基本句型及其轉(zhuǎn)換

1、英語(yǔ)基本句型及其轉(zhuǎn)換和擴(kuò)大清水一中l(wèi)xc 2014.3一.概說(shuō) 句子的基本成分是主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的類別決定著不同的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，而不同的謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)又決定著不同的句型。英語(yǔ)的基本句型主要有五種，它們是；主-動(dòng)-補(bǔ)主-動(dòng)主-動(dòng)-賓主-動(dòng)-賓-賓主-動(dòng)-賓-補(bǔ) 當(dāng)代有些語(yǔ)法書上在上述五種基本句型之外，再加兩種，即； 主-動(dòng)-狀 和 主-動(dòng)-賓-狀 但是，大量出現(xiàn)還是前面五種。英漢語(yǔ)序比較 在漢語(yǔ)中，一個(gè)比較完整的陳述句中，各成分之間的位置關(guān)系一般是 狀語(yǔ)，（定語(yǔ)）+ 主語(yǔ) +狀語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + + （定語(yǔ)） + 賓語(yǔ)蠢笨的企鵝，膽怯地把肥胖的身體躲藏在懸崖底下。 英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣是常把句子的重點(diǎn)信息置于

2、句前，次要信息在后，而漢語(yǔ)則相反。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類1.限定動(dòng)詞（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）和非限定動(dòng)詞（非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）2.實(shí)意動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞 1）實(shí)意動(dòng)詞有完全的詞義，能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 2）連系動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，后面跟表語(yǔ) 3）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只能和動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 4）助動(dòng)詞只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、 語(yǔ)氣等動(dòng)詞形式，以及否定和疑問(wèn)等結(jié)構(gòu)中的 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 應(yīng)當(dāng)記住的24個(gè)特殊動(dòng)詞； 5個(gè) 連系動(dòng)詞：am ,is,are,was,were 6個(gè) 助動(dòng)詞：have,has,had,do,does,did 4個(gè) 作助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：shall(shant),will (wont),s

3、hould,would 9個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：can(cant),could, might, may, must,ought,need,dare,used 3.及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞 4.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 動(dòng)詞常和某些其他詞類用在一起，構(gòu) 成固定詞組，形成所謂短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，可以作為一個(gè) 整體看待，也有及物與不及物之分。 5.瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞句型1：主-動(dòng)-補(bǔ) Mr Brown is an engineer. The game is exciting. Dinner is at six oclock. She is in good health. The plan sounds perfect. You do

4、look well. Its getting dark. My aim was to help her. This is what I want. 構(gòu)成句型1的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都是系動(dòng)詞 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是名詞詞組、形容詞詞組、介詞詞組、非限定動(dòng)詞或名詞性分句等。句型2： 主-動(dòng) Iron rusts. The telephone rang. The plane is taking off. The shop has closed. His father might have died. They have been singing for half an hour. The guests wil soon be

5、 arriving. You ought to have got up esrlier. 句型2的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，狀語(yǔ)并非結(jié)構(gòu)上不可或缺的成分。但是，在某種情況下，狀語(yǔ)成分必不可少。 He lives in Shanghai. The train leaves at eight.句型3：主-動(dòng)-賓 He opened the door. The factory makes machine tools. She is reading a novel. You may have seen each other. She has been looking for her lost watch.

6、 She will be doing his best. 句型3的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都是及物動(dòng)詞，這類動(dòng)詞后面只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，一般不需要狀語(yǔ)成分即可表達(dá)完整意思，但在某些情況下，狀語(yǔ)成分必不可少。 He put the vase on the table. Jim brought his suitcases upstairs. Ill take Mary to the station. They treated him kindly.句型4：主-動(dòng)-賓-賓 He gave me a book. I sent him a telegram. She told me a story. I bought him

7、 a novel. Mr Blake lemt me his car.句型5：主-動(dòng)-賓-補(bǔ) They have proved him wrong. They made Smith their spokesman. They have elected him president. We kept him off cigarettes.二.基本句型的轉(zhuǎn)換 上述五種基本句型都是陳述句、肯定句和主動(dòng)句，千變?nèi)f化的英語(yǔ)句子都是由它們演變而來(lái)。A.陳述句變疑問(wèn)句 She is a student. Is she a student? Are you a student? He has some book

8、s. Has he any books? Does he have any books? John is coming too. Is John coming too? John will help you. Will John help you ? He has been waiting. Has she been waiting? What has she been doing? He speaks French. Does he speak French? What language does he speak? He went to England. Did he go to Engl

9、and? Where did he go?B.肯定句變否定句1.如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由復(fù)雜動(dòng)詞詞組構(gòu)成，則將not 置于作用詞之后。 He will come. He will not come. He may have arrived. He may not have arrived.2.如果謂語(yǔ)由簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞詞組構(gòu)成，就得以助動(dòng)詞do的適當(dāng)形式，置于not 和主動(dòng)詞詞之前。 He smokes a pipe. He does not smoke a pipe.3.如果簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)詞詞組以主動(dòng)詞be或have為中心詞，就在其后加not. She is a nurse. She isnt a nurse.

