(完整)初中英語(yǔ)從句知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)歸納,推薦文檔

1、賓語(yǔ)從句一 定義：賓語(yǔ)從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的句子如：he said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.二 賓語(yǔ)從句有三種類(lèi)型：1由從屬連詞 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句表示陳述意義，連詞 that ?？杀皇÷浴＠纾篿 hope (that) they will have fun. mary said that she felt sleepy.cant you see (that) im a bird?注意：（1）當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是 think,believe 等時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句盡管要表示否定意義，卻不用否定形式，而將 think 等

2、動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?。如：idont think he will come.我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來(lái)。（2）兩個(gè)表示陳述意義的賓語(yǔ)從句并列時(shí)，有時(shí)省去第一個(gè)從句的連詞that，但第二個(gè)從句的連詞 that 一般不可以省略。如：he told me (that)they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice. 2.由從屬連詞 if 或 whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句表示“是否（有，能，已經(jīng)）”等一般疑問(wèn)句的含義。例如：i wonder whether (if) he lives here.3.由連接代詞 who,whom,whose

3、,what,which 和連接副詞 when,where,how,why 等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句表示“誰(shuí)，誰(shuí)的，什么，哪（個(gè)，些），何時(shí)，何地，怎樣，為什么”等等特殊疑問(wèn)句的意義。除了連接詞及被修飾的詞提前以外，賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述句語(yǔ)序。例如：to masked who could give the message to her mother.do you know what he said just now? i wondered how old his brother was.三.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)：“主現(xiàn)則從任，主過(guò)則從過(guò)，客觀真理一般現(xiàn)”1. 當(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候，賓語(yǔ)從句可以用所需要的

4、任何時(shí)態(tài)。2. 主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句一般只能用過(guò)去時(shí)的某種形式；當(dāng)從句敘述的是客觀事實(shí)或一般真理時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句仍然用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 must 一般不用于過(guò)去時(shí)，但卻可以用于主句是過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中。四.賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序1 賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞后加陳述語(yǔ)序（主語(yǔ)在前，謂語(yǔ)在后） 如：i want to know if he can come tomorrow2 當(dāng)連接詞本身又是賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面直接加謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如：she asked me who had helped him狀語(yǔ)從句英語(yǔ)中,修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分叫狀語(yǔ)。狀語(yǔ)的功用：狀語(yǔ)說(shuō)明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方

5、向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等，根據(jù)狀語(yǔ)的功能狀語(yǔ)從句可分為：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句。一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：在一個(gè)句子中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的連接詞：when（當(dāng)時(shí)候） while（當(dāng)時(shí)候） as（當(dāng)時(shí)候） after（在以后） before（在以前） as soon as（一就） since（自從到現(xiàn)在） till /until（直到才） by the time（到為止）依舊是連接詞后加陳述語(yǔ)序。1. when 當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候（一般情況下：主將從現(xiàn)）i will become a teacher when i grow up2. while當(dāng)時(shí)he vis

6、ited a lot of places while he was traveling.3. as 在的同時(shí)；一邊一邊he smiled as he stood up.4. after在之后he left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.5. before在之前mr. brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.6. as soon as一就(一般情況下：主將從現(xiàn)) we began to work as soon as we g

7、ot there.i will write to you as soon as i get home.7. since自以來(lái) 到現(xiàn)在表示自過(guò)去的一個(gè)起點(diǎn)時(shí)間到目前(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)間)為止的一段持續(xù)時(shí)間。主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。mr green has taught in that school since he came to china three years ago. (還可以用作介詞，本句從句還可以用短語(yǔ)：since three years ago(自三年前以來(lái))表示。)8till /until直到都可以作連詞，連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，也可以作介詞，與其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。th

8、ey walked till /until it was dark.xiao ming didnt leave home till / until his father came back.9.by the time到為止 (所在句子的主句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去完成時(shí)) by the time he gets there , his father has already gone.by the time i got to school, the class had already began.用法辨析：1.when, while 和 as 的區(qū)別when引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是

9、瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。并且when 有時(shí)表示“就在那時(shí)”。例如： when she came in, i stopped eating.她進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，我在吃飯。(瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞)when i lived in the countryside, i used to carry some water for him.當(dāng)?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時(shí)，我常常為他擔(dān)水。（延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞）we were about to leave when he came in.我們就要離開(kāi)，就在那時(shí)他進(jìn)來(lái)了。while引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的，并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生（或者相對(duì)應(yīng)）。并且 while 有時(shí)還可以表示對(duì)比。例如：while m

