激光輻射對(duì)人眼的危害中英版

1、激光輻射對(duì)人眼的危害 中英版 激光輻射對(duì)人眼的危害TheharmsofLaserradiationtohumaneyes 由于激光的特性，可使能量在空間和時(shí)間上高度集中。通過(guò)眼的屈光介質(zhì)聚焦在視網(wǎng)膜上形成影像，104105；激光單色性好，在眼底的色差小。上述特點(diǎn)致使極低的激光能量照射即可引起眼角膜或視網(wǎng)膜的損傷。Becausethecharacteristicoflaser,itcanmakeenergyhighlyconcentratedinspaceandintime.Throughtheeyesrefractingmediathatfocusingonretinatoformanimag

2、e,thentheincidentenergydensityonretinacanincrease104105thantheincidentenergydensityoncornea;Themonochromaticityoflaserisgood,andthechromaticaberrationissmallontheocularfundus.Theabovefeaturescancausethedamageofcorneaorretinabyverylowlaserradiation. 不同波長(zhǎng)激光眼損傷部位Theinjuredpartofeyesbydifferentwavelengt

3、hlasers. 波長(zhǎng)分區(qū)WavelengthDivision紫外激光 波長(zhǎng)范圍(nm)WavelengthRange(nm)180-400 主要損傷部位MianInjuredPart角膜、晶狀體Cornea,lens視網(wǎng)膜、脈絡(luò)膜Retina,choroid視網(wǎng)膜、脈絡(luò)膜、晶狀體Retina,choroid,lens UVlaser 可見(jiàn)激光 Visiblelaser 近紅外激光 400-700 Near-infraredlaser 中、遠(yuǎn)紅外激光mid-infraredlaser,farinfraredlaser 700-1400 1400-106 角膜cornea 眼底對(duì)幾種激光的有效吸

4、收率 Theeffectiveabsorptivityofseverallasersbyocularfundus. 波長(zhǎng)(nm) 介質(zhì)透過(guò)率 有效吸收率 激光器Laser釹激光Neodymiumlaser紅寶石Ruby氬離子Argonion TransmissionEffectivewavelength absorptivity(%) (nm)media(%)absorptivity(%) 吸收率(%) 106412425.04 694.4488-514 5670 9680 53.756 倍頻 Frequency doubling Nd:YAG 包括視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮和脈絡(luò)膜的吸收 Includi

5、ngtheabsorption/absorptivityofretinochromeepitheliumandchoroid. 激光損傷事故的主要癥狀 Themainsymptomofinjuryaccidentbylaser. 事故發(fā)生時(shí)，多數(shù)受傷者感到眼前突然閃光，繼而出現(xiàn)一個(gè)不同顏色、不同大小的光斑或暗影，個(gè)別人眼部有沖擊感，與此同時(shí)，視力出現(xiàn)不同程度的下降，重者短時(shí)間內(nèi)不能分清眼前物體，有的傷后出現(xiàn)數(shù)小時(shí)的目弦及畏光。 Whentheaccidenthappens,mostofwoundedpersonsfeelthatflashsuddenlyappearbeforetheireye

6、s,thenappearafaculaorshadowofdifferentcolouranddifferentsize,fewpeoplefeelsimpactoneyes.Atthesametime,theirvisiondeclineindifferentdegrees.Severecasescannotseeobjectsbeforetheireyesclearly,somepeopleappearsdizzyandphotophobiaformanyhoursafterinjured. 激光眼事故損傷照射統(tǒng)計(jì) Thestatisticsofeyesinjuryaccidentbyla

7、serradiation.受傷人數(shù) Numberof injured people 1損傷眼次Numberofinjuryoneyes1532748865激光器Laser發(fā)射方式Radiationpattern超短脈沖波長(zhǎng)wavelength（nm）Nd：YAGUtrashort pulse 巨脈沖1064 Nd：YAGGiant pulse 巨脈沖10642324 Nd：YAPGiant pulse106411 紅寶石長(zhǎng)脈沖 Longpulse 巨脈沖694.41112 染料Giant pulse56059033 Ar+連續(xù)continuous488514.511 He-Cd 不詳 unkn

