英語專業(yè)四級(jí)獨(dú)立主格(打印)

1、專四語法（獨(dú)立主格）概念：獨(dú)立主格是由名詞和代詞加上分詞等構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，用于修飾整個(gè)句子。獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞等構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系?！蔼?dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。實(shí)質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語的非限制性狀語從句。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成：名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞；名詞（代詞）+形容詞；名詞（代詞）+副詞；名詞（代詞）+不定式；名詞（代詞） +介詞短語構(gòu)成。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)：1）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨(dú)立存在。2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。3）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。使用獨(dú)立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)的注意事項(xiàng) （1）當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句

2、的主語不是指同一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí)，可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：after class was over (=class being over/ class over), the students soon left the classroom.（2）在下列兩種情況下，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being(或having been)不能省略：a)獨(dú)立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)。如：it being sunday, we went to church.b)在there being +名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：there being no bus, we had to go home on foot.（3）

3、在“名詞（或代詞）+介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如：miss smith entered the classroom, book in hand. (比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：miss smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.（4）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式。如 the chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.(比較動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)： the chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.)（5）獨(dú)立主格

4、結(jié)構(gòu)作時(shí)間或原因狀語時(shí)，可用完成時(shí)，表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語之前。如：the listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.1. 名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞。 名詞或代詞通常是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示主動(dòng)的或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作如： the girl staring at him (= as the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to

5、say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。 2. 名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞。 名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。名詞或代詞是動(dòng)作的承受者，與過去分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表示被動(dòng)或已完成的動(dòng)作如： the problems solved (= as the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。 her glasses broken (= because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the b

6、lackboard. 由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。3. 名詞/主格代詞+不定式。 名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關(guān)系，且強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次具體性的動(dòng)作。名詞或主格代詞通常是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常位于句首或句末如： he is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個(gè)飛機(jī)模型。 they said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他們道別后，一個(gè)回了家，一個(gè)去了書店。 4

7、. 名詞/主格代詞+形容詞。常用來說明名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)特征或所處的狀態(tài)如： an air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飛機(jī)遭遇了空難，無一人生還。 so many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會(huì)議不得不取消。5. 名詞/主格代詞+副詞。常用來說明名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)特征或所處的狀態(tài)如： the meeting over, they all went home. 會(huì)議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了。6. 名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語。介詞短語也是用來說明或代詞的

8、性質(zhì)特征或所處的狀態(tài)如： the boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對(duì)著門。7. there being +名詞（代詞）如： there being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。 there being no further business, i declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的

9、事了，我宣布散會(huì)。 8. it being +名詞（代詞）如： it being christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機(jī)關(guān)都休息。 it being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關(guān)門了。 介詞with / without + 名詞或代詞 + 形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞 1. with / without + 名詞或代詞 + 形容詞 he spoke to us with his mouth full . 她口里含著食物跟我們說話。 2.

10、with / without + 名詞或代詞 + 副詞 he left the office with the lights on. 他離開了辦公室，讓燈亮著。 3. with / without + 名詞或代詞 + 介詞短語 the engineer came with a notebook in his hand. 那個(gè)工程師手里拿著筆記本過來了。4. with / without + 名詞或代詞 + -ing分詞 dont brush your teeth with water running. 不要在刷牙時(shí)讓水流著。5. with / without + 名詞或代詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式 w

11、ith so much work to do, the manager felt very worried. 這么多工作要做，經(jīng)理覺得很焦急。6. with / without + 名詞或代詞 + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 with the road blocked, they had to turn back and ran round it in another way. 由于道路被堵，他們不得不轉(zhuǎn)身從另一條路繞過去。用法：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句或并列句。 1. 用作時(shí)間狀語：the work done (=after the work h

12、ad been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。 2. 用作條件狀語：weather permitting (=if weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。 3. 用作原因狀語：an important lecture to be given tomorrow (=as an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up

13、 late into the night. 因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 4. 用作伴隨狀語：he was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head). 他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。 5.表示補(bǔ)充說明：we redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。 *注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，一般放在句首，

14、表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，通常放于句末 使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾點(diǎn)注意1. 獨(dú)立主格與狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換 當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí)，可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如： after class was over (=class being over / class over), the students soon left the classroom. 下課后，學(xué)生很快離開了教室。2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形 在下列兩種情況下，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being（或having been）不能省略： (1

15、) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)。如： it being sunday, we went to church. 因?yàn)槭切瞧谔欤覀內(nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。 (2) 在there being名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：there being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因?yàn)闆]有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。3. 通常不用物主代詞或冠詞 在“名詞（或代詞）介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： miss smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走進(jìn)了課室，手里拿著一本書。 比較with的