10、y wife was reading the newspaper, i was watching tv.i like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜歡踢足球，而你喜歡打籃球。（對(duì)比）as表示“一邊一邊”，as 引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，一般用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；as 也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)“一先一后。例如： we always sing as we walk. 我們總是邊走邊唱。（as 表示“一邊一邊”）as we was going out, it began to snow. 當(dāng)我們出門(mén)時(shí)，開(kāi)始下雪了。（as 強(qiáng)調(diào)句中兩

11、個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著先后發(fā)生，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開(kāi)始下雪的特定時(shí)間）as when while 都表示主、從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，三者差異如下： as表示“一邊。一邊的意思when1、還可以表示從句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作在主幾句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前 或之后發(fā)生。2、whenand then; at that moment (正在那個(gè)時(shí)候) 3.常用于常見(jiàn)搭配中while1、 用于時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)時(shí)2、 強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，并表示對(duì)比時(shí)有時(shí)這三個(gè)連詞可以互換，有時(shí)不可以。 lt was raining hard when (as) i got there.我到那里時(shí)，正在下大雨。 (動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，when 可換為 as,但不能換為while，

12、因?yàn)?get 是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞.)when i had read the article, he called me.我看完這篇文章之后，她給我打了電話(huà)。(從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之前，注意時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)，只能用 when )when i got to the cinema, the film had begun.(當(dāng))我到了電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)演了。(從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意時(shí)態(tài))he was about to leave, when the telephone rang.他正要離開(kāi)，忽然電話(huà)響了。( 此時(shí)不能放在句首。主句動(dòng)詞一般表達(dá) “正在” “即將”.while, as 不能代替

13、she thought i was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, i was talking about my daughter.他以為我在談她女兒，然而，實(shí)際上在談?wù)撐遗畠骸?表轉(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比，when, as都不能代替它)while the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人買(mǎi)紀(jì)念品時(shí)，那女孩給警察打了電話(huà)。(表示主句，從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，while 后引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)動(dòng)詞不能是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)樗硎据^長(zhǎng)時(shí)間)mother was worrie

14、d because little alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.媽媽擔(dān)心，因?yàn)樾?ài)麗絲病了，特別是他父親不在家的時(shí)候。(此時(shí) as ,when, while 可通用)2. 由 till 或 until 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。till 和 until 一般情況下兩者可以互換，但是在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中多用 until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，必須用否定形式；如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表達(dá)的意思不同。例如：i worked until he came back.

15、我工作到他回來(lái)為止。i didnt work until he came back.他回來(lái)我這才開(kāi)始工作。3. 由 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。since 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。一般情況下，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表述為： 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+since+一般過(guò)去時(shí)。但在 it is時(shí)間since 從句的句型中，主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：it is five months since our boss was in beijing.我們老板離開(kāi)北京有五個(gè)月了。知識(shí)擴(kuò)展1. it is since從.以來(lái)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了it is fiv

16、e years since we met last time.2. it is +before(。才。 )it was a long time before i went to sleep again. it was an hour before(until) the police arrived. 二.原因狀語(yǔ)從句：在一個(gè)句子中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子。連接詞：由連詞 because, since, as 引導(dǎo), 也可由 for, now that 等詞引導(dǎo)1.i didnt go to school yesterday because i was ill.2. since everybody is

17、 here, lets begin our meeting.既然。3. as you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.既然。4.i asked her to stay to tea, for i had something to tell her.用法辨析：because , since , as , for 辨析1） because 語(yǔ)勢(shì)最強(qiáng)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明人所不知的原因，回答 why 提出的問(wèn)題。當(dāng)原因是顯而易見(jiàn)的或已為人們所知，就用 as 或 since。i didnt go, because i was afraid.since

18、 /as the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2） 由 because 引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號(hào)，則可以用 for 來(lái)代替。但如果不是說(shuō)明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用 for。he is absent today, because / for he is ill. he must be ill, for he is absent today.三、條件狀語(yǔ)從句連接詞：if 如果, unless (=if not)如果不、除非(讓步)1. if it doesnt rain tomorrow, we wil

