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1、專業(yè)好文檔作業(yè)4 答案 (第7章、第8章、第9章、第10章)第7章一、選擇題 1. 對(duì)于管道無壓流,當(dāng)充滿度分別為( b )時(shí),其流量和速度分別達(dá)到最大。a. 0.5, 0.5 b. 0.95, 0.81 c. 0.81, 081 d. 1.0, 1.02. 對(duì)于a, b, c三種水面線,下列哪些說法是錯(cuò)誤( a )( c )a所有a、c型曲線都是壅水曲線,即,水深沿程增大。b所有b型曲線都是壅水曲線,即,水深沿程增大。c所有a、c型曲線都是降水曲線,即,水深沿程減小。d所有b型曲線都是降水曲線,即,水深沿程減小。3. 跌水的形成條件是( d ) a.從急流過渡到急流 b.從急流過渡到緩流 c

2、.從緩流過渡到急流 d.從緩流過渡到緩流4水躍的形成條件是( c )a.從急流過渡到急流 b.從急流過渡到緩流c.從緩流過渡到急流 d.從緩流過渡到緩流5兩段長(zhǎng)直的棱柱形渠道,通過的流量相同,( b )a.粗糙系數(shù)不同( ),其他參數(shù)相同(,則b.底坡不同(),其他參數(shù)相同(,則c.底寬不同(),其他參數(shù)相同(,則d.邊坡系數(shù)不同(),其他參數(shù)相同(,則6. 一梯形斷面渠道,底寬b=2m,邊坡系數(shù)m=1.0,明渠中的水深h=0.5m, 則濕周、水力半徑r分別為( d )a. 3.414, 0.366 b. 3.5, 0.30 c. 3.414, 0.30 d. 3.5, 0.366二、判斷題

3、1、緩流一定是均勻流,急流一定不是均勻流。 ( 錯(cuò)誤 )2、斷面單位能量沿程可大、可小,或者不變。( 錯(cuò)誤 )3、明渠中均勻流一定是恒定流。( 正確 )4、明渠水流,從緩流到急流發(fā)生水躍。( 正確 )5談到某水流是臨界流、急流、緩流,這是以明渠斷面尺寸、流量一定為前題而講的。 ( 錯(cuò)誤 )6 明渠水流的測(cè)壓管水頭線不可能沿程上升。( 正確 )三、簡(jiǎn)答題1、簡(jiǎn)述明渠均勻流的水力特征及其形成條件。答: 明渠均勻流的水力特征:(1) 底坡線,水面線,總線頭線三線平行,即,(2)水深,過水?dāng)嗝婷娣ea,斷面平均流速及斷面流速分布沿程不變。明渠均勻流形成條件: 流量恒定。 必須是長(zhǎng)直棱柱形渠道,糙率不變。

4、 底坡不變。1、 簡(jiǎn)述明渠水流的三種流態(tài)及其四個(gè)判別方法及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。答: 明渠水流分為緩流、急流、臨界流。個(gè)判別方法有: 干擾波:波速c=,=c為臨界流,c為急流; 弗勞德數(shù):弗勞德數(shù)fr=,fr=1臨界流,fr 1 緩流,fr1 急流; 臨界水深: 緩流,臨界流, 急流, 臨界底坡:緩流,臨界流,急流。3. 寫出佛勞德數(shù)的表達(dá)式,并說明其物理意義。答: 弗勞德數(shù)fr= ,物理意義是:反映動(dòng)能與勢(shì)能之比。4. 為什么要引入斷面單位能量的概念?答: 引入斷面單位能量,目的是分析水面曲線的變化規(guī)律和建立臨界流方程。5. 簡(jiǎn)述明渠恒定非均勻流的水力特征。答: 過水?dāng)嗝婷娣ea,水深,沿程改變。即底坡線,水

5、面線,總線頭線三線不再平行,即,一、 作圖題 (略)1 下面為長(zhǎng)直棱柱形渠道,n不變,試定性繪出可能出現(xiàn)的水面曲線型式。 二、 計(jì)算題1 某輸水渠道,沙質(zhì)土壤,岸邊有雜草,糙率系數(shù)n=0.025, 底坡i=0.002, 斷面為梯形,邊坡系數(shù)m=1.0。 按水力最優(yōu)斷面設(shè)計(jì),通過流量q=0.8m3/s, 試確定其斷面尺寸。解: (1)按水力最優(yōu)斷面條件計(jì)算寬深比。 (2)計(jì)算相關(guān)水力要素:過流斷面積、水力半徑。代入流量基本公式解出水深。(3)求出底寬。答案: 2 有兩段矩形斷面渠道相連,通過流量q=2.8m3/s,底寬b=2m, 混凝土襯護(hù),n=0.015, i1=0.012, i2=0.000

6、8。這兩段渠道是否為水躍銜接?若是水躍銜接,是何種形式水躍?并定性繪圖表示。 解: (1)(計(jì)算臨屆水深、臨界底坡)判斷兩矩形斷面渠道是急流還是緩流,確定是否為水躍銜接。(答案:是) (2)計(jì)算(或查附錄c)求正常水深,把視為躍前水深,求躍后水深與比較。 答案:遠(yuǎn)驅(qū)式水躍第8章一、 選擇題 1實(shí)用斷面堰常常設(shè)計(jì)成真空堰,其目的是( b )(a)減小水流對(duì)壩面的沖刷 (b)提高過流能力(c)減小空化空蝕 (d)節(jié)省建筑材料2、小橋過流與( c )具有相同的水力特征。(a)薄壁堰流 (b)寬頂堰流 (c)實(shí)用斷面堰流 (d)閘孔出流3. 寬頂堰形成淹沒出流的充分條件是 ( d ) (a) (b)

