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1、非謂語動詞 非謂語動詞的句法功能非謂語動詞的句法功能 不不 定定 式式 主主 語語 賓賓 語語 表表 語語 賓賓 補補 定定 語語 狀狀 語語 動動 名名 詞詞 主主 語語 賓賓 語語 表表 語語 定定 語語 分分 詞詞 表表 語語 賓賓 補補 定定 語語 狀狀 語語 一 、不定式 1.主動語態(tài): 一般式: to do (不定式動作發(fā)生在謂語之 后或同時發(fā)生, 通常是非延續(xù)性動詞) 進行式: to be doing(同時發(fā)生、發(fā)生在 同一時間) 完成式: to have done(不定式動作先于 謂語發(fā)生) 完成進行式: to have been doing 2. 被動語態(tài) 一般式:to be
2、 done 完成式: to have been done 3. 否定形式 not/never to do 不定式的用法 1. 作主語 To say something is one thing, to do it is another. To cheat in exams is punishable. 注意:不定式作主語時往往放在句子的后面,而 用it作形式主語 It is the business of the scientist to accumulate knowledge about the universe and all that is in it, and to find, if
3、 he is able, common factors which underlie and account for the facts that he knows. 科學家要做的事就是積累有關宇宙和宇宙 中的一切事物的知識,而且要是可能的話,找 出那些既能構成科學家所知事實的基礎,又 能解釋這些事實的共同因素。(不定式作主 語) 2. 作表語 To do two things at a time is to do neither一次做兩件事等于未做。一次做兩件事等于未做。 To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。(眼百聞不如一見。(眼 見為實)見為實) 注意: 主語中含有do
4、時, 表語中的不定式符號 to可以省略 What he wanted to do was (to) become a skilled worker. seem, appear, prove, turn out(to be) He seems to be ill. = It seems that he is ill. The man turned out (to be) a impostor. = It turned out that the man was an impostor. The writers purpose may be simply to inform,or to make r
5、eaders aware of similarities or differences that interesting and significant in themselves. 作者的目的或許只是想告訴讀者或者讓讀 者意識到(存在于比較對象之間的)很有趣、 值得注意的相似和不同之處。(不定式作表 語) 3. 作賓語 常用不定式作賓語的動詞 agree, seem, appear, offer, happen, wish, hope, pay, expect, long, plan, intend, promise, pretend, decide, afford, manage, cho
6、ose, be said to, would like to等。 形式賓語it 如果不定式作賓語而又跟有不予,這時必須用it作 形式賓語, 而將不定式放到補語后面 Americans do not like to be called materialistic because they feel that this unfairly accuses them of loving only material things and of having no religious values. 美國人不喜歡被稱為物質主義者,因為他們認為指 控他們只重物質利益,沒有宗教價值觀是不公正的。 (不定式作賓
7、語) From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.(選自2004年Text 4 ) 分析: 該句是復合句。says Hofstadter作 插入語,that smells of elitism是修飾 anything的定語從句。 。 譯文: 霍夫斯坦特說,自美國歷史之初, (美國的)民主化和大眾化沖動就驅使著 (美國人)排斥一切精英文化的東西 下列動詞(短
8、語)常接how+ 不定式作 賓語 Discover, explain, find out, wonder I discovered how to solve the problem. 有些動詞可以要求其后的不定式前面加一個有些動詞可以要求其后的不定式前面加一個 連接副(代)詞,一起充當賓語。連接副(代)詞,一起充當賓語。what, when,where,which,how,whether 等,但不可以是等,但不可以是why。 They are considering what to do next. Could you tell me whether to go for a picnic? 你
9、能告訴我是否會去野餐嗎?你能告訴我是否會去野餐嗎? My little sister is learning how to read and write. My mother showed me how to prepare meals. I wonder where to go. 我的小妹妹正在學習如何閱讀和書寫。我的小妹妹正在學習如何閱讀和書寫。 母親向我演示了如何做飯。母親向我演示了如何做飯。 我不知道去哪兒。我不知道去哪兒。 4. 作賓語補足語 在主動語態(tài)中作賓語補足語 I want him to be my assistant. 在被動語態(tài)中作主語的補語 The suspected
10、man was seen to enter the building. 不定式做補語的時候,也同樣表現(xiàn)出自己 的個性:未發(fā)生或發(fā)生的動作。具體在動 賓補結構中,指的是與前面的“動”相比, “補”語的這個動作,是發(fā)生在后面。 下列動詞常跟帶to的不定式作賓補 adviseallowcauseconsider encourage forbid force intendorder permitpersuade remind request requireurge warn ask wish want tell want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, he