19、l go hiking.2. i will go to the party unless he goes there too.3. you will be late unless you leave immediately.=if you dont leave immediately, you will be late.條件狀語(yǔ)從句：主將從現(xiàn).he will not leave if it isnt fine tomorrow.四、目的、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句目的狀語(yǔ)從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)目的狀語(yǔ)的句子。結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的句子目的狀語(yǔ)從句連接詞 so that, sothat

20、, in order that 引導(dǎo)。結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句連接詞 sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat 引導(dǎo)。1. sothat如此以至于he always studied so hard that he made great progress.2. so that以至于, 以便于ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的)i opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的)3. suchthat如此以至its such nice weather

21、that all of us want to go to the park.4. in order that=so that為了we shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.5. 比較：so 和 such其規(guī)律由 so 與 such 的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組， so 是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。 so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞 many, few, much, little 連用，形成固定搭配。so nice a flowersuch

22、a nice flowerso many / few flowerssuch nice flowers so many peoplesuch a lot of people（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 雖相當(dāng)于 many，但 a lot of 為名詞性的， 只能用 such 搭配。）難點(diǎn)so+形容詞或副詞so+形+a(an)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞so +many /few+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞so +much/ little+不可數(shù)名詞sothat 與 suchthat 皆可引導(dǎo)目的地狀語(yǔ)從句和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。the boy is so young that he cant go to s

23、chool.he is such a young boy that he cant go to schoolso +adj/adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上兩種句型都表示結(jié)果so 為副詞,后接形容詞，副詞原型，可數(shù)名詞前有 many, few；不可數(shù)名詞前有much, little 修飾時(shí)，應(yīng)采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n.such 為形容詞, 后只能接名詞。這名詞既可以地可數(shù)的，也可以是不可數(shù)的。如果這名詞是可數(shù)的,則必須在名詞前加不定冠詞 a(an). 常見(jiàn)的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, suc

24、h(nice)people.五、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句是指在句子中作讓步的狀語(yǔ)的句子連接詞： though, although.，whetheror not難點(diǎn)：though, although 當(dāng)“雖然”講, 都不能和 but 連用. although/thoughbut的格式是不對(duì)的.但是他們都可以同 yet(still)連用.所以 thought(although)yet(still)的格式是正確的.wrong: although he is rich but he is not happy. right : although he is rich, yet he is not ha

25、ppy. 雖然他很富有, 然而他并不快樂(lè).right : although we have grown up, our parents treat us as childrenright : although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.盡管我們已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大了,可是我們的父母仍把我們看作小孩. although, though 辨析although 不能作并列連詞，although 不能作副詞，放在詞尾表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)要用even though.1、even though i didnt under a word, i

26、 kept smiling.盡管典型例題1）she is young, she knows quite a lot.a. whenb. howeverc. althoughd. unless2) ever if, even though.即使well make a trip even though the weather is bad.3) whetheror not不管都whether you believe it or not, it is true.no matter 從 句結(jié)構(gòu)：no matter +特殊疑問(wèn)詞疑問(wèn)詞+陳述語(yǔ)序 或特殊疑問(wèn)詞+后綴 ever+陳述語(yǔ)序no matter

27、what happened, he would not mind. whatever happened, he would not mind.替換：no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoever no matter when = wheneverno matter where = wherever no matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句。（錯(cuò)）no matter what you say is not useful now.（對(duì)）w

28、hatever you say is not useful now. 你現(xiàn)在說(shuō)什么也沒(méi)用了。(whatever you say 是主語(yǔ)從句)（錯(cuò)）prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given,（對(duì)）prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯?jìng)冎荒芙o什么吃什么定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)是指在句子中用來(lái)修飾名詞、代詞的成分定語(yǔ)從句是指在一個(gè)句子中作定語(yǔ)的句子，定語(yǔ)從句要放在所修飾的詞后如：i have met the doctor who is in the no.1 hospital.定語(yǔ)從句的連接詞：1.

