2011-2015年職稱英語考試?yán)砉ゎ怉級試題及答案

1、2015年職稱英語考試?yán)砉ゎ怉級試題第1部分：詞匯選項(xiàng)(第115題，每題1分，共15分)下面每個(gè)句子中均有1個(gè)詞或短語劃有底橫線，請為每處劃線部分確定1個(gè)意義最為接近的選項(xiàng)。1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A. control B. observe C. regulate D. accept2. She showed a natural aptitude for the work.A. sense B. talent C. flavor D. taste3. Most people find rejection

2、hard to accept.A. excuse B. client C. refusal D. destiny4. The organization was bold enough to face the press.A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D. sensible5. They were locked in mortal combat.A. deadly B. open C. actual D. active6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.A. amount B. supply C. te

3、mpt D. sum7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent.A. clear B. necessary C. special D. correct8. The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling.A. Service B. danger C. disorder D. threat 9. He believes that Europe must change or it will perish.A. survive B.

4、 last C. die D. move10. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build.A. fair B. full C .coexisting D. public11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture.A. policy B. value C .equality D. integration12. A salesmans cardinal rule is to satisfy customers.

5、A. principal B. official C. simple D. legal13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situationA. silence B. praise C .assure D. complain14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fearA. emotional B. nervous C. terrible D. Continuous15. The starving children were a pathetic s

6、ight.A. common B. unexpected C. unforgettable D. pitiful第2部分：閱讀判斷（第1622題，每題l分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7個(gè)句子，請根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對每個(gè)句子做出判斷：如果該句提供的是正確信息，請選擇A；如果該句提供的是錯(cuò)誤信息，請選擇B；如果該句的信息文中沒有提及，請選擇C。Lack of Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on EarthScientists have long speculated as to why animal species didnt flourish sooner,

7、once sufficient oxygen covered the Earths surface. Animals began to prosper at the end of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago but what about the billion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also was plenty of oxygen?Well, it seems the air wasnt so great then, a

8、fter all.In a study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and his colleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period were only 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earths atmosphere couldnt have supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what gen

9、etic advancements were poised to occur.“There is no question that genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise of animals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level of oxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with Christopher Reinhar

10、d of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “Were providing the first evidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentially prevent the rise of animals.”The scientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancient sediments from China, Australia, Canada, a

11、nd the United States. Chromium is found in the Earths continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directly linked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically, the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near the shore. They compared their data with other

12、samples taken from younger locales known to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxygens role in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists. “We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gave us the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40%

13、 of todays conditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygen was already plentiful enough to support animal life.In the new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highly dynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes. Howev

14、er, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference in the nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals.“If we are right, our results will really change how people view the origins of animals and other complex life, and their relationships to the co-evol

15、ving environment,” said co-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be a game changer.”“Theres a lot of interest right now in a broader discussion surrounding the role that environmental stability played in the evolution of complex life, and we think our results are a

16、significant contribution to that,” Reinhard said.16. The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoic period.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned17. Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 18. The team

17、was funded by several research institutes.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 19. Genetic advancements triggered the rise of animals.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 20. The samples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 21. The study revealed that

18、chromium found in Earths continental crust remained stable before and after the rise of animals.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 22. Tim Lyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意與完成句子(第2330題，每題1分，共8分)下面的短文后有2項(xiàng)測試任務(wù)：(1)第2326題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為第25段每段選擇

19、1個(gè)最佳標(biāo)題；(2)第2730題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為每個(gè)句子確定1個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。First Image-recognition Software1. Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before. 2. The new system, which was tested

20、 on photos and is now being applied to videos, shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (運(yùn)算法則) for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough to improve large-scale document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素) data in images and potentially video rathe

21、r than just text to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned (收集) from those results can then be applied to other photos without tags or captions (圖片說明), making for more acc

22、urate document search results.3. Over the last 30 years, says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani, a co-author of the study, the Web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia data set, where nearly every page includes multiple pictur

23、es or videos. When a person looks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨) of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popular search engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to p

24、erform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improve document search.4. The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system a type of ar

25、tificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed that extracts semantic (語義的) information from the pixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. The researchers

26、 tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查詢)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web page

27、s. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text.A. Function of the new systemB. Improvement in document retrievalC. Publication of the new discoveryD. Problems of the existing search enginesE. Popularity of the new systemF.

