國(guó)際貿(mào)易第15版復(fù)習(xí)大綱

1、chapter one (第一章)international economics is different(國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是一門(mén)獨(dú)特的學(xué)科)1. four controversies (四個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的事件)（1）imports of automobile tires （汽車(chē)輪胎的進(jìn)口）（2）immigration （移民）（3）chinas exchange rate (中國(guó)的匯率)（4）global financial and economic crisis （全球金融和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)）2.economics and the nation-state（經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和國(guó)家政府）nations are sover

2、eign (國(guó)家是主權(quán)獨(dú)立的)nobody is in charge of the whole world economy(沒(méi)有人可以掌控整個(gè)世界經(jīng)濟(jì))nations have their separate policies(國(guó)家擁有獨(dú)立的政策)（1）factor mobility（要素流動(dòng)性）（2）different fiscal policies（不同的財(cái)政政策）（3）different moneys（不同的貨幣）part one: the theory of international trade(第一篇：國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論 第二章至第七章)chapter two (第二章)the basic

3、 theory using demand and supply（需求與供給的基本理論）1.four key questions about international trade(貿(mào)易的四個(gè)重要問(wèn)題)2.demand and supply(需求與供給)(1)demand and consumer surplus（需求與消費(fèi)者剩余）price of elasticity of demand（需求價(jià)格彈性）the percent change in quantity demanded of a product caused by a one percent increase in the pric

4、e of this product（產(chǎn)品價(jià)格上升一個(gè)百分點(diǎn)所引起的該產(chǎn)品需求數(shù)量的百分比變化）注意：需求曲線(xiàn)越平坦，說(shuō)明越具有價(jià)格彈性consumer surplus（消費(fèi)者剩余）the difference between the value that consumers place on the units of the product that they buy and the payment that they make to obtain these units.（消費(fèi)者在每單位產(chǎn)品上愿意支付的價(jià)格與獲得這些產(chǎn)品實(shí)際支付的價(jià)格之間的差額）（2）supply and producer

5、surplus(供給與生產(chǎn)者剩余)price of elasticity of supply（p20）supply surplus (figure 2.1)(p22)3. two national markets and the opening of trade（兩國(guó)的市場(chǎng)與貿(mào)易的開(kāi)展）（1）free trade equilibrium （自由貿(mào)易均衡）what will happen when us trade with the rest of country?buy low and sell high - arbitrage（套利）note: one dollar, one-vote me

6、tric (一元一票制)（2）which country gains more?（哪個(gè)國(guó)家獲益更多）the country that experiences the larger price change has a larger value of the net gains from trade (經(jīng)歷較大價(jià)格變化的國(guó)家從貿(mào)易中獲得較大的凈收益)chapter three (第三章)why everybody trades：comparative advantage(為什么開(kāi)展貿(mào)易：比較優(yōu)勢(shì))1. adam smiths theory of absolute advantage （斯密的絕對(duì)

7、優(yōu)勢(shì)理論）（1）mercantilism （重商主義）（p35）（2）the theory of absolute advantage every country will focus on producing what it does best and exports it。(各國(guó)將集中力量生產(chǎn)它最擅長(zhǎng)的產(chǎn)品并出口它) how to measure “best” ? labor productivity：勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率 the number of units of output that a worker can produce in one hour。 or the number of hou

8、rs that it takes a worker to produce one unit of output。 the basis of trade （貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)）there is a basis for beneficial trade if countries have an absolute advantage(如果一國(guó)具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)那么從事貿(mào)易是有利的)2.ricardos theory of comparative advantage（李嘉圖的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論）（1）the main views （主要觀點(diǎn)）ricardo focused on labor productivity (o

9、r resource productivity more generally) for different products in different countries.the principle of comparative advantage : a country will export products that it can produce at a low opportunity cost and import products that it would otherwise produce at a high opportunity cost.basis for trade:r

