Unit4Earthquake知識點以及定語從句精講

1、Unit4 Earthquake一：重點單詞短語1.Now imagine there has been a big earthquake. 現(xiàn)在，假設(shè)有一次大地震。(1)sth. happen to. sb.某事發(fā)生在某人身上Did you hear what happened to David last night? 你聽說大衛(wèi)昨天晚上發(fā)生什么事了嗎?(2)happen to do sth.碰巧做某事I happened to see Peter on the way to the bookstore yesterday. 昨天我去書店的路上碰巧遇見了彼得。(3)It (so) happe

2、ned that碰巧.It so happened that I saw Peter on the way to the bookstore yesterday. 昨天我去書店的路上碰巧遇見了彼得。2. Imagine your home begins to shake and you must leave it right away.shake(v.) (shook, shaken) 搖動，震動 eg: Shake the bottle before taking the medicine. 服藥之前將藥瓶搖一搖。 使受震撼；使（信念等）動搖 eg: They were badly shak

3、en by the news of her death. 她死的消息令他們大為震驚。 （指人）打顫，顫抖 eg: She was shaking with cold/laughter/fear/anger. shake(n.) (C 常用單數(shù)） 搖動，震動 eg: a shake of the head 搖頭拓展：shake hands with sb. = shake sb. by the hand = shake sbs hand 與某人握手 shake ones head 搖頭 3. For three days the water in the village rose and fel

4、l, rose and fell.rise(vi.) “升起，升高”，其后不能接賓語，不能用于被動語態(tài)。eg: 1.The sun rose at seven oclock. 太陽七點種升起。 rise(vi.) （河水，物價等）上漲；提高；起身eg: 1.The river is rising after the rain. 雨后河水漲了。 2.Prices have risen steadily during the past decade. 過去十年間物價一直在平穩(wěn)地上漲。 raise(vt.) 抬起，舉起eg: 1.He raised his arms above his head.

5、他把手臂舉過頭頂。 raise(vt.) 提高；提出；增加eg: 1.He raised his voice. 他提高了嗓門。 raise(vt.) 撫養(yǎng)；飼養(yǎng)eg: 1.She raised a lot of chickens. 她養(yǎng)了許多雞。 4. In the farmyards, the chickens and even the pigs were too nervous to eat. too.to結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示否定含義,意為太.以致于不能eg:He is too old to work. 但too.to在下列情況下卻表示肯定含義: “never / not too to”這一結(jié)構(gòu)意

6、思是“不太所以能”。雙重否定表示肯定意義。 One is never too old to learn. 活到老，學(xué)到老。 It is never too late to mend. 亡羊補牢，猶為未晚。 (2)當too前有only, but, all，just,simple 等詞時，“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)不再表示否定意義，而是表示肯定意義。too相當于very，意思是“非常；十分”。例如： I am only too glad to become a member of you. 我非常高興成為你們中的一員。 We are but too eager to receive your invita

7、tion. 我們極渴望接到你們的邀請。 Im only too glad to see you .見到你非常高興.They are but too pleased to hear the news.他們聽到這個消息,非常高興.(3)與cannot連用時.不再表示否定意義，而是表示肯定意義，意思是“越越好；無論也/都不過分”。例如： You cannot be too careful to cross the street. 你過街時越小心越好。eg:You cannot be too careful(=You can never be careful enough) to do your ho

8、mework.你做作業(yè)越仔細越好(=無論怎樣仔細也不過分).5. In the city, the water pipes in some buildings cracked and burst.在市內(nèi)，有些建筑物里的水管爆裂開來。burst(v.) （使）爆炸；脹破，爆破eg: 1.Water-pipes often burst in cold weather. 水管在寒冷的天氣里經(jīng)常凍裂。拓展：（1）burst into sth. 突然或猛烈地發(fā)出或產(chǎn)生出某事物 eg: burst into tears/laughter 突然哭起來/笑起來 burst into anger 勃然大怒（2）

9、burst out (+ doing) 突然開始做某事eg: burst out crying/laughing/singing 突然哭起來/笑起來/唱起來6. But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night. think little of 不放在心上；看扁，輕視 eg: 1.Most people thought little of the 8-year-old boy. In fact, they were wrong.

