跨文化交際1PPT學(xué)習(xí)教案

1、會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1 跨文化交際跨文化交際1 1) Address The forms of address in every language reflect social status of the speaker, of the addressee, or of the relationship between them. Without knowing the correct form of address, a person could not even start a conversation or might often put oneself at the risk of causing

2、misunderstanding. 第1頁/共50頁 For example, a foreigner reports: “People here call me Lao Wai (old foreigner). At first I was quite upset, I looked at myself in the mirror, I wasnt old: Im only in my forties. Later, I found they also called foreign children Lao Wai or Xiao Lao Wai (little old foreigner)

3、, I realized its a general term for any foreigner.” Case 1 第2頁/共50頁 Case 2 After formal introduction, Americans dont like to stick to the formality to be called “Mr., Mrs., Miss” all the time. They prefer the following ways. E.g.: 1. My name is Crawford-James Crawford. Call me James. 2. Dont call me

4、 Mrs. Pullen, just call me Salley. 第3頁/共50頁 English people are more reserved than Americans in address, especially for the old. So its better for us to call them together with the title “Mr., Mrs., Miss, or Ms. Of course, if an English person asks you to call his or her given name directly, just do

5、it. 第4頁/共50頁 In Chinese culture, people respect the old and pay much attention to formality. So in China, respectful addresses are approximately divided into three kinds: 1) surname + profession, (黃老師）黃老師） 2) surname + administrative position, (李主任李主任) 3) surname +Lao, Lao + surname 第5頁/共50頁 In Engl

6、ish, only some professions or positions can be used together with the surname. E.g.: Bishop Gray, Captain Simmonds Dr. Brown, Father White General Clark, Judge Harley President Roosevelt, Prince Charles Queen Mary, Senator Smith 第6頁/共50頁 What should be paid attention is that “Miss” can be used to ad

7、dress female alone. “Mr. or Ms.” is used with ones given name and surname or just surname but not with ones given name alone. “Mrs.” of course is used with the surname of ones husband or the surname of ones husband + the surname of ones own. “Sir or Madam” can be used alone without the given name or

8、 surname. 第7頁/共50頁 Sir Frederick refers to knight or baronet in England. (In such case, Sir is used with given name or given name + surname but not with the surname alone.) There are some special addresses: Mr. Chairman, Mr. President Mr. America, Mrs. America Miss England 第8頁/共50頁 As far as English

9、 and Chinese forms of address are concerned, each has a system of its own due to the different cultures they have derived from. Generally speaking, there are three noticeable differences between Chinese and English address systems which are likely to cause problems for intercultural communication. 第

10、9頁/共50頁 First , a Chinese proper name is arranged in the order of surname plus given name. An English proper name, however, is arranged in reverse order from the Chinese. The English first name (equivalent to the Chinese given name), is a non-kin public address term. 第10頁/共50頁 Second, some Chinese k

11、inship terms have extended and generalized usage, i.e. kinship terms are not only used within ones own family, but also to other people. 第11頁/共50頁 For example, a child may call a policeman 警察叔叔警察叔叔, (police uncle), a young street peddler may address a middle aged female customer as 大姐大姐. Yeye (grand

12、pa), nainai (grandma), shushu (uncle), ayi (aunt), etc can be used to address people who have no familial relation whatever with the addresser. 第12頁/共50頁 This is not the case with the English counterparts. If an American is addressed with “uncle or aunt, grandpa or grandma” , he or she would be at a

13、 loss. Sometimes misunderstanding would occur. Here is an example: Once an American old lady complained: I like Peijing, but I dont like to be called “Grandma”. 第13頁/共50頁 In Western countries, kin terms are seldom used to address known or unknown people. You may use the sentence “ How are you relate

14、d?”, if you want to know the relation of the people. 第14頁/共50頁 We may say that in Chinese culture kin terms are widely used to address known or unknown people, with the appropriate use of kin terms reflecting a persons politeness, respectfulness, and friendliness. 第15頁/共50頁 The third difference is t

15、hat most occupational titles can be used as address terms in Chinese. But their English equivalents are not necessarily used in the same manner. Look at a talk exchange which actually occurred between a Chinese student (C) and an English Teacher (E). 第16頁/共50頁 C: Teacher, how do you do? E: How do yo

16、u do? Where do you teach? C: No, Im not a teacher. Im a student. Here, C was using “teacher” as an address term, which was interpreted by E as a self-introduction. 第17頁/共50頁 The three differences also reveal to some extent that the Chinese system of forms of address has been dominated by status and

17、politeness norms for many years. In contrast, with the gradual rise of democratic egalitarian ideology, solidarity and equality increasingly become prevalent in forms of address in English. 第18頁/共50頁 The implication of this is that an English native person without knowledge of Chinese language and c

18、ulture tends to find it very difficult to cope with the subtlety and complexity of various forms of address to express status or familiarity in China. 第19頁/共50頁 In turn, a Chinese who is accustomed to a subtle and complex system would probably be surprised at the simplicity of English forms of addre

19、ss and often feel “guilty” in using intimate terms such as first name to address his/her partner of higher status because he would never use the equivalent forms in the same cases in China. 第20頁/共50頁 The Japanese society is also a hierarchical society. The language that subordinates use differs from