10、elative differences in labor (resource) productivity.（2）concepts （概念）opportunity cost （機(jī)會(huì)成本）producing more of a product in a country is the amount of production of the other product that is give up.(一國(guó)某種產(chǎn)品多生產(chǎn)一單位是其它產(chǎn)品所放棄的生產(chǎn)數(shù)量)relative price （相對(duì)價(jià)格）3.ricardos constant costs and the production-possibili

11、ty curve (ppc)（1）ppc under constant costs （固定成本下的生產(chǎn)可能性曲線(xiàn)）a curve that shows all possible combinations of amounts of different products that an economy can produce, with full employment of its resources and maximum feasible productivity of those resources。（一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體在資源充分就業(yè)以及資源生產(chǎn)率最大化條件下能夠生產(chǎn)的不同產(chǎn)品數(shù)量的各種組合的曲線(xiàn)

12、）（2）constant productivity （p41） the marginal or opportunity cost of each good is constant in each country.(3)ricardos conclusioneach country then specializes in producing only the good in which it has a comparative advantage.(各國(guó)僅僅專(zhuān)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)自身具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品)（4）equilibrium international price ratio(國(guó)際均衡價(jià)格比率)mus

13、t fall within the range of the two price ratios that prevailed in each country before trade began.(必定位于貿(mào)易開(kāi)始前兩國(guó)產(chǎn)品的相對(duì)價(jià)格比率的區(qū)間內(nèi))2.1=international price of cloth =0.67(bushel/yard)0.5=international price of wheat=1.5(yard/bushel)chapter four (第四章)trade：factor availability and factor proportions are key（貿(mào)

14、易：要素可獲取性和要素比例是關(guān)鍵）review：回顧前幾章 the bases of trade（貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ)）first，the differences in the demands for products in different countries(第一，不同國(guó)家產(chǎn)品的需求差異)second，the differences in technologies or resource productivities can create comparative advantage(第二，產(chǎn)生比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的技術(shù)或資源生產(chǎn)率的差異)third，the differences in factor avai

15、lability are a source of comparative advantage（第三，產(chǎn)生比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的要素可獲取性的差異）（本章重點(diǎn)）1. production with increasing marginal costs （邊際成本遞增下的生產(chǎn)）（1）increasing marginal cost p50as one industry expands its production quantity, increasing amounts of other products must be given up to get each extra unit of the expand

16、ing industrys product(2)is it straight line as constant cost?(固定成本的ppc線(xiàn)是一條直線(xiàn)嗎？)production possibilities curve under increasing costs is bowed out (邊際成本遞增下的生產(chǎn)可能性曲線(xiàn)是凸向原點(diǎn)的形狀)(3)what production combination is actually chosen?（如何選擇實(shí)際的生產(chǎn)組合）l specialization on only one product in constant cost case.（在固定成本情

17、形下只專(zhuān)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)一種產(chǎn)品）l it depends on the market price. （實(shí)際的生產(chǎn)組合取決于市場(chǎng)價(jià)格）2. community indifference curves （社會(huì)無(wú)差異曲線(xiàn)）p53（1）indifference curves p53a curve that shows the various combinations of consumption quantities of products that give a consumer the same level of well-being or happiness。 （2）what consumption

18、combination is actually chosen?（如何選擇實(shí)際的消費(fèi)組合）depend on the budget constrain.（取決于預(yù)算約束）3. production and consumption together (生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)相結(jié)合p55-56)（1）without trade p55圖（2）with trade p56（3）demand and supply again p564. the gains from trade（貿(mào)易的利益）l trade allows each country to consume at a point(c1)that lies

19、beyond its own possibility to produce;l trade allows each country to achieve a higher community indifference curvel a country gains more from trade if its terms of trade increase. terms of trade（貿(mào)易條件）: the ratio of the (average) price that a country receives from foreigners for its exports to the (a