8、own 合計(jì) summation連續(xù)continuous不詳unknown441.6不詳unknown11444547 數(shù)據(jù)摘自激光輻射傷醫(yī)學(xué)防護(hù) Datatakenfrom Laserradiationinjuryprotectioninmedicine 原因與教訓(xùn) Reasonandlesson 一、工作中未采取眼防護(hù)措施 1.Withoutadoptingeyesprotectivemeasuresduringworking. 二、缺乏安全的工作環(huán)境 2.Lackofsecurityworkingatmosphere. 三、思想麻痹 3.Slackeningofvigilance. 四、

9、激光器誤觸發(fā) 4.Laserfalsetriggering. 五、在激光臨床眼科治療中，未能嚴(yán)格控制治療能量 5.Whenunderclinicalophthalmologylasertreatment,itcannotstrictlycontrolthecuringenergy. 長(zhǎng)期在激光操作環(huán)境中工作者眼睛受到長(zhǎng)期的影響。在操作和使用激光器時(shí)，即使沒(méi)有直接被激光照射，造成傷害事故的發(fā)生?？墒羌す馄魉懦龅纳渚€通過(guò)其他物體或者墻壁等產(chǎn)生的微量反射，長(zhǎng)期在這種環(huán)境中工作的人群，白內(nèi)障的發(fā)病率極高。 Workingunderoperatinglaserenvironmentforlongtim

10、e,theeyesofoperatorwillhavelongtermeffect.Whenoperatingandusinglaser,eventhereisnoinjuryaccidenthappensbylaserradiationdirectly,buttheraysemittedbylasercancausemicroreflectionthroughotherobjectsorwalls,peoplewhoworkinglongtermunderthisenvironmentwillcausehighincidenceofcataract. 典型脈沖激光器危害類別 Typicalh

11、armclassificationofpulsinglaser 波長(zhǎng)范圍 Wavelength range脈寬Impulse1classwidth2class4class激光器Laser 四倍頻 180400nmquadruple frequencyns58.0uJ10J/cm210J/cm2 Nd:YAG倍頻frequency 400700nmmultiplication Nd:YAG 85mJ/cm2 紅寶石ruby ms 0.4uJ 0.4uJ3.1/cm2 染料可調(diào)諧Tunabledye 7001mm Nd:YAG us 0.2uJ 0.2uJ 0.31J/cm2 0.42J/cm2

12、3.1J/cm2 ns 0.2uJ 0.2uJ 85mJ/cm2 ns2uJ2uJ0.42J/cm2 ErLaserCO2 nsns 8.0mJ80uJ 8.0mJ80uJ 10J/cm210J/cm2 幾種典型激光源人眼防護(hù)所要求的最低光密度值 Theminimumopticaldensityvalueofsometypicallasinglightemitterthat protectinghumaneyesrequired.發(fā)射方式Radiationpattern巨脈沖Giantpulse連續(xù)continuous 連續(xù)continuous 連續(xù)continuous Nd：YAG 連續(xù)co

13、ntinuousLongpulseGiantpulse CO2 連續(xù)continuous 5W 1.810-3W/cm2 4.1 100mJ 5.0107J/cm2 6.0 輸出功率/能量deliveredpower/energy 照射限值Irradiatelimitvalue 光密度opticaldensity 激光器Laser倍頻frequencymultiplication Nd：YAGCusmoke Ar+5W50mW 1.810-3W/cm21.810-3W/cm2 4.12.1 80mW400mJ100mJ 9.610-3W/cm25.010-6J/cm25.010-6J/cm2

14、4.65.65.0 80W5.610-1W/cm22.9 激光防護(hù)鏡的選擇 隨著激光技術(shù)在軍事、民用領(lǐng)域的廣泛應(yīng)用，激光防護(hù)技術(shù)越來(lái)越受到人們的重視，激光防護(hù)材料的種類日益增多。從防護(hù)原理來(lái)看，目前激光防護(hù)材料可分為三大類：一是基于線性光學(xué)原理的激光防護(hù)，它包括吸收型、反射型和吸收/反射復(fù)合型；二是基于非線性光學(xué)原理的激光防護(hù)，它主要利用三階非線性光學(xué)效應(yīng)，包括非線性吸收、非線性折射、非線性散射和非線性反射；三是基于相變?cè)淼募す夥雷o(hù)。 Asthelasertechnologyiswidelyusedinmilitaryandcivilianareas,peoplespaymoreandmor