16、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)： miss smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.4. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式 the chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會(huì)。 比較動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)： the chief-editors arriving made us very surprised. 5. 獨(dú)立主格的時(shí)態(tài)問題 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作時(shí)間或原因狀語時(shí)，可用完成時(shí)，表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語之前。如： the listeners having taken their seats, the

17、concert began.聽眾坐好后，音樂會(huì)開始了。 tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于湯姆一再遲到，他的老板非常失望。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同1、有些分詞短語可以獨(dú)立存在,在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語,實(shí)際上已經(jīng)變成了習(xí)慣用法。這些短語有:generally speaking 總的說來,frankly speaking 坦率地說,judging from 從判斷,supposing 假設(shè),等等。 generally speaking, the rule is very easy to u

18、nderstand. 總的說來,這條規(guī)則很容易懂。judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所說的來判斷,他一定是一個(gè)誠實(shí)的人。2、有些固定短語是帶 to 的不定式,表明說話人的立場(chǎng)或態(tài)度,在句中作獨(dú)立成分。這些短語有: to be honest老實(shí)說,to be sure 確實(shí),to tell you the truth 說實(shí)話,to cut a long story short 長話短說,to be frank 坦率地說,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是,等等。 to tell yo

19、u the truth, i made a mistake in the word spelling. 說實(shí)話,我犯了一個(gè)拼寫錯(cuò)誤。 to make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情況更糟的是,許多男人都去城市找工資較高的工作,而留下附近村莊的婦女來繼續(xù)承擔(dān)修復(fù)工作。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)及分詞短語作狀語的異同1、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句

20、。但是,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句后,它有自己的邏輯主語,與主句的主語不一致(例)。而分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語從句后,從句的主語與主句的主語一致(例)。 if time permits, wed better have a holiday at weekends. 轉(zhuǎn)換為:time permitting, wed better have a holiday at weekends. 如果時(shí)間允許,我們最好周末去度假。when we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.轉(zhuǎn)換為:seeing from the hilltop

21、, we can find the city more beautiful. 從山頂上看,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)城市更美2、還必須注意,分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語并不總是和主句的主語一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,語法上稱作依著法則(例)。而如果一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中找不到它的邏輯主語,語法上稱作懸垂分詞(例)。searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花費(fèi)了警察很長一段時(shí)間。 when planting these flowers, care must be taken not to

22、damage the roots. (人們)種這些花時(shí)必須小心,不要損壞了花根 not far from the school there was a garden, _a_ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. a. its b. whose c. which d. that 【分析】此題很容易誤選b，許多同學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)為句中逗號(hào)后是一個(gè)非限制性的定語從句，whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其后的名詞 owner。此分析從表面上看，似乎天衣無縫，但實(shí)質(zhì)上是錯(cuò)的，原因是空格后根本不是一個(gè)

23、句子，因?yàn)闆]有謂語。盡管句中有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，但它們都是非謂語動(dòng)詞。也許有的同學(xué)認(rèn)為，其中的 seated 可視為謂語動(dòng)詞，但是注意，seat 用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，它總是及物的，其后要么接賓語，要么它就用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，所以若在 seated 前加上助動(dòng)詞 is，則可以選擇b（當(dāng)然若將 seated 改為sitting，也應(yīng)選擇b）。所以此題最佳答案選a。 (2) he wrote a lot of novels, many of _c_ were translated into foreign languages. a. it b. them c. which d. that(3) he wrote a lo

24、t of novels, and many of _b_ were translated into foreign languages. a. it b. them c. which d. that 【分析】此題與上面的第(2)題不同，兩句間多了一個(gè)并列連詞and，說明這是一個(gè)并列句，故應(yīng)選b，則不能選c。 (1) there i met several people, two of _b_ being foreigners. a. which b. them c. whom d. that (2) there i met several people, two of _b_ were for

25、eigners. a. which b. whom c. who d. that (3) there i met several people, and two of _b_ were foreigners. a. which b. them c. whom d. thatthe country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _c_ at the end of last march.(2007年山東卷) a. has been launched b. having been launched c.

