現(xiàn)代美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)及社會(huì)功能The Characteristics and Social Functions Of Modern American Slang30

1、 畢 業(yè) 論 文 現(xiàn)代美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)及社會(huì)功能the characteristics and social functions of modern american slang畢業(yè)論文獨(dú)創(chuàng)性聲明本人聲明所呈交的畢業(yè)論文是本人在導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。據(jù)我所知，除了文中特別加以標(biāo)注和致謝的地方外，論文中不包含其他人已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫過(guò)的研究成果，也不包含為獲得 大學(xué)或其他教育機(jī)構(gòu)的畢業(yè)證書而使用過(guò)的材料。與我一同工作的同志對(duì)本研究所做的任何貢獻(xiàn)均已在論文中作了明確的說(shuō)明并表示謝意。論文作者簽名（手寫）： 簽字日期：2010年4月9日contentsabstract.introduc

2、tion.1.the background of modern american slang.1.the source of modern slang.23.1sub-culture of the infiltration to the mainstream culture.23.2the promotion of socialites activities.23.3the large numbers of new things and new concepts.3.the basic characteristics of modern american slang.34.1 humorous

3、.34.1.1 the expression of speech sounds.34.1.2 the expression of vocabulary.34.2convenient and concise.34.3updating rapidly.4. the social functions of modern american slang.45.1 reflecting the discrepancy of social identity.45.2 reflecting the americans ordinary life .55.3 attitudes reflecting the a

4、ttitude to the reality.55.4 overcoming the communicational barrier.5. the respecting of modern american slang.6.conclusion.7bibliographyacknowledgement目 錄摘要第一章 引言.1第二章 現(xiàn)代美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生的背景.1第三章 現(xiàn)代美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)的來(lái)源.23.1 亞文化項(xiàng)主流文化的滲透.23.2社會(huì)名流的積極推動(dòng).23.3新事物 新概念的大量涌現(xiàn).3第四章 現(xiàn)代美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)的基本特征.34.1 幽默風(fēng)趣.34.1.1 語(yǔ)音的體現(xiàn)上.34.1.2 詞匯的體現(xiàn)上.34

5、.2 簡(jiǎn)潔簡(jiǎn)練.34.3 更新迅速.4第五章 現(xiàn)代美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)的社會(huì)功能.45.1語(yǔ)言身份差異的反映.45.2反映美國(guó)人的日常生活.55.3態(tài)度：反映美國(guó)人對(duì)于社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的態(tài)度.55.3克服交流障礙.5第六章 現(xiàn)代美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)的前景.6第七章 結(jié)束語(yǔ).7參考文獻(xiàn)致謝abstractmodern american slang is a rather special form of language，which has a unique expression and a long history. westward movement occurred on american continent in the

6、 19th century has promoted the formation of the american slang; while the 20th century was a rapid development period time of american slang. as for its source the penetration of sub-culture to the mainstream culture, the promotion by social celebrities and the emergent of new concepts and new thing

7、s has greatly conduced the development of slang .in the course of development, the american slang gradually formed its own style and features: humorous, funny, vivid, convenient and concise, updated rapidly. at the same time, role can reflect in many sides: the slang reflects the discrepancy of soci

8、al identity and the life of ordinary people. at the same time, it reflects a kind of attitude by which the people treat the reality. its usage function includes overcoming the communicative barrier and so on. for the modern american slang, scholars cast different views, but its no doubt that the eme

9、rgence of modern american slang and its development meet the demand of the society and the times. now, get clear, concise and with the standard language of mutual penetration of modern american slang has become a major trend.key words: modern american slang; characteristics; social functions 摘 要現(xiàn)代美國(guó)

10、俚語(yǔ)是一種相當(dāng)特殊的語(yǔ)言形式，具有獨(dú)特的語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)力和悠久的歷史。19世紀(jì)美洲大陸的“西進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)”促使了美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)的形成，然而到了20世紀(jì)則是美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)迅猛發(fā)展的時(shí)期。從其來(lái)源來(lái)看，亞文化向主流文化的滲透到社會(huì)名流的推動(dòng)再到新事物新概念的大量涌現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)生了大量的俚語(yǔ)。在發(fā)展的過(guò)程中美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)逐漸形成了自己的風(fēng)格特點(diǎn)：幽默風(fēng)趣、形象生動(dòng)、簡(jiǎn)潔簡(jiǎn)練、更新迅速等。同時(shí)，它在社會(huì)中的作用則體現(xiàn)在:它反映了一種現(xiàn)實(shí)包括語(yǔ)言的身份差異，普通民眾的真實(shí)生活。同時(shí)它還反映了一種態(tài)度：人們通過(guò)語(yǔ)言而表明自己對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的態(tài)度。它的使用功能則包括了在使用中克服語(yǔ)言交際障礙等等。對(duì)于現(xiàn)代美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)，學(xué)者的觀點(diǎn)褒貶不一，但不可否認(rèn)，現(xiàn)代