20、verage) price that this country pays foreigners for its imports （貿(mào)易條件是指一國(guó)從出口中收取的價(jià)格與向進(jìn)口品支付的價(jià)格之間的比率）5.trade affects production and consumption (貿(mào)易影響生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi))6. what determines the trade pattern?（什么決定貿(mào)易模式）l production conditional differl consumption conditional differl some combination of these two differ

21、ences7. heckscher-ohlin theory of trade （赫克歇爾-俄林理論）（1）labor-abundant and labor-intensive（勞動(dòng)力豐裕和勞動(dòng)力密集）labor-abundant（勞動(dòng)力豐裕）: a relatively labor abundant country is a country that has a higher ratio of (nationally available) labor to (nationally available) other factors than does the rest of the world

22、.labor-intensive（勞動(dòng)力密集）：a relatively labor-intensive product is a product for which labor costs are a greater share of its value than they are of the value of other products(2) main views （主要觀點(diǎn)）a country will export products that use relatively intensively those production factors found relatively a

23、bundantly in the country, and import products that use relatively intensively those production factors that are relatively scarce in the country.（一國(guó)應(yīng)該出口密集使用該國(guó)相對(duì)豐裕要素生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，并且進(jìn)口密集使用該國(guó)相對(duì)稀缺要素生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品）chapter five (第五章)who gains and who loses from trade? （貿(mào)易中誰(shuí)受益？誰(shuí)受損？）1.who gains and who loses within a countr

24、y(一國(guó)內(nèi)部誰(shuí)受益誰(shuí)受損)（1）short-run effects of opening trade（開(kāi)展貿(mào)易的短期效應(yīng)）gains and losses divided by output sector: all groups tied to rising sectors gain, and all groups tied to declining sectors lose.（按照產(chǎn)出的產(chǎn)業(yè)來(lái)劃分受益和受損：與上升產(chǎn)業(yè)相聯(lián)系的所有群體受益，與縮減產(chǎn)業(yè)相聯(lián)系的所有群體受損）（2）long-run effects of opening trade（開(kāi)展貿(mào)易的長(zhǎng)期效應(yīng)）gains and loss

25、es divided by factors: factor which is intensively used in the export gains, and factor which is sparing used in the export lose.（按照要素來(lái)劃分受益和受損：在出口中密集使用的要素受益，在出口中稀缺使用的要素受損）2.three implication of the h-o theory（h-o理論的三種意義）（1）the stopler-samuelson theorem(s-s theorem)（斯托爾珀-薩繆爾森定理）l it raises the real r

26、eturn to the factor used intensively in the rising-price industry; it lowers the real return to the factor used intensively in the falling price industry（2）the specialized-factor pattern（專(zhuān)業(yè)化要素模式）l the more a factor is specialized in the production of a product whose relative price is rising, the mor

27、e this factor stands to gain from the change in the product pricel the more a factor is concentrated into the production of a product whose relative price is falling, the more it stands to lose from the change in product price（3）the factor-price equalization theorem（要素均等化定理） international factor pri

28、ce equalizationl with the shift to free trade: for each factor, its rate of return becomes more similar between countries. under ideal conditions, its real rate of return is the same in different countries.3.does h-o explain actual trade patterns?（h-o理論能解釋現(xiàn)實(shí)的貿(mào)易模式嗎？）(1)leotief paradox( reading box) （

29、里昂惕夫之謎）（閱讀專(zhuān)欄p75）us economy assumed capital-abundant relative to the rest of the world. leotiefs results showed that us was exporting labor-intensive goods to the rest of the world in exchange for relatively capital-intensive imports. (2)some explanations about leotief paradox(里昂惕夫之謎的解釋)l factor endo

30、wments (要素稟賦)l international trade（國(guó)際貿(mào)易）4. what are the export-oriented and import-competing factors?（什么是出口導(dǎo)向型和進(jìn)口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)型要素？）（1）its implications in policy（它的政策含義）figure 5.5 a schematic view of the factor content of u.s. exports and competing imports figure 5.6 - the factor content of canadas exports and