11、lp, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 特別注意:特別注意: hope, agree, demand, suggest 等沒有賓補,等沒有賓補, 但可跟但可跟that引出的賓語從句。引出的賓語從句。 跟不帶to的不定式作賓補的詞 使役動詞Have, make, let Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China. 感官性動詞:hear, see, look at, listen to, feel,
12、 observe, watch, notice 四看: see, watch, notice, look at 三使役:Have, make, let 二聽: hear, listen to 一感:feel 在do nothinganythingeverything but(except)結構中。 例如:Last night I did nothing but watch TV昨天晚上,我除了看電視別的什么也 沒有干。 但是,如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing, anything,everything”,那么but(except)所 跟的不定式則仍須帶。 The doctor told h
13、im nothing but to stop smoking醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙,其它什么都 沒有說。 注意:在被動語態(tài)中,作為主補的不定式 要加上to I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road. 動詞help后面作賓補的不定式可省略to,也 可加to。 5. 復合謂語 be said (reported, known)+ 不定式 Shanxi Province is known to have rich coal reserves. seem, happen, appear, prove, tend+不 定式 I happen
14、ed to be out when she called. be likely (certain, sure, willing, anxious, ready, bound, eager, reluctant等)+不定式 She is always ready to help others. 6. 作定語 1)不定式修飾的名詞前有不定式修飾的名詞前有only,last,next, not a, 或形容詞最高級形容時,不定式作后置定或形容詞最高級形容時,不定式作后置定 語語,與其所修飾的名詞通常邏輯上是主謂關與其所修飾的名詞通常邏輯上是主謂關 系。系。 He was the last one t
15、o leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一個離開教室的。昨天他是最后一個離開教室的。 當前面是the first, the second, the last, need, plan, time, chance, right, determination, ability, opportunity(機會), way時,一般用不定式作定語。例如: A) It is time to get up. (該起床了。) B) He didnt have a chance to go to school before liberation.(解放前,他沒有機會去 上學。) 2)不定式與
16、所修飾的名詞邏輯上構成動賓關系時,不定式與所修飾的名詞邏輯上構成動賓關系時, 該不定式后面不能再帶賓語,如果不定式為不及該不定式后面不能再帶賓語,如果不定式為不及 物動詞,則需保留介詞。物動詞,則需保留介詞。 She has a lot of work to do in the morning. 早上他有很多工作要做。早上他有很多工作要做。 I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支筆寫字。(介詞我需要一支筆寫字。(介詞withwith不能省略)不能省略) 3)不定式做定語時一般修飾將要去做的事。不定式做定語時一般修飾將要去做的事。 I worked so late i
17、n the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus. 我?guī)缀鯖]有時間去趕上末班車。我?guī)缀鯖]有時間去趕上末班車。 Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要見那位你要見那位將將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎?從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎? The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. This tendency to escalate a situation into its worst possi
18、ble conclusion is what I called awfulizing, and it can be a key factor in tipping the balance toward illness or health. 核心詞匯:escalate 使逐步上升、升級 awfulize 往壞處想往壞處想When it comes to dealing with the delicate question,we have a tendency toward catastrophizing and awfulizing. 在處理微妙的問題時,我們往往把情況想 像得過分嚴重和糟糕。
19、把一種情況逐漸地想象為最壞的結果,我稱 之為“杞人猶天”,這或許能打破你體內(nèi)平 衡,或使你患病,或使你健康。(不定式作定 語) As never before,the nations of the world demonstrated a willingness to put aside ideological and individual differences to confront a common threat. 世界各國決心要把意識形態(tài)分歧和各自的 不同意見放在一邊而來正視這個共同的威 協(xié),這在以前從來沒有過。(不定式作定語) 8. 作狀語 不定式可充當原因,目的,結果等狀語 原因狀
20、語的詞:happy, glad, relieved, astonished, amazed, overjoyed, surprised, sad等 結果狀語的詞: learn, find, see, hear, to be told, make 目的狀語 A: 為了加強語氣,可以在不定式前加上 in order 或 so as I came in order to listen to the report. B: so as to 不能放在句首 C: in order not to, so as not to 常用來表示 否定的目的 Youd better review your lesson
