Lecture_5虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1、Lecture 16Subjunctive MoodPage181Two Subjunctive Forms and OthersExam-oriented LearningLanguage Tips16.1 BE-subjunctive The be-subjunctive is realized by the base form of the verb. Whatever the person of the subject, the predicator invariably takes the base form. The be-subjunctive is used:In certai

2、n that-clauses to express a command, decision, suggestion, etc.In certain adverbial clauses introduced by if, though, whatever, so long a, whether, lest, etc.In certain formulaic expressions to express a wish, prayer, curse, etc. The formulaic use of the be-subjunctive tends to be formal and old-fas

3、hioned in style.P181-1821. a) after such verbs as：命令命令 decree dikri:命令；頒布, order,He ordered that all the books be sent at once.決定決定 vote, decide,Congress has decided/voted/decreed that the present law be maintained.建議建議 move, propose, recommend, suggest,We propose that somebody neutral take the chai

4、r.(需需)請(qǐng)求請(qǐng)求 demand, request, require,Russia demanded that UNITA(安哥拉徹底獨(dú)立全國(guó)同盟）安哥拉徹底獨(dú)立全國(guó)同盟） send a delegation to the peace talks.堅(jiān)持堅(jiān)持 insist, prefer, etc.The doctor insisted that he not eat meat.b)after such adjectives as適當(dāng)（合）appropriate, proper, fitting,It was appropriate that this tax be abolished.必須

5、essential, imperative impertiv必要的，勢(shì)在必行必要的，勢(shì)在必行的的, necessary, obligatory blitri 義務(wù)的；必須的義務(wù)的；必須的,It is necessary that he come back without delay.明智（可?。゛dvisable, desirable,I thought it advisable that an armed guard stand in readiness.重要或不可能 important, impossible, etc.Its important that he answer her qu

6、estions as honestly as he can.c) after such nouns as 命令命令decree, order, instruction,The board has given instructions that the agent fly to Boston.決決心心decision, resolution,Their decision was that the school remain closed.請(qǐng)求請(qǐng)求 demand, requirement, etc.We were faced with the demand that this tax be abo

7、lished. 2. if，though等引導(dǎo)的分句中表示：等引導(dǎo)的分句中表示：推測(cè)推測(cè) whateverWhatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.讓步讓步 if , though, so long asThough everyone desert you, I will not.防備防備 lestQuietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.3. 某些公式化語(yǔ)句某些公式化語(yǔ)句Heaven forbid!So be it.Suffice it to

8、say that .Far be it from me to do . if need be.This be-subjunctive form can sometimes be replaced by “should + infinitive” or the to-infinitive, e.g.:He ordered that the books be sent at once.=He ordered that the books should be sent at once.=He ordered the books to be sent at once.It is important t

9、hat she be placed in an appropriate job.=It is important that she should be placed in an appropriate job.=It is important for her to be placed in an appropriate job.16A1.She insists that he take his vacation now.2.I had recommended that he be placed in a more responsible position.3.I suggested that

10、he finish up that project quickly.4.I demanded hat he accompany me to the hearing(聽證會(huì)聽證會(huì)).5.The general commanded that the soldiers advance immediately.6.I prefer that Mary type the letters.7.It was necessary that he leave immediately.8.Its important that he be nominated.9.He advised that she wait f

11、or a few weeks.10.The board has instructed that the manager quit.11.He ordered that the troops march to the front at once.12.Congress has voted that this law be abolished.13.It is absolutely essential that all the applicants be interviewed one by one.14. I think it advisable that a secretary be appo

12、inted at once.16. live long our great motherland!19. It is necessary that every member get informed of these rules.15. We propose somebody neutral for the chair.We propose that somebody neutral take the chair.17. Let it be understood that both sides are willing to reach an agreement.Be it understood

13、 that both sides are willing to reach an agreement.18. It suffices to say that the open policy will remain unchanged.Suffices it to say that the open policy will remain unchanged.20. The ambassador will stay there if necessary.The ambassador will stay there if need be.16.2 WERE-subjunctive The were-

14、subjunctive has only one form were, which applies to subjects of all persons. The were-subjunctive is hypothetical or unreal in meaning and is used:1)In certain adverbial clauses introduced by if, though, if only, as if, as though, etc. to denote an unreal condition or concession.2) In certain nomin