31、competing imports 5. do factor prices equalize internationally?（國(guó)際間要素價(jià)格會(huì)均等嗎？）although we still do not see full factor-price equalization in the real world, there appear to be a tendency toward international factor-price equalization.（盡管在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界我們?nèi)匀粵](méi)有看到完全的要素價(jià)格均等化，但是似乎存在一種要素價(jià)格均等化的趨勢(shì)）chapter six (第六章)scal

32、e economies,imperfect competition,and trade(規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)，不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和貿(mào)易)1.economies of scale（規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)）(1)internal economies of scale（內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)）internal scale economies: expansion of the size of the individual firm is the basis for the decline in average cost as the firms production quantity increases.(2)external economi

33、es of scale（外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)）external scale economies or agglomeration economies: expansion of the size of the industry within a specified geographic area is the basis for the decline in the typical local firms average cost as the overall production quantity for the industry in this geographic area increases.

34、2. intra-industry trade（產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易）（1）intra-industry trade: two-way trade in a product, in which a country both exports and imports the same or very similar products (products in the same industry)（一種產(chǎn)品的雙向貿(mào)易，即同類(lèi)產(chǎn)品或是相似產(chǎn)品既有出口又有進(jìn)口）l how to measure iit?（如何衡量產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易） inter-industry vs. intra-industry（產(chǎn)業(yè)間貿(mào)易與產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)

35、易對(duì)比） inter-industry: measured by net trade which is the value of the difference between exports and imports for the product intra-industry: measured by ratio of iitl how to explain iit?（如何解釋產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易） product differentiation（產(chǎn)品差異化）sitc: 類(lèi)、章、組、分組、項(xiàng)目如 7 2 1 1 1 the iit share is a number between 0 and 1. p

36、roduct differentiation（產(chǎn)品差異化）: consumers view the products (or product varieties) offered by firms in an industry as being close but not perfect substitutes for each（消費(fèi)者認(rèn)為某一產(chǎn)業(yè)的各個(gè)廠(chǎng)商提供的產(chǎn)品的各個(gè)品種是相近的但是又不是完全可以替代的即產(chǎn)品差異化）3. monopolistic competition and trade (壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和貿(mào)易)monopolistic competition（壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)p94）a marke

37、t structure in which products are differentiated, internal scale economies in production are modest or moderate, and entry and exit of firms is easy in the long run, so that a large number of firms compete vigorously with each other in producing and selling varieties of the same basic product.(1)mon

38、opolistic competition before trade（貿(mào)易前的壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)）l demand curve is downward-sloping （需求曲線(xiàn)是向下傾斜的）l the firm maximizes its profit when mc=mr（當(dāng)邊際受益等于邊際成本時(shí)廠(chǎng)商的利潤(rùn)最大）l free entry and exit causes the profit is zero, demand curve will just touch the average cost curve.（自由進(jìn)出市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)為零，需求曲線(xiàn)將與平均成本曲線(xiàn)相交）figure 6.2 a

39、 monopolistic-competitive firm in a market before trade opens （2）monopolistic competition after trade（貿(mào)易后的壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)）l firm will face new demand curve d2 which is more elastic than before trade demand curve d1 (why?)（廠(chǎng)商將面臨比貿(mào)易前d1更具有彈性的一條新需求曲線(xiàn)d2）l the firm maximizes its profit when mc=mrl free entry and e

40、xit causes the profit is zero, demand curve will just touch the average cost curve.figure 6.3 the same monopolistic competitor in an automobile market after opening trade (3)basis for trade(貿(mào)易的基礎(chǔ))l economies of scale encourage production specialization for different varieties within the same industr