21、s every day in order not to forget them. 不定式常用的句型不定式常用的句型:tooto do (太而 不能), enough to do(夠就 能), soas to與suchas to的區(qū)別 是:so后一般接形容詞或副詞、可數(shù)名詞 單數(shù)(so + adj.+ a/ an + n.)?!皊uch”后 一般接可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞和可數(shù) 名詞單數(shù)形式(such + a/an + adj. + n.) I dont know him well enough to ask for help. Only to do常表示另人不快的結果 He worked ha
22、rd only to fail. 他的努力卻導 致了失敗。 Only too, all too加不定式不表示否定的 意思 Im only too pleased to help you. To communicate precisely what you want to say,you will frequently need to define key words. 要準確表達想要表達的內(nèi)容,就經(jīng)常需要對 關鍵詞進行釋義。(不定式作狀語) To make calculations manageable even by computers,most of the models suppose
23、either that the oceans are a shallow,motionless swamp or that they dont exist at all. 為了使這些計算甚至可以用普通的計算機 來處理,大多數(shù)模型要么假設海洋是既淺又 靜止的沼澤,要么假設它們根本不存在。 (不定式作狀語) We can have greater confidence in the reality of a healing system that is beautifully designed to meet most of its problems. 我們對下述事實應抱有充分而信心:人體的 健康
24、機制十分精妙,足以應付大部分疾病。 (不定式作狀語) 8. 做插入語 也叫“獨立成分”,其作用相當于狀語 To be fair, he has worked hard these days. To tell you the truth, I have no money with me. 常用作獨立成分的詞: to tell the truth, to make a long story short 長話短說,glad/sorry/sad/needless/ strange to say, to begin/start with, to be sure, to pass to another s
25、ubject, to say nothing of 更不用說(not to speak of, not to mention, let alone), to make things/matters worse, to return to the subject/our muttons 言歸正傳(to take/pick up the thread of the story, to resume the thread of the story/ ones discours) 需要注意的問題 1. 疑問詞+不定式 How to stop polluting rivers is a big prob
26、lem. (主語) As a fresh man of society, the question is how to start work. (表語) I hardly know what to say before you. (賓 語) He thought a lot about how to improve the crop. (介詞的賓語) 2. 不定式的邏輯主語 通常,不定式是指句子主語的行為;如果不定式 所指的是他人的行為,這是它需要有自己的邏輯 主語 for+名詞/代詞賓格+不定式 Its wonderful for us to have received so many gi
27、fts. 這類形容詞有: good, kind, cruel, brave, honest, lazy, selfish, lazy, unselfish, nice, wise, clever, foolish, right, impolite, stupid, wrong, rude, silly, polite, careful, careless等 例句: If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problem
28、s which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. (選自2002年Text 1) 。 Address: vt. 演說;從事;忙于;寫姓名地 址;向致辭;與說話;提出 n. 地址;演講;致辭;說話的技巧;稱呼 Inedible:美美ndbl adj. 不能吃的 分析: 該句是復合句。主句為and連接的兩 個并列句y
29、ou will be in.all of you和itll be appropriate.in ties,第一個定語從句 which you are addressing修飾group,另一 個定語從句which are common to all of you 修飾experiences and problems。 譯文: 如果你是你的聽眾群體中的一員, 你就會了解你們所有人的共同經(jīng)歷和問題 ,你就可以隨心所欲地評論食堂的飯菜難 吃,或是評論領導選領帶的品位極差 不定式的獨立結構 主語+不定式(獨立結構中會重點講解) The plan was that the contending part
30、ies should reach an early agreement on basic principles, the details to be worked out later. 3.不定式的否定 不定式的否定式常在不定式前加否定詞not 例句: But big dams tend not to work as intended. (選自1998年Text 1) 分析: 該句是簡單句。as intended在 句中作狀語,其完整形式為as they are intended,they 指代dams。 譯文: 但是,巨型水壩往往不像設計 的那樣發(fā)揮功效。 例句: They have to
31、be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. (選自2007年Part B) 譯文: 他們必須避免表現(xiàn)出對自己的孩子 感到失望。 不帶to的不定式 口語中,以why開頭的簡略問句中 Why do it that way? Why not go out for a walk? 在had better, would rather(than), wouldrather than, can not but, cant help but, may/might as well等習慣用 法中 主動或被動 在不定式作定語等結構中,當