15、al clauses after verbs like wish, would rather, suppose, imagine, etc. to denote a hypothetical situation.It must be noted that in present-day English, the were-subjunctive with first and third person subjects is often replaced by the indicative indiktiv陳述語(yǔ)氣was in less formal style. Compare:If it wa

16、s to rain, the game would be put off.If only I was not so nervous!I wish it was spring all the year round.Id rather I wasnt at the site of the accident.The were-subjunctive is obligatory, however, in the set expressions “as it were” (= so to speak) and “if I were you,” as well as in non-introduced c

17、onditional clauses with inverted word order, e.g.:Were I to do it (=If I were to do it), I should rely on you.He is my best friend, my second self, as it were.16B1Far - (be) it from me to call him a thief.be4. It is essential that he - (have) all the facts.have6. Home is home, - (be) it ever so home

18、ly.be8. We recommend that a neutral Chairman - (appoint).be appointed15. If I - (feel) overtired, I wouldnt go on.were feeling16. The Committee recommends that the annual subscription - (increase) to 10.be increased19. - (be) that as it may, our expenditure is bound to increase.Be20. They suggested

19、that Smith - (drop) from the team.be dropped23. If it - (rain) tomorrow, the match would be postponed.were to rain28. I propose he - (excuse).be excused29. I move the meeting - (adjourn). d:n休會(huì)；延期；換休會(huì)；延期；換地方地方be adjourned/adjourn 30. - (be) a serious crisis to arise, the government would have to act

20、 swiftly.Were 33. Its essential that he - (be) here by tomorrow.be2. were 3. were 5. be 7. werent 9. were10. were 11. be examined 12. were 13. were14. apply 17. be made, economize 18. were 21. were22. were 24. were to see 25. (not)be started26. Suffice 27. tell 31. continue 32. be34. inform 35. were

21、 36. be 37. come 38. perish39. were 40. forget16.3 Notes on ways of expressing hypothetical meaningsModern English has a number of devices for expressing hypothetical meanings. In addition to the be-subjunctive and the were-subjunctive, we can use past tense forms of verbs and past tense modals for

22、the same purpose.1)The past tense forms of verbs are usually used to express hypothesis in the following contexts: It is time (that) I would rather/ sooner (that) you/ he/ they If only He behaves as if/ as though I wish (that)So much for hypothesis of past or present events, affairs or facts. To exp

23、ress hypothesis of future affairs, events or facts, the past tense forms of some modal auxiliaries are used:I wish you would listen to your teachers advice.I wish I could do something for you in return.Compare “I wish” with “I hope (that) ”:I hope you are ready.I hope you can do something to help he

24、r.We hope you will be very happy.I hope the weather would be favourable.(婉轉(zhuǎn)）婉轉(zhuǎn)）2) The past tense modals are commonly used to express hypothesis in the following contexts:. In conditionals. In implied conditionals. In other contextsIn conditionalsIf he be found guilty, he would be sent to prison.If h

25、e should refuse to appear in court, he might be held guilty. In implied conditionalsBut for your help, I couldnt have achieved anything.Born in better times(=if he had been born in better times), he would have done credit to the profession of letters.In other contextsWould that the flood might never

26、 come again!=If only the flood might never come again!To think that he should have deserted his wife and children.16C3. He talks as if he - (do) all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it.had done7. The cheese looks as if rats - (nibble nibl細(xì)咬；一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)細(xì)咬；一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地咬；吹毛求疵地咬；吹毛求疵) it.had nibble

27、d8. He always talks as if he - (address) a public meeting.were addressing11. If you - (tie) the boat up, it wouldnt have drifted away.had tied16. If only I - (be) insured!had been20. Suppose you - (not know) where your next meal was coming from?did not know21. I wish nuclear weapons never - (be) inv

28、ented.had never been27. If you - (have) a peep hole in your door, you would have seen who was standing outside and kept the door shut. had had/had30. He looks as though he never - (get) a square meal, but in fact his wife feeds him very well.got1.went 2. had 4. began 5. knew 6. had 9. were 10. staye

29、d, looked 12. hadnt given 13. had, would 14. were 15. drove 17. had not taken 18. had kept 19. paid 22. stopped, started23. had brought 24. were coming 25. had taken26. took 28. had not tried 29. had not had16D1.I would certainly take you there if need be.2.If I were to do this, I would adopt a different method.3.The president ordered that all the armed forces be mobilized at once.4.The board decided that Johnson be appointed general manager.5.If I were you, I would face up to the problem.6.If I