garbage t yearthe x years of the number of the population in united statesldistance from trash to the boundary of the garbage piling areanan attenuating constant of density.pthe density of garbage pilingf(t)the total expenses of the plastic garbage processingtthe t

16、otal weight of the ocean plastic garbagepthe expenses of the plastic garbage processing unitcthe income of the plastic garbage recycling unit.assumptions dont consider the debris movements in special situations, such as the storm or rain,and so on. environment bureau has given the plastic garbage po

17、llution index range and the corresponding plastic garbage pollution levels. 10% of the land plastic garbage into the sea ignore the differences generated by various figures. glutinosity of sea water is neglected the number of plastic garbage that each person every day manufacturing is fixed.basic mo

18、dels 4.1 the source of plastic debristhere are two main sources for the debris : ocean -based sources (20%) and land-based sources (80%, mainly from united states and japan) (national research concil, 2009) . both of them could be caused by natural disaster and human activity. through out the world,

19、 a round 110 million tons of wastes are produced each year of which about 10 percent ends up in the ocean. firstly according to some dates about plastic garbage which obtained from the net,we receive figures 1 and figure 2 figure 1 figure 2land-based sources : （a) inappropriate disposal of trash fro

20、m many land -based activities, including picnicking, beachgoing, fishing, and waterside sporting events; （b) debris items from lawns, parking lots, streets, and storm drains being blown, swept or washed out to sea; （c) inappropriate handling of packing materials; （d) inadvertent or intentional relea

21、se of waste from shore -based solid waste disposal and waste processing. ocean-based sources: （e) abandoning or losing fishing gear, including line, nets, ropes, bait boxes, fish tags, and trawl floats; （f) intentional or inadvertent discharge of trash, galley waste and other materials, including oi

22、l lube bottles, engine cleani ng and maintenance products; (g) inappropriate handling of undersea exploration and oil and gas extraction items, including hard hats, sheeting and tarps, computer equipment and survey materials. among all the components of the debris in the pacific ocean, plastic makes

23、 up (more than 90%) the majority of the debris for its quantity advantage and stability in the water. in this article, we choose plastics as the main element to study.4.2 the formation of “the great pacific ocean garbage patch”according to reference , we know that the great pacific ocean garbage pat

24、ch was mainly due to the formation of the role of ocean currents, but it does not establish a complete mathematical model. therefore, we established a damped oscillation dynamic simulation model to prove that the marine litter with the formation of the primary factor is the role of ocean currents.th

25、e great pacific garbage patch ,located in the united states between california and hawaii.in the past 60 years, with the garbage area has been gradually expanding. garbage here up to 10 million t. here a wide variety of garbage, there have plastic bags, slippers, childrens toys and so on. where the

26、waters of the sea with garbage are filled with toxic chemicals and a small plastic debris, and these are eaten by fish . it is reported that the stomach of each fish found in up to 26 plastic debris. some experts also warned that these fish had swallowed toxic substances will enter the human food ch

27、ain, endangering peoples health. now, the reason of causing the great pacific garbage patch has attracted experts and scholars attention.in two-dimensional coordinate system dynamic simulation of the formation of the rubbish4.21 establishment of model figure 3 figure 4the role of ocean currents with

28、 the formation of the primary waste factor, where the north pacific garbage, for example, to study its specific form. in the model selected by the white line in figure 3 shows the three main ocean currents, after the mapping of the bottom edge of the x-axis, left y-axis to establish two-dimensional

29、coordinate system, which will simplify the actual image at right, and with representatives of the three lines selected currents. after that, we calibrated to represent different points of floating garbage. in order to dynamic simulation, it will be shown along with the direction of each line (the ac

30、tual ocean current direction) speed, and each has its own calibration point speed, the speed of their specific and three straight on. shown in figure 4, a distance if the distance of a straight line no more than d, they think it is a straight line parallel with the direction and the straight line wi

31、th the same speed degree of size. at the same time , it has a speed of , on that vertical line, the direction away from a straight line. point in a straight line parallel to the direction of the speed that in practice it is subject to foreign flow forces influence the results. in the vertical direct

32、ion, chose is the currents in the vertical direction, the equivalent of the impact of floating debris into the wave damping oscillations , from straight line (wave source) farther, the oscillation will be weaker, the reaction rate in this model is smaller. where is the damping coefficient, a the osc

33、illation amplitude, the speed of opening up indicate the energy open . their values in the model based on the specific facts and we have made the data assumptions. thus, for any calibration point, it will have the speed, the time after the move to a new location by the new relationship between the d

34、ecision point and the new line speed and continued movement down.because that way,two-dimensional coordinate system in the dynamic simulation of the real ocean conditions.4.22determination of parameterby contrast with google maps shots, we get, the currents in the three selected system are the follo

35、wing three lines:point to the straight line distance from data set based on the actual speed of ocean currents, the rate of three lines were to simplify the problem, and the other all replaced by . in actual calculations we model the x, y direction of synthetic 3-point line speed .role to ultimately

36、 calculate the actual speed of the store. below the surrounding ocean currents for the three points speed impactwhich is the line l1, l2, l3 and the x-axis of the clip acute angle.4.23 model solution and conclusionschange the total time get the following results k:k=20 k=30k=50 k=70k=100 k=150k=200