15、eattentiontothelaserprotectiontechnology,andthetypesofmaterialstomakelaserprotectionalsoincrease.Now,therearethreetypesoflaserprotectionmaterialsfromthepointofviewoftheprotectionprinciple:first,thelaserprotectionbasedonthelinearoptics,whichcontainstheabsorption-type,thereflection-type,andtheabsorpti

16、on-reflection-type.Second,thelaser protectionbasedonthenonlinearoptics,whichsprincipleisthird-ordernonlinearopticaleffect,anditincludesnonlinearabsorption,nonlinearrefraction,nonlinearscattering,andnonlinearreflection.Third,laserprotectionbasedonthephasetransitiontheory. 激光具有方向性強(qiáng)、單色性好、相干性好等特點(diǎn)，使得它在軍事

17、、工業(yè)及醫(yī)療等領(lǐng)域都有著廣泛的應(yīng)用。但正是激光的這些特點(diǎn)對(duì)人體也構(gòu)成了極大的威脅。眼睛是人體對(duì)激光最敏感的器官，由于眼對(duì)光的聚焦作用可使視網(wǎng)膜上能量密度增高105倍，因此低劑量照射就可引起視網(wǎng)膜的嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷而導(dǎo)致視力下降直至失明。如何進(jìn)行有效的激光防護(hù)，成為人們極為關(guān)注的問(wèn)題，各國(guó)相應(yīng)地制定了激光防護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。早在1962年美國(guó)就提出了一些激光安全輻照限。 Thelaserhasmanycharacteristics,suchasexceedingdirection,extrememonochromaticity,andgoodcoherence,whichcausethelaserusedwide

18、lyinmilitary,industrialandmedicalareas.But,theselaserscharacteristicsalsomakeitbecomeathreattothehumansbody,liketheeyes.Eyesarethemostsensitiveorganinourbody,theenergydensityoflightfocusedbyoureyeswillincreaseby105timesthenon-focusedlight,sothelowdoseexposurecoulddamageourretinalseriously,anditleadt

19、ovisionlossandevenblindness.Howtodosomeeffectivelylaserprotectionhasbecomeagreatconcernintheworld,andmanycountrieshaveenactedtherelevantlaserprotectionstandards.In1962,UShadmadeanumberofirradiatinglasersafetylimits,andnowtherearesomecompulsivestandardsaboutlasersafetyinChina:CJB-2408-95laserprotecti

20、veeyewearprotectiveperformancetestmethods,GJB-1762-93physicalprotectionrequirementsforlaserprotectiveeyewear,JB/T5524-91lablasersafetyrules. 現(xiàn)在我國(guó)使用關(guān)于激光安全的強(qiáng)制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有： CJB-2408-95激光防護(hù)眼鏡防護(hù)性能測(cè)試方法 GJB-1762-93激光防護(hù)眼鏡生理衛(wèi)生防護(hù)要求 JB/T5524-91實(shí)驗(yàn)室激光安全規(guī)則 激光防護(hù)鏡有多種類型，所用材料不同，原理各異，應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合也不同。因此，要提供對(duì)激光有效防護(hù)，必須按具體使用要求對(duì)激光防護(hù)鏡進(jìn)行合理的選

21、擇。選擇防護(hù)鏡時(shí)，首先根據(jù)所用激光器的最大輸出功率（或能量）、光束直徑、脈沖時(shí)間等參數(shù)確定激光輸出最大輻照度或最大輻照量。而后，按相應(yīng)波長(zhǎng)和照射時(shí)間的最大允許輻照量（眼照射限值）確定眼鏡所需最小光密度值，并據(jù)此選取合適防護(hù)鏡。選擇的具體條件主要有： 1、最大輻照量Hmax(J/m2)或最大輻照度Emax(W/m2)； 2、特定的防護(hù)波長(zhǎng)； 3、在相應(yīng)防護(hù)波長(zhǎng)的所需最小光密度值Dmin； 4、防護(hù)鏡片的非均勻性、非對(duì)稱性、入射光角度效應(yīng)等； 5、抗激光輻射能力； 6、可見(jiàn)光透過(guò)率； 7、結(jié)構(gòu)和外形。 Therearemanykindsoflasergoggles,andtherearelotsofdifferenceswithineachothers,suchasdifferentmaterials,differentprinciples,anddifferentapplications.Soifthelaserneedstobeprotectedeffec