名詞及名詞性從句

1、3. 名詞性從句概念：主語、賓語、表語還有同位語這幾個部分終極復雜的變化就是變成一個從句來承擔相應的部分。名詞性從句相當于名詞，可作主句的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。因此，名詞性從句可分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句引導詞名詞性從句的引導詞主要有以下三類：1. 從屬連接詞：在從句中不作語法成分。that：本身無詞義（引導表語從句、賓語從句及帶有形式主語it 的主語從句時可以省略）；一般不能用來引導介詞賓語從句（但是有時把固定詞組in that和except that中的that看成是引導介詞賓語從句）。whether：有詞義，意為“是否”（注意與whether引導讓步狀語從句時表示“

2、無論”的情況區(qū)分開）。if：有詞義，意為“是否”（主要用于口語和科普文章中，常見于引導賓語從句，偶爾出現(xiàn)在帶有形式主語it的主語從句中。注意與if引導狀語從句時表示“如果”的情況區(qū)分開）。要注意的是：（1）從句中若有or not時一般不用if，而應該使用whether；（2）在discuss、decide等一些及物動詞后面不能用if引導賓語從句；（3）if一般不能用來引導特殊的同位語從句，也不能用在名詞性不定式中。2. 連接代詞：都有詞義，并且在句子中作某一成分（一般為主語、賓語、表語、定語或介詞賓語）。what：“什么；。的（內容）”which：“哪個，哪些”who/whom: “誰”who

3、se：“誰的”3. 連接副詞：都有詞義，在從句中一般作狀語。how：“如何”或“。的方式、原理”why：“為什么”或“。的理由、原因”where：“在哪里”或“。的地方”when：“何時”或“。的時間”分類：名詞性從句共分為四類：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。1. 主語以及主語從句主語從句：它位于主句謂語前，這時主句的謂語必定為單數(shù)第三人稱形式。The reasons are clear now.Why he murdered his wife is clear now.1. That English is very important is an undoubted fact.2

4、. Whether he will come to the party makes no difference to me.3. Why dinosaurs become extinct is still a mystery.用it作形式主語，把主語從句放在句尾。(2005Text 2) But its obvious that a majority of the presidents advisers still dont take global warming seriously.It is a fact that It is generally believed that A. 由從屬連

5、詞（that，whether/if）引導That the plates are moving is beyond dispute.不能這樣表達：The plates are moving is beyond dispute.盡管that并沒有實際含義，但是它起到引導主句的功能，在這里不可或缺，否則句子結構會出現(xiàn)混亂。That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Whether the re

6、sults will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.下列表達是錯誤的：If the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. 因為當whether引導的主語從句位于句首時，whether不能由if替代，但可以說 It

7、 depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user if the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading.B. 由連接代詞引導Who is going to the energy conference is not important.What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.C. 由連接副詞引導How he manages to finish the job

8、is of interest to us all.Why he failed the English exam wasnt clear.When he will leave for Beijing is not yet decided.D. 用it作形式主語由于主語從句位于句首會使句子顯得頭重腳輕，因此常把它移至句子后部，句首用引導詞it來作形式主語。常見的有以下四種句型（第一種出現(xiàn)得最頻繁）：（1）It+系動詞+表語（形容詞，名詞，個別介詞短語）+主語從句其中，表語以形容詞為最常見，而介詞短語主要是等效于形容詞的of短語。It is possible that we use a comput

9、er to solve these complicated problems.It is our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.It is of interest that every function can be approximated by simple functions.這一句型中有一些常用表達方式的翻譯方法應熟記，如：It is necessary/essential/imperative that 必須。，有必要。It is important that 重要的是。It is possible that 能夠。，

10、。是可能的It is impossible that 不能夠。，。是不可能的It is likely that 很可能。It is clear/evident/obvious/apparent that 顯然。，很清楚。（2） It+被動語態(tài)（be、get等+過去分詞）+主語從句It is said that mathematics is the base of all other sciences.It may be questioned whether this approach is the best for the physicist.這一句型中有一些常用表達方式的翻譯方法應熟記，如：

11、It is known that 我們（大家）知道。It is well known that 眾所周知。It is said that 人們說。，據(jù)說。It is reported that 據(jù)報道。It is believed that 據(jù)信。It can be seen that 可以看出。It has been shown that 已經表明。It has been found that 人們已發(fā)現(xiàn)。It must be remembered that 必須記住。It must be pointed out that 必須指出。It should be noted that 應當注意。