29、連接代詞：who、which、whom、whose、that 2.連接副詞：when、where、why選用連接詞的關(guān)鍵是看先行詞(定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞) 一、連接代詞的選用：1. who指人，先行詞為人,在從句中做主語(yǔ)yesterday i helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，先行詞為人,在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)，常可省略。mr. liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.注意：關(guān)系代詞 whom 在口語(yǔ)和非正式語(yǔ)體中常用 who 代替，可省略。3.which指物，先行詞為

30、物,在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略this is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 who 或者 whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于 which。在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。the number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. where is the man that/whom i saw this morning?5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ),譯成 .的 he

31、has a friend whose father is a doctor.指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替do you like the book whose cover is yellow? = do you like the book the color of which is yellow?介詞+連接代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句連接代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),從句常由介詞+連接代詞引導(dǎo)the school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. the school in which he once studied is very famous

32、.注意：1. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一般不拆開(kāi)使用，如：look for, look after, take care of 等this is the watch which/that i am looking for. (t) this is the watch for which i am looking. (f)2. 若介詞放在連接代詞前，連接代詞指人時(shí)用 whom，不可用 who 或者 that； 指物時(shí)用 which，不能用 that；連接代詞是所有格時(shí)用 whosethe man with whom you talked is my friend.the plane in which

33、we flew to canada is very comfortable. (t)3. “介詞+連接代詞”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代詞或者數(shù)詞he loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.in the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. there are forty students in our class in all, m

34、ost of whom are from big cities 二、連接副詞的選用：1. when 指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)i still remember the day when i first came to the school.2. where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)shanghai is the city where i was born.3. why 指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換the reason w

35、hy/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,from the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.great changes have taken place in the city in which./where i was born.三、判斷關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的方法: 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)例 1. is this the museumyou visite

36、d a few days ago?a. whereb. thatc. on whichd. the one例 2. is this the museumthe exhibition was held?a. whereb. thatc. on whichd. the one關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)， 選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，when 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，why 原因狀語(yǔ))四、介詞+連接詞用法說(shuō)明1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。2）that 前不能有

37、介詞。3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的介詞+關(guān)系詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞 when ,where 和 why 互換如：this is the house in which i lived two years ago.this is the house where i lived two years ago.do you remember the day on which you joined our club?do you remember the day when you joined our club?this is the reason why he came late.this

38、is the reason for which he came late.五限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：china is a country which has a long history.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.要注意區(qū)分以下幾個(gè)句子的不同his brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.他那當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。（他還有其他的哥哥）his brother,

39、 who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的，常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。（他只有一個(gè)哥哥） 關(guān)系代詞 as 和 which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句as 和 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：1. as 和 which 都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)，代表前面整個(gè)句子。(1) he married her, as/which was natural.(2) he was honest, as/which we can see.2. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，可放在主句之前，或

40、者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句；which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as 有“正如，正像”的意思as is known to all, china is a developing country.he is from the south, as we can see from his accent. john, as you know, is a famous writer.he has been to paris more than several times, which i dont believe. 注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，常用 which t

41、om was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 當(dāng)先行次受 such, the same 修飾時(shí)，常用 as i have never heard such a story as he tells.he is not such a fool as he looks.this is the same book as i lost last week.注意：當(dāng)先行次由 the same 修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用 that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但是和由 as所引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思不同she wore the same dress that

42、 she wore at marys wedding.她穿著她在 mary 婚禮上穿過(guò)的一條裙子。she wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。以 the way 為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句通常由 in which, that 引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。the way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising. but 有時(shí)也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句there are very few but understand his idea. ( but

43、= who dont )定語(yǔ)從句只能用 that 的幾種情況1. 當(dāng)先行詞是 anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代詞時(shí)，或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修飾時(shí)have you taken down everything that mr. li has said?all that can be done has been done. there is little that i can do for you.注

44、意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用 whoany man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾the first place that they visited in london was the big ben.3. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)this is the best film that i have seen.4. 當(dāng)形容詞被 the very, the only 修飾時(shí)this is the very good dictionary that i want to buy,當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾

45、也可以用 whowang hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有 who, which 等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)who is the man that is standing there?6. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?同位語(yǔ)從句（一）一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在主從復(fù)合句中，用作同位語(yǔ)的從句叫同位語(yǔ)從句。它通常跟在某些名詞之后，用以說(shuō)明或解釋該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容?？梢愿?/p>

46、同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word（消息），problem， question, doubt, thought 等。they were delighted at the news that their team had won.有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句可以不緊跟在被說(shuō)明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開(kāi)。 如：the thought came to him that tom might have

47、returned the book.（二）引導(dǎo)詞1. the news that mr. li will be our new english teacher is true.2. he hasnt made the decision whether he will go there.3. the question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4. i have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5. we havent yet settle