37、k=250k=300 k=500the yellow circle is the location of the initial point, representing the assumed location of the original garbage.consider the actual situation, in several important routes and along the coast to represent the beginning of a random distributionthe starting position. the white dots in

38、 the figure represents time k, the location of the final waste. as shown inpresented, the garbage will eventually be formed in three of the circulation of ocean currents and subsequently through the circle ring. this result and the current situation is very close. thus, our model is with a good expl

39、anation of the formation of waste, and affirmed the role of ocean currents in the process.2 error analysismatlab-based program designed for the dynamic simulation algorithm for different k value situation, and so time-consuming4.3 plastic garbage pollution degreereference material moore 2001（referen

40、ces），we get the table1 data content:：according to the data shows in table1，we divide the plastic garbage into the following three types: styrofoam pieces（s），polypropylene（p），thin plastic films(t)，we think，plastic pollution levels mainly depends on the top three factors.we can judge about the detecti

41、on problem of plastic pollution degree from the three dimension of the three aspects,the three levels are respectively the surface of the sea,and the sea inside,the seabed,and the three dimension are respectively styrofoam pieces(s)，polypropylene(p)，thin plastic films(t)，and the monitoring indicator

42、s equation is：w1,w2,w3,three of which were plastic pollution impact factor of the weight, which are north pacific gyre, one square kilometers within the styrofoam pieces (s), polypropylene (p), thin plastic films (t) number. then according to the environmental agency of plastic waste pollution index

43、 and the corresponding range of plastic waste pollution levels, to determine the degree of pollution.4.4 number of population growth on the impact of plastic wastepacific garbage in garbage in plastic 80 percent from human activities, can be imagined, population changes in the amount of plastic wast

44、e there is a greater impact.assuming each person per day for the discarded plastic garbage e, the first x1 to x2 in years, the total amount of plastic litter is e, then we arrive according to suppose that we know，there will be ten percent of land manufacture plastic waste into the sea，so we draw in

45、the number of the x1 to x2 years to land plastic garbage into the pacific garbage bags:according to reference “mobile to mobil:the primary energy costs for cellular and landline telephones”（ reference）,we based on date from the u.s.census bureau, create a regression describing population, ，as a func

46、tion of time ,expressed by4.5 the distribution of the garbage density in great pacific garbage patch.in this section, we aim to work out the distribution of garbage density in the north pacific. trash floats into the area propelled by currents, its velocity decreases continuously. so trash is trappe

47、d in the area. the density of garbage becomes larger as distance from the centre of the great pacific garbage patch decreases. finally several rings with same trash density on them exist. on this condition, the main trapping forces are thought to be reactions due to collisions between different plas

48、tic debris. from figure 5, we can see how trash enters the garbage piling area. figure 5there may be an illegible boundary of the specific area. the outline of the boundary is very complicated, for convenient analysis, we postulate that the boundary is a uniform circularity. and the direction of the

49、 currents is perpendicular to the boundary. trash enters the garbage area through the direction of the currents. in the area, trash is repelled by other plastic debris accumulating in the area. the nearer as to the center of the garbage piling area, the stronger the forces become. influenced by resi

50、stances, finally trash stops moving in the sea and stays static in a certain spot. the density of garbage piling in this district can be calculated by equations below.so we get a formula:from the picture given in the subject, we capture several points to simulate the garbage density distribution. ta

51、ble 2longitude(w)latitude (n)garbage density1453710145388145394.5145401.5145410.01simulation results are shown in figure 6. figure 6 distribution of garbage density. trash density in central part is much larger than that of the outer ring. 4.6 plastics biodegradationas we known, the plastics will pr

52、oduce some chemical reaction, also is the so-called plastic biodegradation，the result is that the plastics will reach smaller size or lighter weight，aim at the plastics biodegradation,we first set up a plastics biodegradation flow chart,then we analyse the problems and the result ultimately we obtai

53、n some conclusions. plastics biodegradation flow chart waste plastics not biodegradable plastics biodegradable plastics into the food chain degradedinto the food chainconcentrationbiological concentrationnot biodegradable plasticsbiodegradable plasticsas the condition of biodegradable is complex,and

54、 the nature is hard to meet the conditions，so plastics will not in fact biodegrade in any natural environment, because of this ,we consider the photodegrade of plastics.so we model the photodegrade process of plastics.the photodegrade process of plastics unlike other debris which biodegrades, the ph

55、otodegraded plastic disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining a polymer. this process continues down to the molecular level. figure 7 the photodegradation process unprotected plastics during weathering at ambient temperature readily react with oxygen. as a consequence, they progressivel

56、y lose their chemical and physical properties and often become brittle long before chemical reactions initiated. such degradations are attributed to photochemical reactions initialed by the absorbed sunlight. the energy of the noxious radiations reaching the earth surface is sufficient enough to bre

57、ak a large variety of chemical bonds. figure 8 provides a vivid description of the relationship between the extensibility of the plastic and time. the extensibility is the most the factor that determines the possibility for plastics to break into smaller ones. and figure 8 indicates that it will come more difficult for the plastics to go on breaking when its extensibility is too small. that is why the particles of degraded plastic tend to reach a si