11、美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)的出現(xiàn)與發(fā)展是社會(huì)和時(shí)代的要求。如今，變得簡(jiǎn)潔明了及與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語(yǔ)互相滲透成了現(xiàn)代美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)的主要發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。關(guān)鍵詞：現(xiàn)代美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)；特點(diǎn)；社會(huì)功能.introduction american slang is a very complex language. in general, the definition of slang in the dictionary ,it is a highly colloquial and variable extremely un-normal style, with new words, new meanings and some figures, con

12、stitute with vivid, image and colorful, acerbic humor .modern american slang is a very complex linguistic phenomenon. in fact, it refers to some particular class, such as industries, gangs and jargons. some of them are common people; it is difficult to express something presentable and acceptable, e

13、ven simple and clear. “the vocabulary of an ordinary america generally is estimated at 10,000-20,000 wordsaccording to my conservative estimation about 2,000 words are slang.”(chapman, r.ed.4)1 and there are also american slang frequently used in daily life. therefore, some linguists think that, if

14、the person is not familiar with american slang, they can not take part in the american society to communicate with people as many as possible, and sometimes even read books and newspapers will be very difficult, because the modern american slang has frequently appeared in newspapers and books. “it i

15、s impossible to acquire a thorough knowledge of english（or of any other language, for that matter）without being familiar with slang and vulgarism. whoever is uninitiatedwill be at a loss to understand many of the masterpieces of english literature? nayhe will scarcely be able even to understand an e

16、nglish newspaper.” (partridge.73)2the modern american slang is a very non-standard language variants, in contemporary american society, the social function performed will be increasingly important, such special language innovation, has been gradually integrated into the standard of english language

17、category .also it has become an indispensable means of expression of the standard language to add. this paper will generally research its background, characteristics and social function.ii. the background of modern american slangthe westward movement occurred on american continent in the 19th centur

18、y, many americans are a large number of immigrants who are immigrated to the west. through this way, all the local dialects, as well as various social stratum of the jargon, the black, after another, people pass by each other. because the u.s. government did not emphasize the standard language and l

19、anguage purification, thus emerging jargon and sayings, such as a different form of language through the use of non-stop to spread, it became a slang used by americans today. meanwhile, the united states is not only a mixture of multi-ethnic immigrant country, these immigrants brought their own lang

20、uage, but also continuously create merged with the new american english vocabulary, so that slang ever increasing .with the rapid development of american slang, something will be different .the two world wars, the vietnam war, korean war, the cold war era have produced a lot of slang words, as well

21、as in the “american society, emerging social issues such as: racial discrimination, the civil rights movement, family disintegration, the younger generation of alcohol and drug abuse, anti-war movement, sexual freedom, homosexuality and even more american slang sprung up.”3 for access to economic de

22、velopment, science and technology development in the 80s and 90s, modern american slang is full of vitality, while computer slang, sports slang, campus slang, emerging slang have a significant increase in americans daily life.iii. the source of modern american slang3.1 sub-culture of the infiltratio

23、n to the mainstream culturemodern american slang has become the important mainstream culture. but in the argot, jargon, they cannot create a plethora of wonderful slang, such as “the u.s. criminals out of the society ,they were regarded as the street (street), according to their argument, the world

24、of the prison was divided into two parts: within and outside the prison, whiles the street of outside the prison, as long as they are not in custody, the street can be control by their activities, hence the slang in the street time was used to refers parole period”.4another example is to kick the bu

25、cket” (which means dead, to die or pass away), this expression is very popular because in the 7th century in england, when the death penalty for death row inmate must be in the buckets (bucket), the executioner put the noose on the cover in the prisoners neck, and then kicked away buckets, the priso

26、ners would be a result of the noose tightening and suffocation. now this expression has been widely used to refer to any kind of death. 5 the military, the police, the students, the workers, the unemployed homeless, the drivers, the prostitutes, the criminals under the subculture of a variety of soc

27、ial groups to the slangs contribution is enormous, they created a large number of slang ,which the slang constantly updated and have their own characteristics. although some jargon or some slang words relate with the sex are macabre, but it is undeniable that they are a major source of modern americ

28、an slang.3.2 the promotion of socialites activities.the mainstream of todays slang was dominating the u.s. mainstream culture and the creation of upper-class .as u.s. cultural center, new york, san francisco, los angeles, chicago and other large cities through the media contribute to the united stat

29、es culture. the upper class includes these cities, such as politicians, businessmen, television show, host, columnist and entertainment industry stars, etc. most of them are higher education, full of talent, and strong communicational skills; they are a major rank to create the daily slang. such as