48、d the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.6. i have no idea how i can get to the railway station.7. i have no idea when he will be back小結(jié)： that 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)無(wú)詞義，也不充當(dāng)任何成分，但通常不可以省略，如句 1； whether 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)意為“是否”，通常不能用 if 來(lái)代替, 如句 2; 連接代詞 who, what 等可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，如句 3， 4； 連接副詞 where,

49、 how, when 等可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句， 如句5，6，7。(三) that 引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句 意義不同：同位語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明前面名詞的內(nèi)容；而定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)修飾、限定前面的先行詞。試比較：1. the news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.2. the news that you told us is really encouraging. that 的功能不同：that 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)是一個(gè)純連詞，不充當(dāng)任何成分；而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，不僅起連接作用，而且還指代先行詞并在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等成分。試

50、比較：1. dad made a promise that he would buy me a cd player if i passed the english test.2. dad made a promise that excited all his children. 可否省略：that 在引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，通常不可省略。在引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，若在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，通?？梢允÷?，若作主語(yǔ)則不可以省略。主語(yǔ)從句1 由連詞 that 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句: 引導(dǎo)詞 that 無(wú)含義,在句中不做成分,不可以省。that you will win the medal seems unlikely.你想獲得

51、獎(jiǎng)牌看起來(lái)是不可能的。 2 用連詞 whether 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句: whether 有含義(是否),在句中不做成分,不可以省。whether she is coming or not doesnt matter too much.她來(lái)不來(lái)都無(wú)關(guān)緊要。3 用連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句(在由連接代詞 who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中，其連接代詞在句中起名詞性作用，擔(dān)當(dāng)一定成分).what you need is more practice.你所需要的是更多的訓(xùn)練。whatev

52、er we do is to serve the people. 我們無(wú)論做什么都是為人民服務(wù)。4 用連接副詞 when, where, why, how 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句(其連接副詞有含義,在句中作狀語(yǔ)。)where we should leave it is a problem.注意1. it 做形式主語(yǔ),而將主語(yǔ)從句放在句末（尤其是當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)較短時(shí)）。that light travels in straight lines is known to all.=it is known to all that light travels in straight lines.眾所周知光沿直線(xiàn)傳播。(

53、當(dāng) what 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句表示“的東西”時(shí)，一般不用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)。)錯(cuò):it is a book what he wants.對(duì):what he wants is a book. 他想要的是本書(shū)。固定用法和譯法（1） it is +名詞+從句it is a fact that 事實(shí)是it is good news that 是好消息it is a question that 是個(gè)問(wèn)題it is common knowledge that 是常識(shí)類(lèi)似的名詞還有：a pity；a wonder；a good thing； no wonder； surprise 等。（2） it is +形

54、容詞+從句it is necessary that 有必要 it is clear that 很清楚it is likely that 很可能it is important that 重要的是類(lèi)似的形容詞還有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.（3） it is +過(guò)去分詞+從句it is said that 據(jù)說(shuō)

55、it is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道it has been proved that 已證明 it must be proved that 必須指出類(lèi)似的過(guò)去分詞還有：known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc.。當(dāng)“及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)”較短時(shí)，也可用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。it shocked me that peter did not tell anybody whe

56、re he was.讓我吃驚的是彼得沒(méi)有告訴任何人他在哪里。2. 只用 whether 不用 if 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句.表語(yǔ)從句一. 在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)的從句, 就叫做表語(yǔ)從句。表語(yǔ)從句一般放在系動(dòng)詞之后,結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)從句”。連系動(dòng)詞：be 動(dòng)詞、表示持續(xù)的系動(dòng)詞（keep, remain, stay）、感官動(dòng)詞 feel(摸起來(lái)，感覺(jué)) , smell(聞起來(lái)) , sound(聽(tīng)起來(lái)) , taste(嘗起來(lái)，吃起來(lái)) 等、表示變化的系動(dòng)詞（become, grow, turn, fall, get, go,）、表終止的系動(dòng)詞 prove, turn out(結(jié)果是，證明是)、seem, appear（看起來(lái)）連系動(dòng)詞通常不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。he has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已經(jīng)成為了他 10 年前想成為的。his suggestion is that we should stay calm.他的建議是，我們應(yīng)該保持冷靜。二表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞1.從屬連詞：that / whether /as if /as though/a