10、大多數(shù)人小看了這個8歲的男孩。事實上，他們錯了。拓展：think well / highly of 高度評價/贊揚 think poorly / badly of 認為.很差；對.評價很低另外：think of . as . 把. 認為是. eg: I thought of him as my best friend. However, he treated me as an enemy. 我把他看作我最好的朋友，然而，他卻把我當敵人。7. It seemed as if the world was at an end. 世界似乎到了末日。at an end 結(jié)束，終結(jié) = finished，

11、為固定短語，在句中常作表語。eg: The war was at an end. 戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束了。辨析：at the end (of) 在.的盡頭；在.的結(jié)束，可表時間或空間。eg: 1.At the end of the street, youll find a supermarket. 在大街的盡頭，你會看見一家超市。in the end 最后，終于 = at last，不能和of連用。eg: He tried many times, and in the end he succeeded.他多次努力，最后終于成功了。by the end of 到.末為止，到.結(jié)束時，通常和完成時連用。eg:

12、 1.How many words had you learned by the end of last term? 到上學(xué)期末為止，你們已學(xué)習(xí)多少個單詞了？ 2.Well have finished the work by the end of this month.到本月底我們將完成這項工作。It seemed + that從句是一個句型，表示“看起來好象”。 eg: It seemed that he didnt notice this. 看起來他好象沒注意這件事。 It seemed 后還常跟as if從句。如果與事實相反，則用虛擬語氣；如果與事實一致，則保持正常時態(tài)。 eg: 1.T

13、here is a lot of cloud. It seems as if its going to rain. 有這么多烏云，看起來好象要下雨了。（是事實，不用虛擬） 2.She is so kind to me. It seems as if she were my mother. 她對我非常好，看起來好象她是我的母親。（事實上不是，與現(xiàn)在事實相反） sb. 作主語時，seem后常跟adj. 作表語。 eg: He seemed a little angry. 他看起來有點生氣。8. In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruin

14、s. ruin(n.) U 毀壞，毀滅；滅亡 eg: The war brought ruin to the country. 戰(zhàn)爭給這個國家?guī)砹藲纭?C 廢墟；遺跡 eg: The school is in ruins. 那所學(xué)校已成廢墟。注意：ruin表示“廢墟；遺跡”常用復(fù)數(shù)，常構(gòu)成短語in ruins，意為“嚴重受損；破敗不堪”。eg:His career lies in ruins. 他已事業(yè)盡毀。 ruin(v.) 毀壞，毀滅；使破產(chǎn) 有一般“弄壞了”之意，也有比喻的意思。eg: The fire ruined the books in the library. 大火焚毀了圖書

15、館的藏書。 I was ruined by that law case. 我被那場官司弄得傾家蕩產(chǎn)。9.Thousands of families were killed and many children were left without parents.(1)thousand of 意為“成千上萬的。”，指不確切的數(shù)量。如果要表示準確的數(shù)量，thousand前面加數(shù)字，不變復(fù)數(shù)形式，后面不接of，直接跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞。具有相同用法的還有:million, hundred, dozen, score等。(2)修飾語是some, many, several等表示不確定的數(shù)量詞時，則dozen, h

16、undred等常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，且要加of.some dozens of people several hundreds of persons9. Sand now filled the wells instead of water. instead of “代替，而不是” (后接名詞，代詞，動名詞，介詞短語等，但不能接句子） eg. Give me the red one instead of the green one. instead 是副詞，在句子單獨作狀語，置于句首時，意為“相反地”。10. People began to wonder how long the disaster wou

17、ld last. 人們開始納悶，這場災(zāi)難還會持續(xù)多久。（1）wonder(vt. / vi) “感到驚奇，感到好奇”；“不知道，想知道” wonder可構(gòu)成句型：I wonder if .是一種用來委婉客氣地提出請求或征求對方許可的表達方式。 eg: I wonder if you could show us how to get to the station.不知您能否告訴我們到車站怎么走。 wonder(n.) U 驚奇，驚嘆，驚異 eg: They were filled with wonder at the sight. 他們見此情景驚嘆不已。 C 令人感到驚嘆的事物；奇觀，奇跡 eg

18、: the seven wonders of the world 世界七大奇跡拓展： It is a wonder that . 令人驚奇的是.；莫名其妙的是. eg: It is a wonder that he remained alive after dropping from the roof of a ten-storey building.他從一幢十層樓的大廈的屋頂上摔下來，但仍然活著，真是奇跡。 No wonder that . 難怪.；.不足為奇 eg: She has been studying hard. No wonder that she always takes th