26、being launched d. to be launched 此題答案為 c?？疾楠?dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法。由于動(dòng)作于去年的三月底就已經(jīng)發(fā)生，所以不能選表示未來動(dòng)作的不定式，即不能選 d；又由于句子用了具體的過去時(shí)間狀語(at the end of last march)，故不能選完成式，即不能選 a 和 b。1. i send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year. a. follows b. followed c. to follow d. being followed 2. all things _, i think we ought to

27、 give the job to george. a. considered b. considering c. to consider d. being considered3. the river _ in the night, the crossing was impossible. a. to rise b. rose c. having risen d. being risen4. more time _, we should have done the job much better. a. to giveb. give c. being given d. given5. we s

28、hall play the match tomorrow, weather _. a. permetsb. permitting c. to permit d. permitted6. the monitor _ ill, wed better put the meeting off. a. beingb. to be c. been d. to have been7. an important lecture _ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. a. to be b. being c. bee

29、n d. to have been8. he was lying on the grass, his hands _ under his head.a. to cross b. crossed c. crossing d. to be crossing9. tom _ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.a. having been b. been c. to d. to being10. other things _ equal, i would buy the black dress not the white one. a

30、. being b. to be c. beend. having been1-5 cacdb 6-10aabaa專四真題：1（2003）agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, wheat _ by far the biggest cereal crop.a. is b. been c. be d. being答案：d譯文：農(nóng)業(yè)是這個(gè)國家主要的經(jīng)濟(jì)來源，到目前為止小麥?zhǔn)亲钪匾墓阮愖魑?。解析：帶有自己主語的非限定分局和無動(dòng)詞分局，在結(jié)構(gòu)上和主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系。此題為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。2. (2003)time _, the celebra

31、tion will be held as scheduled.a. permit b. permitting c. permitted d.permits 答案：b譯文：如果時(shí)間允許的話，慶?；顒?dòng)將會(huì)如期舉行。解析：time permitting 是一個(gè)常見的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，表示一個(gè)條件。3.（2000）45.there_ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an e nd half an hour earlier.a.to be b. to have been c. being d. be答案：c譯文：由于沒有更多的東西可討論，會(huì)議

32、提前半小時(shí)結(jié)束了。解析：本句中的there being nothing more for discussion為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，表示原因。4.（1996）_no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom.a. there was b.since c.being d.there being 答案：d解析：本句中there being no cause for alarm 為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，表示原因5.(1994)the countrys chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, ca

33、rs_ the most important of these.a. have been b. are c. being d. are being 答案：d6.（1998）_, he can now only watch it on tv at home.a.obtaining not a ticket for the match b. not obtaining a ticket for the matchc. not having obtained a ticket for the match d. not obtained a ticket fot the match答案：c模擬題：1.

34、all the investigations_ before the deadline, the staff decided to have a party as a celebration.a. been fulfilled b.had been fulfilled c.were fulfilled d. having been fulfilled答案：d解析：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。2.our picnic_ by the unexpected heavy rain, we went home depressed.a. was spoiled b.had been spoiled c.having

35、spoiled d.having been spoiled答案：d解析：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)果。 作狀語3.all flights _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.a. had been cancelled b. were cancelledc. have been cancelled d. having been cancelled答案： d譯文：因?yàn)楸╋L(fēng)雪，所有航班被取消，所以許多乘客只好坐火車。解析：該句逗號(hào)前是一個(gè)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，邏輯主語是all flights，邏輯謂語的動(dòng)

36、作在那時(shí)業(yè)已完成，所以選擇having been cancelled。4. when i finish the story, lenin jumped up from his chair and started pacing the floor, _, deep in thought.a. with his head bending b. in his head bentc. his head bending d. his head bent答案：d)譯文：我講完故事后，列寧從椅子上跳了起來，開始在屋子里踱來踱去,低著頭，陷入沉思。解析：his head bent 是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)， his hea

37、d 是邏輯主語，bent 是邏輯謂語。5. television will be used to enable customers to shop from the comfort of their homes by simply ordering via the tv screen, payment_ by direct debit of their credit cards.a. making it b. is madec. being made d. will be made答案：c譯文：人們將使用電視在家里舒舒服服地購物，可以通過屏幕進(jìn)行訂貨，所需支付的款項(xiàng)可直接從信用卡扣除。解析：此

38、句為獨(dú)立主格，分句動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用分詞形式。真題訓(xùn)練：1. all plan _ because of the accident, they had to quit. a. having canceled b. were canceled c. having been canceled d. have been canceled2. written in great haste, _. a. he made a lot of mistakes in the report b. there are plenty of errors in the report c. we found several mi

39、stakes in his letter d. the book is full of errors 3. silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _ it closely. a. followed b. following c. to follow d. being following 4. _ such a good chance, he planned to learn more. a. to be given b. having been given c. having given d. giving 5. arrivin

40、g at the bus stop, _ waiting there. (1994) a. a lot of people were b.he found a lot of people c.a lot of people d.people were found 6. agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, wheat _ by far the biggest cereal crop. a. is b. been c. be d. being 7. this missile is designed so that once_ nothing can be done to retrieve it. a. fired b. being fired c. they fired d. having fired 讓步狀語從句8. _i like economics i like sociology much better. a. as much as b. so much c. how much d. much as 9. fool _jane is, she could not have done such a thing.