12、（3）It+不及物動詞（follow，happen，appear，seem，matter，occur）+主語從句It doesnt matter whether Mary comes to the party or not.當whether引導的主語從句位于句尾時，whether可以由if替代，但if通常不能與or not搭配，如本句也可以表達為 It doesnt matter if Mary comes to the party.It follows from Maxwells hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electri

13、c field, a magnetic field is produced.In 1831, it occurred to Michael Faraday that a converse effect should also be observable.(4) It+個別及物動詞+賓語+主語從句這一句型在多數(shù)情況下是以“it makes no/little difference +主語從句”的形式出現(xiàn)的，意為“。是沒有（沒有什么）區(qū)別/關系的”。It makes no difference what you read or study if you cant remember it.E. 兩個

14、從句共同作主語Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.這種公平意識是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自發(fā)展起來的，還是起源于兩個物種在3500萬年前的共同祖先，迄今為止仍然是個懸而未決的問題。（注：因為兩個主語從句是選擇關系，所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)形

15、式。）It is imagined by many that the operation of the common mind can be by no means compared with those of the scientists minds, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.許多人認為，普通人的思維方式根本無法和科學家的思維過程相比；科學家的思維過程必須經過某種專門訓練才能掌握。2. 賓語以及賓語從句賓語從句是指在復合句中作及物動詞的賓語的從句，也可以作介詞和某些形容詞的賓語。賓語從句一

16、般位于及物動詞之后，或用于介詞之后。He has made clear the facts.He has made clear what they had done yesterday.主語，謂語，賓補，賓語A. 及物動詞后的賓語從句(1) 由從屬連接詞引導I think (that) watching TV too much is bad for peoples health.Recent court decisions have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education.I

17、dont know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.（2）由連接代詞引導This test is intended to reinforce what you have learnt in the past few weeks.You may never find out who dealt with the complaint later.It is your task to find out into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit.（3）由連接副詞引導There are still

18、forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available.We cant understand why he avoided speaking to us.They know exactly where they are going.We need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. (how 表示方式)We do not know how far mankind will be able to solve these problems. (how 表示程度注意：

19、如果主句謂語動詞是think，believe，suppose，imagine等，賓語從句中的否定意義通常在主句中表現(xiàn)出來，稱為“否定轉移”，如：I dont think this is the best way.當賓語從句作介詞賓語時，不能用if引導，而只能使用whether。Our basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved.B. 介詞和某些形容詞之后的賓語從句（1）介詞后的賓語從句He only laughed at what

20、I said.I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.注意：有時候賓語從句以介詞開頭，而不是以引導詞開頭，這類賓語從句緊跟在及物動詞之后，充當該及物動詞的賓語，不要把這類從句誤認為是介詞賓語從句。這時，引導詞一般在從句中作了介詞賓語或介詞賓語的定語。如：You must determine for what values of X the following series is convergent.We are ready to see in what ways the tissues are combined to for

21、m the actual body structures.The beginning of each section tells you for whom the information is intended, so that you can determine what material is important to you.(2) 某些形容詞后的賓語從句少數(shù)形容詞（如：certain，sure，aware，unaware，confident，afraid等）后跟有that從句（that也可以省去）時，從邏輯概念上看此that從句類似于一個賓語從句，因此可以稱為“形容詞賓語從句”。如：I

22、 am afraid that I cant go with you.I am sure that they will make greater progress in English through hard work.(3) 非謂語動詞之后的賓語從句Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said nothing.On being asked whether he had had any good food in Germany, he answered “Terrible”.C

23、. 用it作形式賓語的賓語從句（1）常見的表達包括：have it that（說），insist on（upon）it that（堅決主張，堅決要求），see to it that（確保），take it that（認為）等等。I insist upon it that we should be honest.I take it that you dont want to do it, but you have to do it.Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism and evolution are in the publis

24、hers pipeline. (in the pipeline表示在進行中，在生產中。)（2）當主句帶有賓語補足語時，與動詞不定式作賓語時相同，一定要用形式賓語it，并把賓語從句置于賓語補足語之后，如：make it clear that（表明）。The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting.There are those who consider it questionable tha

25、t these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources.D. 賓語從句的時態(tài)特點賓語從句的時態(tài)主要取決于主句的時態(tài)（1）主句是現(xiàn)在時（一般或現(xiàn)在完成時），從句允許使用任何時態(tài)。從句時態(tài)可與主句一致，也可由從句中的時間狀語決定。如：I think they are right.I think you were wrong at tha