32、句中出現(xiàn) 的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的執(zhí)行者時, 用主動 I have a meeting to attend. 如果不定式動作的執(zhí)行者不是這種情況, 而是其他,要用被動 Here are the clothes to be washed. There is a lot of work to do today. (for the speaker to do) There is a lot of work to be done today. (for you or others to do) 習慣表達式:用主動表被動的 To blame To let/rent/hire To seek 例句: I
33、 thought the technician was to blame for the blowing of the fuse, but I see now that I was mistaken. (1997年第 17題) 分析: 該句是由but連接的并列復合句。 譯文: 我原以為保險絲熔斷的責任應該歸 咎于那個技術員,但現(xiàn)在我明白我弄錯了 。 例句: The house which is to let for200 a month has been reserved by a foreigner. 譯文: 租金每月200美元的那間房屋已經(jīng)被 一個外國人預訂了。 例句: The desig
34、ners attempted to put forward the best plan, but it is difficult to seek. 譯文: 策劃者試圖得出最好的規(guī)劃,但這 太難了。 不定式的句式 1.下面這些詞組是不定式的習慣用法,只能 用不定式形式。 can not help but do, can not but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative but to do When I consider how talented he is as a painte
35、r, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. 2. There be的非謂語形式 可在句中作主語、的賓語、的狀語和定語 。(其中作賓語和狀語在1991年和1994年測 試過,定語見1996年題10。) The students expected there _ more reviewing classes before the final exams (作賓語如1991年題30) A. is B. being C. have been D. to be 1)作動詞賓語時,通常用there to be
36、結構, 而不用there being。能這樣用的及物動詞 為:expect,like,mean,intend,want, prefer,hate等, They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他們不愿意處處都要排長隊。 We have no objection to there being a meeting here我們并不反對在這里開會。 2)作狀語多用there being結構,但若置于介 詞之后,for用there to be整個介詞短語作程 度狀語,其它多半用there being。 There being nobody else at
37、 hand, I had to do by myself由于附近沒有人,我只得獨 自干了。(原因狀語) There having been no rain for a long time ,the ground was very dry因為好長時間 沒下雨了,地面非常干燥。(原因狀語) 3)作主語時兩種結構都可以,但如是用for 引導則要用there to be。 It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young老人與年青人之間存在著溝通 問題是很常見的。 There being
38、 a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers 幼兒園在校園內(nèi)對女教師十分方便。 4)作定語。 There be結構作定語時,定語 從句中謂語為there be,there之前的關系代 詞常常省略。 This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing這是到南京的最快一班車。 I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people
39、我要充分利用我剩下的歲月盡量 為人民多做些事。 二、動名詞 1.以下動詞和動詞短語后只能接動名詞以下動詞和動詞短語后只能接動名詞: 常用動詞:常用動詞:finish, mind, suggest, keep, enjoy, practice, consider, excuse, miss, escape, resist, allow, permit, imagine, risk, delay, forbid, appreciate, understand 動詞短語:動詞短語:give up, insist on, look forward to, it is (no )good (use, h
40、arm), object to, get down to, devote oneself to, spenddoing, prevent(from), wastedoing, have (no) difficulty (in) doing, keepfrom, stopfrom, stick to 2. 接不定式、動名詞意義不同的動接不定式、動名詞意義不同的動 詞和結構詞和結構: stop to do/stop doing 停下來做停下來做/ 停止做停止做. remember to do/remember doing 記住要去做記住要去做/ 記記 得曾做過得曾做過 forget to do/f
41、orget doing 忘記去做忘記去做/ 忘記曾做過忘記曾做過 try to do/try doing 努力(盡力)做努力(盡力)做/ 試著做試著做 regret to do/regret doing 遺憾地去做遺憾地去做/ 后悔做過后悔做過 mean to do/mean doing 打算做打算做/ 意味著做意味著做 want to do/want doing 想做想做/ 需要被做需要被做 go on to do/go on doing 接著做另一件事接著做另一件事/ 接著做接著做 未做完的同一事未做完的同一事 like to do/like doing 喜歡做喜歡做(非經(jīng)常性)(非經(jīng)常性