19、e first place. 她學(xué)習(xí)一直很刻苦，她總是得第一不足為奇。11. All hope was not lost.不是所有的希望都破滅了。該句為部分否定。all, both, everyone, everybody, everything 以及every+名詞都表示全部肯定；但當not 在它們之前或之后都表示部分否定。no one, none nobody, nothing, notany, 以及 no+名詞都表示全部否定。如： Both of them havent read this story.并非他們二人都看過這個故事。 All of the boys are clever,

20、but none of them can work out this problem. 這些男孩都很聰明，但沒有一個人能解出這道題。 All bamboo doesnt grow tall.=Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都長的高12. The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. (1) be trapped in 陷入困境 They were trappend in the burning building.(2) bury 埋葬，掩埋

21、be buried in / bury oneself in 埋頭于，專心于 （3）the dead 死者，表示一類人。形容詞前加the常用來表示一類人或一類東西。 eg: the rich 富人 the young 年輕人 the old 老年人 the deaf 聾人 13. Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. shelter(n.) 遮蔽；庇護，常與from搭配使用。 eg: 1.They took shelter from the rain under a big tree. 他們在一

22、棵大樹下避雨。 2.The high fence gives us some shelter from the wind.這道高柵欄給我們擋住了風(fēng)。 遮蔽物；避難所，收容所 eg: 1.a bus shelter 候車亭 2.Many of the children in the shelter are orphans.收容所里有好多孩子是孤兒。 shelter(vt.) shelter sb/sth from sb/sth 給某人/某物提供庇護處；保護 eg: The wall sheltered us from the wind. 墻壁遮擋著，使我們免遭風(fēng)吹。 shelter(vi.) 躲

23、避；避難 eg: 1.Where can we shelter from the rain? 我們到哪兒避雨呢？ 2.They sheltered from the sun under a tree.他們在樹底下乘涼。14. 表示“許多，大量的”的短語歸納： 只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的短語 a large/great/good number of a great/good many + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 a good few/quite a few many a + 單數(shù)名詞（作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)） 只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的短語 a great/good deal of a large/great amoun

24、t of large/great amounts of quite a little 既可修飾可數(shù)名詞也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的短語 a lot of/lots of a large/great quantity of large quantites of plenty of 15.This frightened boy whose mother was lost in the disaster is looking for her now.frighten vt. 使驚嚇；嚇唬 vi. 驚嚇；害怕frightened adj. 受驚嚇的；受恐嚇的frightening adj. 令人恐懼的be f

25、rightened at 受.驚嚇16. congratulation(n.)“祝賀”，一般要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，常與on連用。 eg: 1.Lets offer our congratulations on her success. 對她的成功表示祝賀。注意：表示向某人祝賀，接介詞to。 eg: 1.Congratulations to you. 祝賀你。 17. judge(n.) 法官；裁判 eg: 1.Do you know who will be the judge of the speaking competition? 你知道誰是這次演講比賽的裁判嗎？judge(v.) 裁決，判斷，評判

26、 eg: 1.A man should be judged by what he did, not what he said. 要評判一個人，應(yīng)該著眼其所做所為，而不是他所說的。拓展：judge常用一個分詞短語judging by/from來表達“根據(jù).來判斷”。 eg: Judging by his clothes, he must be a commom worker. 從他的衣著判斷，他一定是個普通工人。18. proud(adj.) “驕傲的，自豪的；自尊的，自重的；自負的” 短語：be proud of/take pride in pride(n.) “驕傲，自豪，得意；自尊心” e

27、g: 1.She showed us her new house with great pride. 她非常自豪地讓我們看她的新房子。 2.The old man looked with pride at his garden. 老人得意地看著自己的花園。 3.Dont say anything that may hurt his pride. 不要說任何可能傷害他自尊心的話。19. honour(v.) “使.感到榮幸；尊敬，對.表示尊敬” eg: 1.Im honoured to be here with you. 和你們在一起我感到很榮幸。 2.They gave a state ban

28、quet to honour his visit to China. 他們舉行國宴歡迎他的訪華。 honour(n.) U 榮譽，光榮，信譽 eg: 1.To lose honour is to lose more than life. 失去信譽甚于失去生命。 2.We should win honour for our country. 我們應(yīng)該為國爭光。 C（多用單數(shù)）使感到光榮的事或人；榮幸 eg: 1.It is an honour to meet you. 很榮幸見到你。 2.I consider it an honour to be accepted by that firm. 拓

29、展： do sb. honour / do honour to sb. “對某人表示敬意；給某人帶來榮譽” eg: 1.They did honour to the dead. 他們向死者致敬。 have the honour of doing sth. / have the honour to do sth. “有幸做某事；榮幸地做某事” eg: 1.That year I had the honour of being admitted by the Party. 那一年我光榮地被接受入黨。 in honour of “為了向.表示敬意；為紀念.，為祝賀.” eg: 1.We had a