26、t time.I think that she will come on time.（2）主句是過去時，從句除表示真理可使用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)外，一律用過去時態(tài)。從句有一般過去時態(tài)狀語時，使用一般過去時；從句談論過去發(fā)生的事實或含有完成時態(tài)狀語時，常用過去完成時；從句有將來時間狀語或談論將來發(fā)生的事實，使用過去將來時。如：My father told me that the earth is round.I didnt think I was wrong yesterday.I didnt think I had been wrong.She hesitated whether she would ta

27、ke our advice.3. 表語以及表語從句表語從句是指在復合句中作主句的表語的從句。表語從句和主語指同一內容，它對主語進行解釋，說明，使主句的內容具體化。It is a question.The discussion is whether the book is worth reading.(2005 Text2)One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil price is that, unlike the rise in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the backgr

28、ound of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A. 由從屬連接詞引導The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.All indications are that the need for skilled people in the field of electronics will grow in this new decade.The reason I didnt go to France was that I g

29、ot a new job.下列表達是不規(guī)范的：The reason I didnt go to France was because I got a new job.This is becauseThis is because y is negative if this point is below the x-axis.The question is whether he works at all.下列表達是錯誤的：The question is if he works at all. 因為if不能引導表語從句。B. 由連接代詞引導China is not what it used to b

30、e.Raw material is what we are badly in need of.C. 由連接副詞引導This is how a computer works.The next important question we have to decide is when we have to submit the annual report.Some people maintain that this is precisely where the danger lies.This is why I didnt pass the exam.D. A is to B what C is t

31、o D這是一種涉及表語從句的特殊形式的句型，所表達的基本意義為“A之于B正如C之于D”。前后進行類比，通過說明C對于D的重要性，目的在于突出A對于B的重要性。The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a soldier.Air is to us what water is to fish.Reading is to the mind what food is to body.4. 同位語以及同位語從句當一個分句作其前面某個名詞（多為抽象名詞）的同位語時，即補充說明前面那個名詞所含的具體內容時，該分句就被稱為那個名詞的同位語從句。這些名詞有：agreem

32、ent 一致意見assumption 假定awareness 意識belief 看法conclusion 結論conviction 深信decision 決定delusion 錯覺determination 決心discovery 發(fā)現(xiàn)doubt 懷疑dream 夢想evidence 證據(jù)explanation 解釋fact 事實feeling 感覺guarantee 保證guess 猜測hope 希望idea 觀點knowledge 認識likelihood 可能性message 信息mind 想法news 消息notion 觀念objection 反對opinion 觀點possibili

33、ty 可能性prediction 預測probability 可能性problem 問題proof 證據(jù)proposal 建議proposition 論點，主張question 問題realization 認識rumor 傳聞sign 跡象truth 事實theory 理論thought 想法We found out the murderer, Tom.We found out the fact that he was killed.The idea that the recent massive earthquake is the prelude of the 2012 disaster f

34、rightens everyone. They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.翻譯辦法(1995翻譯) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and

35、appropriateness of the information.翻譯：這些預測在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量，可靠性和適宜性。A. 由that引導I have no doubt that he will overcome all these difficulties.A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.一個世紀以前，佛洛伊德提出了自己突破性的理

36、論：夢是我們無意識的愿望和恐懼的陰影。注意：同位語從句引導詞that不能省略。B. 由whether引導The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been decided.They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.C. 在少數(shù)幾個名詞（常見的有question，problem，idea，doubt）的后面，可直接跟由what，when，how等詞引導的同位語從句。At that time the scientist had

37、 no idea what steps he was to take to deal with that situation.I have not made up mind what elective subjects I am to take next term.When you are about halfway through the story, try to make a guess how the plot will develop.D. 同位語從句與被修飾名詞的分割有時為了保持句子平衡，將同位語從句與被修飾的名詞分割，其間出現(xiàn)其他成分。Concerns were raised t

38、hat witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.人們日益擔心，證人可能會因此受到鼓勵，在法庭上夸大事實以保證對被告作出有罪的判決。Drear months dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed for anti-Nazi activities.在獄中挨過數(shù)月苦悶的日子后，突然有一天傳來噩耗：她敬愛的哥哥在反法西斯活動中被殺害。Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.有證據(jù)表明，六個月的嬰兒就能辨別出特定的說話聲音。E. 同位語從句的翻譯方法通常有以下三種