42、) / 喜歡做(指習慣,愛好)喜歡做(指習慣,愛好). feel like doing/would like to do 想做想做/(要(要 做做) set about doing/set out to do 開始做開始做 prefer doing/prefer to do 喜歡做喜歡做 prefer + doing to + doing would rather + do than + do 寧愿寧愿而不愿而不愿 prefer to + do rather than + do used to + do 過去經(jīng)常做過去經(jīng)常做 be used to + do 被用來做被用來做 be/get us
43、ed to doing 養(yǎng)成做養(yǎng)成做習慣習慣 cant help (to) + do 不能幫助做不能幫助做 cant help doing 止不住地做止不住地做 cant help but + do 不得不不得不 cannot choose but +do=cannot but do 3. 動名詞的兩個結構動名詞的兩個結構(即否定結構即否定結構 和復合結構)和復合結構) 否定結構否定結構: not +動名詞動名詞; 復合結構:復合結構:代詞賓格(形容詞性物主代詞)代詞賓格(形容詞性物主代詞) + 動名詞動名詞 名詞(名詞所有格)名詞(名詞所有格) 注:該結構置于句首時(作主語),只能用括號中間
44、的結構。作賓語注:該結構置于句首時(作主語),只能用括號中間的結構。作賓語 兩者均可。兩者均可。 例:例:1) They felt sorry for not arriving in time. (沒能及時到達,(沒能及時到達, 他們感到很抱歉。)他們感到很抱歉。) 2) Do you mind my /me opening the window? (我打開窗你介(我打開窗你介 意嗎?)意嗎?) 3) Our going there is allowed. (我們獲準去那里。)(我們獲準去那里。)【注意在句注意在句 首不能用首不能用us】 主動 被動用法 一般式doing b e i n g
45、done 發(fā)生在謂 語后等 完成式 h a v i n g done h a v i n g b e e n done 發(fā)生在謂 語前 4. 動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 5. 動詞動詞need、want、require、deserve后用動名詞的后用動名詞的 主動形式表示被動意義主動形式表示被動意義(= to be + 過去分詞)。 例:The baby wants washing. (= to be washed) 6. 在在worth后用動名詞主動形式,在后用動名詞主動形式,在worthy后用動名詞后用動名詞 被動形式。被動形式。 例:The film is worth seei
46、ng. =The film is worthy of being seen. =The film is worthy to be seen. 7. to后接動詞時,后接動詞時,to是不定式符號,應該是不定式符號,應該 接原形動詞,接原形動詞,to是介詞應要接動名詞是介詞應要接動名詞。這 一點一定要判斷清楚。在“get down to開 始做;look forward to盼望; stick to堅持做;lead to導致; devote oneself to獻身于;to be devoted to 獻身于;pay attention to 注意;object to 反對做 ”中, to都是介詞
47、,其后面應該接動名詞。 8. 介詞后一般接動名詞介詞后一般接動名詞。in doing 在 做過程中;on doing 一就; before doing 在做之前;after doing 在做之后;without doing 沒 做 動名詞的一般用法 1. 作主語(作主語時,謂語動詞要使用單數(shù)形式) Nodding the head means agreement. Seeing is believing. 2. 作表語 His favorite sport is swimming. 比較: She was washing clothes. (過去進行時) Her job was washing
48、 clothes. (動名詞) 3. 作賓語 作動詞的賓語 We would appreciate hearing from you. He admitted taking the key. Acknowledge, avoid, admit, appreciate, complete, confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, envy, fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, miss, mind, postpone, pardon, practice, quit, recall,
49、 resent, resist, risk, suggest, tolerate, understand, advise, celebrate, mention 作介詞的賓語 I am accustomed to working late. I am tired of arguing with you al the time. Be/get used to, pay attention to, look forward to, stick to, be accustomed to, add to, admit to承認, be addicted to, amount to 等于, apply
50、oneself to 致力于,devote to, be devoted to, be equal to, be faithful to, be opposed to, be reduced to陷入, come to談到, get down to開始, object to 注意事項 1. 動名詞的邏輯主語 人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞 my coming 名詞的所有格+動名詞 Johns coming He dislikes working late. (He works late.) He dislikes his wifes working late. (His wife works lat
51、e.) 2. 動名詞做賓語(含介詞賓語時),如果 其邏輯主語是無生命的名詞,一般用普通 格;如果邏輯主語是有生命的名詞,一般 是其所有格;但是在作介詞賓語時,也可 用普通格 參見課本270頁例子 Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof? 3. 動名詞做定語 動名詞表目的,用途 現(xiàn)在分詞表性質,狀態(tài) a sleeping boy a sleeping train Drinking water A drinking horse A running track Running water Working people 勞動人民 A working pla