41、y（規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)鼓勵(lì)同一產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)部不同品種的專(zhuān)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)）l net trade in a product can be the result of endowment difference or the difference in international marketing capabilities or the shifting consumer tastes.（某種產(chǎn)品的凈貿(mào)易可能是由于稟賦的差異或是國(guó)際營(yíng)銷(xiāo)能力的差異或是消費(fèi)者偏好的轉(zhuǎn)變的結(jié)果）（4）gains from trade under monopolistic competition（貿(mào)易的利益）l increase in the

42、 number of varieties of products（產(chǎn)品品種數(shù)量的增加）l lower the prices of domestic varieties（降低了國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格）4. oligopoly and trade(寡頭壟斷與貿(mào)易)oligopoly（寡頭壟斷市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)）a market structure in which a few large firms dominate total industry sales, perhaps because of substantial internal scale economies (or other barriers to

43、entry)。（寡頭是指少數(shù)大型廠(chǎng)商統(tǒng)治了整個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的銷(xiāo)售，或許由于巨額的內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)或是其他的一些進(jìn)入壁壘）（1）substantial scale economies（巨大的內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)） production locationsinternal scale economies(生產(chǎn)區(qū)位內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)) （2）oligopoly pricing(寡頭市場(chǎng)定價(jià)權(quán))game among oligopoly firms（寡頭壟斷廠(chǎng)商之間的博弈）oligopoly firms are interdependences（寡頭廠(chǎng)商之間是相互依存的關(guān)系）prisoners dilemma（囚徒困境）pric

44、ing matters for the division of the global gains from trade(定價(jià)權(quán)對(duì)全球貿(mào)易利益分配有重要影響)5. external scale economies and trade（外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易）（1）external economies magnify an expansion in a competition industry（外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)擴(kuò)大了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的擴(kuò)張）（2）what explains the pattern of trade that emerges in industries subject to external sca

45、le economies（如何解釋具有外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的產(chǎn)業(yè)貿(mào)易模式） history matters（歷史是至關(guān)重要的）chapter seven (第七章)growth and trade （經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與貿(mào)易）economic growth （經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)）expansion over time in the capabilities of an economy to produce goods and services. （經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)是指隨著時(shí)間的推移一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體生產(chǎn)商品和服務(wù)的能力擴(kuò)大） the sources of long-run economic growth?（經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的源泉）l incre

46、ase in countries endowments of production factors（生產(chǎn)要素稟賦的稟賦的增加）l improvements in production technologies（生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的改善）1. balanced versus biased growth (平衡型增長(zhǎng)與偏向型增長(zhǎng)的對(duì)比)（1）balanced growth（平衡型增長(zhǎng)）the ppc shifts out proportionally so that its relative shape is the same (生產(chǎn)可能性曲線(xiàn)按比例向外移動(dòng)以至于它的相對(duì)形狀是相同的)（2）biased g

47、rowth（偏向型增長(zhǎng)）economic growth that favors producing relatively more of one of the products, so that the relative shape of the new production possibility curves skews toward the faster- growing product.（經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)偏向于某一種產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的相對(duì)較多，以致于新的生產(chǎn)可能性曲線(xiàn)的相對(duì)形狀向著生產(chǎn)速度較快的那種產(chǎn)品傾斜） what can cause biased growth?（什么會(huì)引起偏向型增長(zhǎng)）l fro

48、m factors endowments（要素稟賦）l from technologies （技術(shù)）2. growth in only one factor（只有一種要素增長(zhǎng)）（雷布津斯基定理）rybczynski theorem: (1) an increase in the output quantity of the product that uses the growing factor intensively, and (2) a decrease in the output quantity of the other product. 雷布津斯基定理：密集使用增長(zhǎng)的要素生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品數(shù)

49、量增加，并且其他產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)出數(shù)量下降。figure 7.2 single-factor growth: the rybczynski theorem 3.changes in the countrys willingness to trade（國(guó)家貿(mào)易意愿的變化）4.effects on the countrys term of trade（對(duì)一國(guó)貿(mào)易條件的影響）（1）small country（小國(guó)）a country whose trade (or realistic changes in its trade) does not affect international product pr