30、party in honour of his birthday. 為了祝賀他的生日我們舉行了一個宴會。 2.This is a ceremony in honour of those killed in battle. 這是為紀念陣亡戰(zhàn)士而舉行的儀式。二、語法講解定語從句在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句，被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞成為先行詞。定語從句一般位于先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語從句的有關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞，關(guān)系代詞有：that, which, who(whom),whose和as；關(guān)系副詞有：when,where, why。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語或定語；關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作

31、狀語。一、關(guān)系代詞的用法1、關(guān)系代詞which用來指物，在從句中可作主語或賓語。This is a book which tells about space rocket technology.（作主語）The letter which I received yesterday was from my brother.（作賓語）The hotel which I stayed in last month is over there.（作介詞的賓語）2、關(guān)系代詞that既可指物，也可指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。They live in a house that was built 200 y

32、ears ago.（作主語）She is the girl that you saw in school.作賓語）Here is the car that I told you about.（作介詞的賓語）注：that在句中作賓語時可省略，需要注意的是that作介詞的賓語時，介詞不能放到that之前，若要將介詞提前，必須將that改成which或whom。Here is the car about which I told you .Is he the man with whom you shook hands just now?3、關(guān)系代詞who, whom指代人，在句中作主語或賓語。Her

33、e comes the girl who wants to see you.I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss music.4、whose表示“某人的”或“某物的”，是所有格作定語，后面必須帶名詞，且不能省略。Id like a room whose window looks out onto the sea.注：whose表示所屬關(guān)系，可以用of which替代。I live in the house whose windows face south.=I live in the house the windows of wh

34、ich face south.二、只能用that不能用which引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況：1、序數(shù)詞（包括the last）或形容詞最高級修飾先行詞時。Alice is the most diligent student that I have ever known.The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.This is the last bus that we can take.2、先行詞被no,one of, every, the only, the very，the righ

35、t, last, just所修飾時。Thats the very point that we should pay attention to.She is the only person that the old woman can depend on.3、先行詞是不定代詞（any, all, little, everything, nothing, something, anything, nobody, everybody等）。There was little that he needed.Mr Brown has told us something that we should do i

36、n the summer vacation.4、先行詞中既有人又有物時。Then we talked about the things and persons that we remembered at school.5、疑問詞是who或which，關(guān)系代詞宜用that，以避免重復(fù)Which is the book that you like best? Who is the man that is standing at the gate?6、關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作to be 的表語時。 Tom isnt the boy that he used to be.三、只能用which不能用tha

37、t引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況：1、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。Crusoes dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .2、關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞。A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.3、先行詞本身是that, 宜用which 。 Whats that which she is looking at?四、只能用who不能用that引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況：1、先行詞是指人的不定代詞時，如anyone, anybody, those, all, o

38、ne, ones, they, he, people等。Anyone who failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason .Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.2、在There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞指人時。There is a gentleman who wants to see you .五、as引導(dǎo)定語從句1、as 用作關(guān)系代詞時，既可以指人，也可以指物。在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語。它常在the same as，su

39、chas，asas等句型中，as不能省略。Ill buy the same dictionary as you do.2、as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，代表整個主句的內(nèi)容。從句可放在主語前、主語后或主語中間。As we all know, China has become a world famous nation.課堂訓(xùn)練一、根據(jù)句意以及首字母提示完成單詞1、Older students were having difficulty in studying and o_ themselves.2、That place is dirty and s_. 3、In the city, the wa

40、ter pipes in some buildings cracked and b_.4、People began to wonder how long the d_ would last.5、F_ water was taken to the city by train, truck and plane.6、Everywhere they looked nearly everything was d_.7、The railway tracks were now u_ pieces of steel.8、Without _ (電)，modern life would be very diffi

41、cult.9、_ (判斷)from his appearance, the manger must be over fifty.10、Dead and _ (受傷的)people lay everywhere after the terrible accident.二、用適當?shù)年P(guān)系代詞填空1、The building _ wall is white is my uncles house.2、I know the boy _ you are looking for.3、Will you please lend me the very book _ you bought yesterday?4、The student _ the teacher praised at the class meeting is our monitor.5、The reason _ comes after spring is summer.6、This is the museum _ we visited last Saturday.7、The boy with _ John is talking is my brother.8、The girl _ leg was broken in the earth