20、 the language that superiors use. For example, when a manager addresses subordinate men, he will add the suffix kun to the name rather than the respectful san (the equivalent to Mr.). The subordinate will address the superior with the last name and title or title and form san. 第21頁/共50頁 E.g. the bos

21、s will call the employee Tanaka-kun, but Mr. Tanaka will call the boss Ido- kacho (Ido being the name of the boss and kacho meaning section chief). 第22頁/共50頁 In Japan, address reflects ones standing in the group. This is even more emphasized by using a persons title or position plus san rather than

22、the name plus the title. In this situation the boss is not Ido- kacho but kacho-san, not Mulayi- bucho (department head) but bucho- san. 第23頁/共50頁 The hierarchical thinking of Japanese society also is apparent verbally in the way people refer to themselves. In Western cultures people refer to themse

23、lves as I . It does not matter whether a man talks to his parents, spouse , friends, co- workers, or boss. That is different from Japanese culture. 第24頁/共50頁 First of all, it is considered egotistic and impolite to refer to oneself because that draws too much attention to oneself. If at all possible

24、, one should avoid any reference to I. The subject I will become clear in the context. If the speaker does use the personal pronoun, the pronoun changes depending on the relationship of the speaker to the listener. 第25頁/共50頁 The particular word that is used depends on status, gender, age and familia

25、rity. Boys, for example, will use boku for I when talking to each other. A man will use tenae for I when talking to his boss. Young men talking to each other will refer to themselves as ore instead of the formal expression of Wodashi. 第26頁/共50頁 So from the different forms of address in English, Chin

26、ese , and Japanese, we can see clearly their reflection of social status of the speaker, of the addressee, or of the relationship between them. 第27頁/共50頁 2) Greeting and leave-taking People of different cultures have different ways of greeting, and leave-taking. According to R.A. Hudson, the structu

27、re of human interaction consists of three parts: Greeting Business- Farewell. One cant start a business talk or just talk without greeting , and one cant keep on the relationship without bidding farewell at leave-taking. 第28頁/共50頁 The purpose of the greeting is to establish or maintain social contac

28、t, not to transfer information, so in all languages there are a number of formulaic expressions to be use , which vary from culture to culture. There are two points to remember: 1)Greeing is realized differently in various languages. 2)People differ as to what is a greeting and what is not a greetin

29、g. 第29頁/共50頁 Firstly, giving regards to others directly, which is characterized in English. In Chinese culture there are a very similar set of stereotyped structures. Secondly, commenting on something as a means of greeting each other. 第30頁/共50頁 How are you doing? How have you been doing? How are th

30、ings? Hows life? Casual Ways of Greeting in English 第31頁/共50頁 Ask Answer Hi. How are you? Fine. And you? Hi. Hows it going? Pretty good. How about you? Howve you been? Not bad. How about yourself? Hi. How goes it? Everythings OK. How about doing? Hi. How are things? Ok. Cant complain. 第32頁/共50頁 It r

31、aining today, isnt it? Are you sick? You should drink more water and put on more clothes. Whats wrong with you? Mistakes Made by Chinese Students in Greeting 第33頁/共50頁 1.Its raining terribly hard today, isnt it? 2. Lovely day, isnt it? 3. Its extremely cold today, isnt it? 4. Its very windy today, i

32、snt it? 5. Its a bit warmer today, isnt it? 6. That was a violent storm that we had last night, wasnt it? 7. I hope the weather would stay this way. Just comment on weather but not present the fact. 第34頁/共50頁 1.You sound as though youve got a cold. 2. You seem rather tired. Are you O.K? 3. You look

33、a bit pale. Are you feeling all right? 4. I do hope youll be feeling better soon. 5. Take good care of yourself. The ways of showing concerns to the others 第35頁/共50頁 The ways to let the conversation go on On the bus you can say: 1. Excuse me. Does this bus go to the railway station? 2. This buses ar

34、e very crowded nowadays, arent they? 第36頁/共50頁 Find the common topics 1. A: Its nice to meet you. My friend told me about you. Have you lived in Philadelphia long? B: No, only two months. How about you? A: I moved here four years ago from California. B: Oh really! Im from California too 第37頁/共50頁 2.

35、 A: I like your necklace. B: Thanks, I got them in Canada last year. 第38頁/共50頁 Secondly , commenting on something as a means of greeting each other. Commenting on weather is the most often used in English. But when Chinese friends or acquaintances meet on the street, they might greet one another by

36、saying “去哪兒呀？去哪兒呀？” (Where are you going?) Around meal time, a common greeting is “吃過了嗎吃過了嗎?” (Have you had your meal?). 第39頁/共50頁 These greetings, encoded as greeting in Chinese culture, are often decoded in Western culture, as preliminary to a request for information in the first case and to an in

37、vitation to a meal in the latter. 第40頁/共50頁 Thirdly, as indicated earlier, using address forms as greeting, which is unique to Chinese. It consists of all forms of address except personal pronouns, emphasizing other-respect or self-denigration. It may be used alone or followed by utterances to expre

38、ss different attitudes and styles. 第41頁/共50頁 Although English greetings sometimes begin with an address form, there must be some expressions that follow it. For example, they may say “Professor Clark, nice to see you” rather than “Professor Clark” alone. 第42頁/共50頁 Fourthly, using nonverbal forms as greeting. In most countries, people greet each other by shaking hands, bowing or hugging, and t