52、n 一個工作計劃 a waiting car 等客的車 A waiting room 候車室、候診室 A flying bird 飛鳥 Flying time 飛行時間 4. 動名詞還是不定式 作賓語的動名詞更著重一般概念,不定式 更強調具體情況 I like reading novels but I dont like to read this novel. 后接動名詞和不定式意義不同的 5. 體式 動名詞的完成式:having done, 表示動名 詞動作在謂語動詞動作之前發(fā)生 動名詞一般式:being done 表示同時進行 6. 語態(tài) 1.動名詞的被動式為being done, 表示動
53、名 詞的邏輯主語是該動作的承受者 He did it without being asked. We insisted on being given the task. 2.動名詞的完成被動式:having been done His having been elected chairman of the club will be announced soon. 動名詞做主語的句型 1)Doing.+ v. Reading is an art.閱讀是門 藝術。Seeing is believing.眼見為實。 2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great p
54、leasure, a waste of time, a bore.)等名詞 +doing sth. It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。 It is a waste of time trying to explain設法 解釋是浪費時間。 3)It is + useless (nice, good,interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth It is useless speaking.光說沒用。 It is nice seeing you again真高興又遇到 了你。 It is
55、good Playing chess after supper晚 飯后弈棋挺好。 It is expensive running this car開這種小 車是浪費。 4)There is no + doing.(there is no 表“ 不可能”) There is no telling what he is going to do 說出他要干什么是不可能的。 5)There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事 沒用(不好/意義/重要性) There is no use crying over spilt milk牛 奶灑了,哭
56、也無用。 6)have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doing have作有解時,后接情感名詞(in可省略), 再接動名詞。這類詞還有trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time. 例如:We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan我們執(zhí)行計劃有困難。 7)feel like + 名詞 感覺像動名詞 “ 想要” =would like to +原形動詞 Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看 電影嗎? I dont feel like stu
57、dying tonight今晚我不 想讀書。 8) spend/waste time doing sth. They spent a lot time (in) making preparations他們花了許多時間作準備。 9)在require后只能用動名詞,不能用不定 式,盡管表示被動的意思也要用動名詞的 主動形式。 This problem requires studying with great care這個問題需要仔細研究。 10)cannot help doing sth.忍不?。ㄗ鍪裁?) I cannot help laughing, once I see john in th
58、at big trouser. 三 分詞 分詞??急赜浺c歸納分詞??急赜浺c歸納 1. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法區(qū)別現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法區(qū)別。它們的用法主 要是根據(jù)動詞是及物還是不及物來確定,不及物動 詞根據(jù)動作完成的程度,及物動詞根據(jù)語態(tài)來確定。 列表如下: 現(xiàn)在分詞 過去分詞 vi.表示 動作 進行 表示 動作 完成 vt.表示 主動 表示 被動 分 詞 動詞 2. 分詞的兩個結構分詞的兩個結構 否定結構:否定結構:not + 分詞分詞 例如:例如:Not having known his address, I didnt write to him. 復合結構(獨立主格結構)有兩種形
59、式:復合結構(獨立主格結構)有兩種形式: (1)名詞(代詞主格)名詞(代詞主格)+分詞(只作狀語)分詞(只作狀語) (2)with+名詞(代詞賓格)名詞(代詞賓格)+分詞(作狀語或定語)分詞(作狀語或定語) 例:例:1) The days work done, they went home. 他們做完一天的工作就回家了。他們做完一天的工作就回家了。 2) He sat there with his feet pointing to others. 他坐在那兒把腳指向別人。他坐在那兒把腳指向別人。 3. 現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)形式現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)形式,以動詞do為例列表如下: 主動 被動 用法
60、 一般式doing being done(正 在被) 同時/ 后 發(fā)生 完成式H a v i n g done h a v i n g b e e n d o n e (已被) 先發(fā)生 語 態(tài) 時 態(tài) 注:現(xiàn)在分詞完成時態(tài)的被動結構有時等于一個過注:現(xiàn)在分詞完成時態(tài)的被動結構有時等于一個過 去分詞(即去分詞(即having been done = done)。)。 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時態(tài)不能作表語、定語和賓補,只現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時態(tài)不能作表語、定語和賓補,只 放在狀語的位置上。放在狀語的位置上。 現(xiàn)在分詞一般時態(tài)的被動結構(現(xiàn)在分詞一般時態(tài)的被動結構(being + v.-ed) 表示表示“正在被正
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