50、ice (小國(guó)是指該國(guó)貿(mào)易不會(huì)影響國(guó)際產(chǎn)品價(jià)格)（2）large country（大國(guó)） a country whose trade (or realistic changes in its trade) affects international product price （大國(guó)是指該國(guó)的貿(mào)易會(huì)影響世界產(chǎn)品價(jià)格）the first case：terms of trade improves（貿(mào)易條件改善）when growth reduces the countrys willingness to trade at any given price(第一種情形：當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)降低了一國(guó)的貿(mào)易意愿時(shí)

51、：即進(jìn)口需求的減少降低了進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格或是出口供給的減少提高了出口產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格貿(mào)易條件改善)the second case：terms of trade deteriorate（貿(mào)易條件改善）when growth reduces the countrys willingness to trade(當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)提高了一國(guó)的貿(mào)易意愿時(shí)：即進(jìn)口需求的增加提高了進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格或者出口供給的增加降低了出口產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格貿(mào)易條件改善)（3）immiserizing growth（貧困化增長(zhǎng)） (figure 7.4)immiserizing growthdefinition: national economic

52、 growth that expands the countrys willingness to trade can result in such a large decline in the countrys terms of trade that the country is worse off . （貧困化增長(zhǎng)是指擴(kuò)大一國(guó)貿(mào)易意愿的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致該國(guó)貿(mào)易條件大幅惡化，使該國(guó)的境況更差。）case :dutch disease and deindustrialization（例子：荷蘭病和去工業(yè)化）three conditions for immiserizing growth to ha

53、ppen（貧困化增長(zhǎng)的三個(gè)條件）the countrys growth must be strongly biased toward expanding the countrys supply of exports and the increase in export supply must be large enough to have a noticeable impact on world pricesthe foreign demand for the countrys exports must be price inelastic so that an expansion in th

54、e countrys export supply leads to a large drop in the international price of the export productbefore the growth, the country must be heavily engaged in trade so that the welfare loss from the decline the terms of trade is great enough to offset the gains from being able to produce more.5.technology

55、 and trade(技術(shù)與貿(mào)易)（1）r&d（研發(fā)）（2）diffusion（技術(shù)擴(kuò)散）the spread of technologies internationally, from the countries that invent or first use the technologies to other countries that can also use the technologies （3）product cycle hypothesis（產(chǎn)品周期假說(shuō)） a theory that there is a regular pattern to production locat

56、ions and international trade patterns for a product after it is invented. the product is invented and first produced in an industrialized country, so at first these countries export the product. over time, production shifts to other industrialized countries and then to developing countries, so the i

57、dentity of the major exporting countries also changes. （該理論認(rèn)為一種產(chǎn)品被發(fā)明之后它的生產(chǎn)區(qū)位模式和貿(mào)易模式存在一個(gè)規(guī)律：該產(chǎn)品在工業(yè)化的國(guó)家發(fā)明出來(lái)，并且進(jìn)行初期的生產(chǎn)，所以起初，這些工業(yè)化國(guó)家是該產(chǎn)品的出口國(guó)，經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間后，生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到了其他的工業(yè)化國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家，所以主要的出口國(guó)也相應(yīng)的發(fā)生了變化。）chapter eight (第八章)analysis of a tariff（關(guān)稅分析）81 whats tariff?（什么是關(guān)稅）（1）tariff（關(guān)稅） a tax on importing a good or service into a country （關(guān)稅是指進(jìn)口到一國(guó)的商品或服務(wù)征收的一種稅收）（2）specific tariff and ad valorem tariff （從量關(guān)稅與從價(jià)關(guān)稅）l specific tariff: a tax is stipulated as a money amount per unit of import(從量關(guān)稅是指按照每一進(jìn)口單位規(guī)定一個(gè)貨幣數(shù)量的稅收。)l ad valorem tariff :a tax is a percentage of the estimated market value of the goods when they