28、Artificial intelligence software created23. Paragraph 1 _ _24. Paragraph 2 _ _25. Paragraph 3 _ _26. Paragraph 4 _ _A. using photosB. description of the HTML pageC. current popular search enginesD. document searchE. information in imagesF. machine vision systems27. The new system does document retri

29、eval by _ _.28. The new system is expected to improve precision in _ _.29. When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore _ _30. The new system was found more effective in document search than the _ _第4部分：閱讀理解(第3145題，每題3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題確定1個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。第一篇 Face Mas

30、ks May Not Protect from Super-FluIF a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help, or harm, during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However, the g

31、overnment says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway, just in case.But its a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came up with preliminary guidelines

32、. “We dont want people wearing them everywhere,” said the CDC. “The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure.”When thats not possible, the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three following situations. First, youre healthy and cant avoid goin

33、g to a crowded place. Second t youre sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking on you. Third, you live with someone whos sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but still need to go out.Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-t

34、o-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.During the flu pandemic, you should protect

35、 yourself. Avoid crowds, and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why arent masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. B

36、esides, the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway instead.Nor does flu only spread through the air. Say someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway

37、pole. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, youve been exposed. Its harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat, and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask stra

38、ight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users.Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.31. What is the passage mainly about?A.

39、 Widespread use of face masks. B. Possibility of a worldwide flu outbreakC. New discoveries of a face mask research. D. Effectiveness of wearing face masks32. The CDC suggests that peopleA. stay alone when being sick. B. wear face masks when going to a crowded place.C. wear face masks wherever possi

40、ble. D. remain at home if living with someone whos sick.33. The word that in Paragraph 3 refers toA. making preparations. B. avoiding exposureC. coming up with guidelines. D. wearing face masks everywhere.34. Which of the following statements is true?A. Scientists warn the next flu is coming soon. B

41、. Asian bird flu is spreading easily from person to person.C. Masks protect people because they keep viruses away. D. Masks are not effective if a flu strikes.35. One of the concerns the CDC has is thatA .masks may give people a wrong assumption of being safe. B. the sick may not wear masks and go o

42、ut.C. flu virus may spread via public transportation.D. healthy people may not know how to protect themselves.第二篇 Whats killing the BatsFirst it was bees. Now it is bats. Biologists in America are working hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northea

43、stern part of the country. Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus,) but other species, such as the long-eared bat, the small-footed hat, the eastern pipistrelle, and the Indiana bat have also been affected. In some caves, more than 90 percent of the bat populati

44、ons have died.One possibility is disease. A white fungus (真菌）known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats. However, scientists dont know If the fungus is the primary cause of death, a secondary cause of death, or not a cause at all, but the result of some other conditio

45、ns.Another possible cause is a lack of food. For example, bats typically eat a large number of moths (蛾), and in some states such as New York, the number of moths has been declining in recent years. If bats cant eat enough food, they starve to death.Still other scientists believe that global warming

46、 is to blame. Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating (冬眠）bats earlier than usual. If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time, they might not find their expected food sources. The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats.Scientists might not a

47、gree on the causes of the bat die-off, but they do agree on the consequences. Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes; a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour. They also eat beetles and other insects that damage plant crops. If there arent enough bats, damage will be great f

48、rom the insects they eat While bats live a long time for their size 一 the little brown bat can live for more than 30 years 一 a female bat has only one baby per year, so bat populations grow slowly. Many bat species in the United States are already protected or endangered.How can you help? Do not dis

49、turb sleeping or nesting bats. If you discover bate that seem to be sick or that are dead, contact your local Fish& Wildlife Department with the details. However, be careful not to touch the animals.36. What is the main idea of this passage?A. All species of bats in North America are dying.B. Scient

50、ists already know the cause of the deaths of batsC. The bat deaths are a serious problem.D. There are many possible causes of the deaths of bats.37. What does the first sentence in Paragraph 1 mean?A. Bees have been dying mysteriously. B. The first article on the website is about bees.C. Bees usuall

51、y die before bats. D. It was bees that caused the deaths of bats.38. The word “pipistrelle in Paragraph 1 refers toA. a kind of fungus. B. an area in the U.S. C. a special cave. D. a kind of bat.39. The moths in Paragraph 3 are taken as an example ofA. diseases that kill bats. B. Insects that bats e

52、at.C. animals that have diseases. D. bat species that are starving to death.40. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To get people to stop killing bats. B. To hire workers for the Fish & Wildlife Department.C. To ask people not to touch dead bats. D. To tell the public how to help bats.第三篇 B

53、etter Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More LightSolar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they havent been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. Thats because they operate at low temperatu

54、res to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isnt a very efficient way to gather heat.Thats a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And its also

55、a space problem： photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of s

56、ilicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queens University, Canada.Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon， but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film sili

57、con. They dont create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.“That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer ar