10、He has a book. He hasnt a book.4.如果否定詞是never,hardly,seldom,rarely,就直接置于簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。 He never speaks English. He hardly helped anybody. She seldom goes out. 5.如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以復(fù)雜動(dòng)詞詞組構(gòu)成，上述否定詞，和not一樣。 never hardly(ever)I have scarcely (ever) spoken to him. seldom rarely 6.若否定詞是no,其位置在否定的名詞之前。 John has no sister. Th

11、ere are no clouds in the sky. 7.如果否定詞是 none,nobody,nothing, no one等，可用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。 I have spoken to nobody about you. No one will go. There is nobody there.C.主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句They built a house. A house was built by them.We have proved him wrong. He has been proved wrong.He gave me a book. I was given a book. A bo

12、ok was given to me.三.基本句型的擴(kuò)大 上述五種基本句型及其轉(zhuǎn)換形式，還可以通過(guò)增加修飾語(yǔ)等手段加以擴(kuò)大，使之成為表達(dá)多種思想的活的言語(yǔ)。A.擴(kuò)大方式之一： 增加修飾語(yǔ) 修飾語(yǔ)包括名詞修飾語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，可以分別由名詞詞組、形容詞詞組和副詞詞組來(lái)?yè)?dān)任，也可以由介詞詞組和非限制動(dòng)詞詞組來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。1）句型1 A beautiful vase was for sale. The man got violently angry. The visitors from U.S.A. are ready to leave. The man smoking a pipe is Mr White. T

13、he picture painted by the famous artist must be very valuable. The question to be discussed this afternoon is about education.2) 句型2 The bank closes at half past three on weekday. The Japanese troops surrendered unconditionally in 1945. The grain stores closed very early that afternoon. The little b

14、oy walked quite steadly and surely along the wall. 3)句型3 We must get something to eat. The American girl, in her letter to a Chinese frend, expressed her strong wish to visit China again.4)句型4 Last Saturday, an old woman worker told the students the bitter story of her childhood. Such an agreement w

15、ill surely spare us a lot of trouble in solving this problem. This will surely save us a lot of money.5)句型5 The teacher once considered Tom among the cleverest of the class. We found the lecture room full of people listening attentively to an important report on the radio. B.擴(kuò)大方式之二以限定分句充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、名詞

16、修飾語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等。1）作主語(yǔ) What he told me the other day has nothing to do with this problem.When we should hold the meeting will be decided tomorrow.Who is to head the group is a question to be considered by the authorities.Whether they will come or not depends on the weather.2)作賓語(yǔ)I cant imagine why he shou

17、ld be late every day.He told me how he managed to accomplish the task.No one knows who wrote this article.I wonder if she has received my telegram.3)作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)The question under discussion now is where they shouldbuild the factory.It is the Party that has made me what I am now.4)作名詞修飾語(yǔ)The man who wrote the

18、 play was a worker.This is the book I bought yesterday.Can you show me the house where Shakespeare once lived?The reason why hes late is that there was a breakdown on the railway.5)作狀語(yǔ)I met Mary when I was in Beijing.You may park your car where there is a parking sign.He was absent because he was ru

19、nning a fever.6)作同位語(yǔ)The fact that the machine doesnt work properly suggests that its not well made. 練習(xí)1.All money having been spent,Jack started for a work.2.In 1960 an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep.3.One nig

20、ht,she dreamed a dream that she was going to take an examination when it began to rain, and that she was wearing a straw hat,holding an umbrella over her head at the same time.4. As she looked at him,Mrs Brown rememberedstories she had read in the newspapers about old ladies who opened the door to s

21、trangers, and were hit on the head and had their possessions stolen. 5. Youd better attend from morning till night to the man,for he is seriously ill. 6.Many tourist must have dreamed of owing a small house in a foreign country-perhaps on a strech of lonely coast-to which they could return year after year to enjoy the sun and the sea.7.People also say that parents and