7、(c) (d) 4下述堰的分類哪個(gè)正確( a )(a)/h 0.67 薄壁堰 (b) 0.67/h 10.0 寬頂堰(c) 0.67/h 2.5 薄壁堰二、 判斷題1、 只要寬頂堰下游水深超過堰頂,就為淹沒出流。( 正確 )2、 小橋過流的淹沒出流條件與寬頂堰的淹沒出流條件不同。(正確)3、 對(duì)于閘孔出流,當(dāng)閘門開度與上游水深之比時(shí),閘孔出流轉(zhuǎn)化為堰流。(正確 )4、對(duì)于薄壁堰,在堰寬b、堰高p和堰上水頭h相同的情況下,完全堰的過流能力比側(cè)收堰的過流能力大。(正確 )三、 簡(jiǎn)答題1. 簡(jiǎn)述堰的三種類型及其共同的水力特征。 答: 堰分為三種類型: (1) 薄壁堰-判別標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (2) 實(shí)用斷面堰-判

8、別標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (3) 寬頂堰-判別標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 共同的水力特征為上游水位壅高過堰時(shí)水面跌落。2. 堰流基本公式中,等系數(shù)與哪些因素有關(guān)。 答: 流量系數(shù)與行近流速的大小、表面張力有關(guān)。 側(cè)收縮系數(shù)與堰寬與渠寬的比值()有關(guān)。3. 寬頂堰淹沒出流形成的充分必要條件是什么? 答: 必要條件,充要條件是0.8h0。四、 計(jì)算題1、 一圓角進(jìn)口無側(cè)收縮寬頂堰,堰高p1=2.5m,p2=2.0m,堰上水頭為0.40m,通過的流量為4m3/s,求寬頂堰的寬度。在不產(chǎn)生淹沒出流的情況下,下游水深最大為多少?解:(1) 通過計(jì)算()的值,選取流量系數(shù)公式,計(jì)算流量系數(shù)。 (2)求寬頂堰的寬度: (3)不產(chǎn)生淹沒出流,下游水

9、深。2、 有一河道,用碎石單層鋪砌加固河床,通過的流量m3/s,允許流速m/s,橋下游水深m, 若,允許橋前壅水深度m。 設(shè)計(jì)小橋孔徑。解: (1)求橋下臨界水深,判別是自由出流,還是淹沒出流。(自由出流) (2)計(jì)算橋孔初始值: 取 (b =6.0m ) (3)復(fù)算求橋下臨界水深,判別是自由出流,還是淹沒出流。(仍為自由出流) (4)計(jì)算橋前壅水深度 h =1.81m 3m,假設(shè)各井抽水量相同,求總的抽水量。 解: 此題為井群的水力計(jì)算,可直接用公式求解。 答案:0.0984 m3/s。第10章一、選擇題 1.重力相似模型中, 流速比尺等于幾何比尺的( c )次方 。 a. 2 b. 1.5

10、 c. 1 d. 0.52. 重力相似模型中, 流量比尺等于幾何比尺的( a )次方 。a. 2.5 b. 2 c. 1.5 d. 13. 重力相似模型中, 時(shí)間比尺等于幾何比尺的( d )次方 。a. 2 b. 1.5 c. 1 d. 0.5二、判斷題1. 凡是正確反映客觀規(guī)律的物理方程式,必然是一個(gè)齊次量綱式。(正確 )2. 力學(xué)相似的必要條件是幾何相似,運(yùn)動(dòng)相似,動(dòng)力相似。( 正確 )三、簡(jiǎn)答題1. 為什么在阻力平方區(qū),雷諾準(zhǔn)則自動(dòng)滿足?答: 從理論上講,如同沿程損失一樣,在阻力平方區(qū),沿程阻力系數(shù)與雷諾數(shù)無關(guān),當(dāng)雷諾數(shù)充分大時(shí),粘性可忽略不計(jì),所以,在阻力平方區(qū),雷諾準(zhǔn)則自動(dòng)滿足。2.

11、 簡(jiǎn)述弗勞德準(zhǔn)數(shù)的物理意義。 答: 弗勞德準(zhǔn)數(shù)為常數(shù),是指原型的弗勞德準(zhǔn)數(shù)與模型的弗勞德準(zhǔn)數(shù)相等,原型與模型量液流相似。四、計(jì)算題1. 有一單孔wes剖面混凝土溢流壩,已知壩高,壩上設(shè)計(jì)水頭,流量系數(shù),溢流孔凈寬,在長(zhǎng)度比尺的模型上進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),要求計(jì)算:(1)設(shè)計(jì)模型流量; (2)如在模型壩趾測(cè)的收縮斷面表面流速,計(jì)算原型相應(yīng)流速 解:首先計(jì)算原型流量、流量比尺、速度比尺。按原型與模型換算關(guān)系計(jì)算。答案:流量 流速winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, h

12、as been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match

13、 against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the t

14、ournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said w

15、illiams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have as

16、ked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footb

17、alls governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the

18、supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the

19、 lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he cr

20、osses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in

21、the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing

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