30、the much-rocker slang refers specifically to gather personal privacy and political scandals of the people, the term in social life and political life of the frequent, has entered the scope of the spoken language. it has been defined as difficult to convince something presentable and acceptable in th

31、e u.s. slang has frequently appeared in newspaper, famous, celebrity biographies, or even the u.s. presidents official speech. therefore we can say the u.s. slang has been become the “blood” and integrated into the mainstream culture. 3.3 the large numbers of new things and new concepts in recent ye

32、ars, the rapid development of economy and science and technology, a large number of new slang came into being and to express new things and new concepts. such as: hot line (hotline), fall out (radioactive fallout), one of the most classic and most familiar of the slang is cool, and intended to cool”

33、, now as slang, it means touching, wonderful. the development of these slang emerging industries and emerging things, it industry, entertainment, and sports industries, emerging in todays slang occupy almost half of the country. pop music often appears as rock and roll, it formerly refer to rock and

34、 roll. “groove intended to record the lines, and later evolved into slang. groove (excellent, popular), because the pop star. if something goes wrong, individual broadcasters would be scrambling to sing songs with their record released. by the resulting in the groove, this idiom is used to describe

35、a singers success and popularity, but to engage in other occupations, once the cause of the success of the albertan straight up that they are often said to be in the groove, the meaning of this term was “extended down”.6 “another example is “ankle biter”: biting heel of the person (die immediately a

36、fter one person.).”7iv. the basic characteristics of modern american slang energetic, cheerful and lively, non-legalistic and innovation are all americans proud of the national identity.8 these characteristics of communication in their daily conversation with ways and words or sentences have been fu

37、lly reflected slang precisely the characteristics of the national characteristics with the americans, in line for make it even more unique and more prominent.4.1 humorous4.1.1 the expression of speech soundsa lot of american slang words utilize the euphony of pronunciation in order to be easily unde

38、rstood and remembered. particularly, many slang words adopt the approach of rhyme which makes the effect of language more expressive, humorous. a kind of rhyme is alliteration .for example, tick-tack (a ticking or taping beat like that of a clock or watch), tip-top (of the highest equality).but anot

39、her kind of rhyme is the end rhyme such as funny-money (the substitute of money), razzle-dazzle (be lost in), this approach can make the people feel that the language is so lively rhyme and sweet-sounding. so we can think that these formations of slang words could be easily remembered and spoken, wh

40、ich is helpful to the widespread circulation and smooth communication of language.4.1.2 the expression of vocabulary modern american slang of the humor mainly through the acronyms, truncated, duplicate and other methods are embodied. many american slang is constituted by the first letter of the acro

41、nym, such as the well-known nato is the north atlantic treaty organizations first letter, but enrich in innovation and humor of americans, have naturally it has developed into another completely different slang meaning: no action talk only (lip), thus successfully ridiculed the real nato one. there

42、are other acronyms, such as: vip (vip, very important person), v. d (venereal disease, venereal disease, and venereal disease), d & d (drink to disturb public order, drunk and disorderly), bc (birth control, birth control).”9these usages of slang words are not only humorous but also lively. the amer

43、ican is enriching their spare time and bringing more entertainment to their cultural life. 4.2 convenient and concisegenerally speaking, everyday americans exchanges interpersonally, using the standard language seem serious, even some dull and boring, but it appears that the use of slang are fast, c

44、oncise, vivid, more rich in personality and expressive. for example, “hop (slang) and lance (the standard language) have a dancing in italy, comparison, hop more dynamic, more reminiscent of grass hopper (grasshopper) on the grass leap and vivid form, it is feeling happy, more joyful color and lance

45、 is more formal, solemn, that people will go there for beautiful dance, exquisite costumes and so on. therefore, everyday peoples communication of slang is more preferred because of its precise image of the insidiously catchy, simple and concise, bold powerful.4.3 updating rapidlythe vitality of mod

46、ern american slang to a large extent depends on the freshness. the newly created slang after repeated non-stop after the inevitable has become commonplace, and even become boring. it has been abandoned or replaced by new words. therefore, according to the length of life, slang can be divided into tw

47、o parts, short-lived, fleeting, was eliminated out; the other one is over a period of time, has been absorbed or upgrade the standard spoken language. for example: skidoo (away), peach (girl), skirts (women) have been flourishing, such as slang slowly should be forgotten. there is no need. and if gu

48、y (man, boy), fan (obsessed person), yes-man (yes-person), cop (police) so are enduring, the extension of the present; while others, such as have a ball (enjoy merry), have had it (enough to eat bitterness), get with it (note or busy) and others into verbal expressions, and even our most familiar with ok is also slang originally, but now has become fashionable standard language, almost everywhere have could be heard. “generally speakin