英語虛擬時態(tài)詳解[竹菊書苑]

1、 虛擬式虛擬式 1 1 向上教學(xué) 虛擬式虛擬式 be-be-型虛擬式型虛擬式 were-were-型虛擬式型虛擬式 假設(shè)表示法綜述假設(shè)表示法綜述 用于表示命令、用于表示命令、決決定、建定、建議議、等、等詞詞 語語后的后的that分句中分句中 用于由if，though，whatever， lest，so long as等引導(dǎo)的分句中 用于某些公式化語句中 用于某些狀語分句中用于某些狀語分句中 用于某些名詞性分句中用于某些名詞性分句中 1.用動詞的過去形式表示假設(shè)意義 2.用情態(tài)動詞過去式表示假設(shè)意義 2 2 向上教學(xué) BE-型虛擬擬式 3 3 向上教學(xué) 用于表示命令、用于表示命令、決決定、建定、

2、建議議、等、等詞語詞語后的后的THAT分句中分句中 a .用在,demand,suggest， decide，prefer，vote等動詞 后that分句中。 Conggress has decided/voted that the present law be maintained. I prefer Mary to type the letters. I prefer that Mary type the letters. lb.用在advisable，appropriate，desirable，essential， obligatory，proper,imperative等形容詞之后th

3、at分句中。 It is essential the all the facts be examined first. c .用在decision，decree，demand，instruction， resolution等名詞后的that 分句中。 The board has given instructions that the agent fly to Boston. 4 4 向上教學(xué) 在這一用法中be-型虛擬式能與should+不 定式，to-不定式交替使用。 He order that the books be sent at once =He order that the book

4、s should be sent at once =He order that the books to be sent at once 5 5 向上教學(xué) 用于由if，though，whatever，lest，so long as等 引導(dǎo)的分句中表示推測、讓步、防備等含義。 If he be found guilty ,John shall have the right of appeal . 上述用法現(xiàn)在只適用于正式書面語體，在非正式語體中通常 用動詞陳述式或者用should或may+不定式。如： If the rumor be true，everything is possible。 If

5、 the rumor is true，everything is possible。 Whatever be his defense,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty. Whatever his defense may be,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty. 6 6 向上教學(xué) 用于某些公式化語句中 Be-型虛擬式用于某些公式化語句中可表示祝愿、詛咒、禁 止的意思。 Long live the peoples Republic of China！ Far be it from meFar be it from me(我極不

6、愿) to spoil the fun 。 He will remain here if need be . 練習(xí)中修改句子 the ambassador will stay there if necessary . the ambassador will stay there if need be . . It suffices to say that the open policy will remain unchanged. Suffice it to say that the open policy will remain unchanged. (只需說什么就夠了) Home is h

7、ome ,be it ever so homely. ? 7 7 向上教學(xué) were-were-型虛擬式型虛擬式 8 8 向上教學(xué) 1.1.用于某些狀語分句中（用于某些狀語分句中（if if，if onlyif only，as if ,as though,though as if ,as though,though 引引 導(dǎo)的）導(dǎo)的） If I were you ，I should wait till next week. 2.2.用于某些名詞性分句中用于某些名詞性分句中 常用于wish,would rather,suppose,imagine之后的that-分句 中 表示一種臆想的情況（通常

8、是不可能發(fā)生的） Suppose the earth were flat。 在第一、三人稱單數(shù)主語后可為was 所取代 If it was to rain，the game would be put off. 但是，在但是，在If I wereIf I were you 這一分句中，通常傾向用were，而不用 was。在某些倒裝句中只用were。 Were I to do it,I should rely on you. He is my best friend,my second self ,as it were .（好像，宛如） 現(xiàn)代英語中，許多改用虛擬式的地方常為陳述式所取代。 Imag

9、ine you are the salesman for Francos product. 9 9 向上教學(xué) 假設(shè)表示法綜述假設(shè)表示法綜述 1010 向上教學(xué) 1.用動詞的過去形式表示假設(shè)意義 a)It is time （that）. It is time we went to bed. b)I would rather/sooner(that)you/he/they. Id rather he told me the truth. c)if only . If only I knew her address. 1111 向上教學(xué) d)he behaves as if /as though.

10、They are staring at me as if I was /crazy. 在as if /as though結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞形式通常決定說話人的 意圖。比較： I feel as if I was /were going to faint.(我感覺我好像要暈倒了) I feel as if I am going to faint.(我感覺我（真的）要暈倒了) 這就是說，在某些語境中，如果不表示假設(shè)意義，就不 必用過去式形式。如： The apple tatses as if it is sour. 1212 向上教學(xué) e)I wish (that) 1.與過去相反的主觀愿望 I wis

11、h I hadnt said that . 2.與現(xiàn)在相反 I wish you were coming with me,Peter. 3.表示對將來的主觀愿望，通常用情態(tài)助動詞的過去式形式。 I wish you wouldnt smoke in public places . I hope (that)也表希望，但并不表示假設(shè)，隨后的動詞形式 除表示委婉口氣外，很少用過去式。 I hope you are coming to our party. I hope the weather would be favourable.? 1313 向上教學(xué) 2.用情態(tài)動詞過去式表示假設(shè)意義 a)用于

12、條件句 If I were you,I would not miss this opptunity If you should change your mind, do let me know. ? ? 這里的should是什么意思、作用。表如果?if 不是這個意思了么？或僅是修飾 b)用于含蓄條件句 But for your help, I couldnt have achieved anything. Anyone who should violate the law would be punished .（同第一個should） 用于其他語境，表驚訝，意外 To think that h

13、e would marry such a nasty woman. 1414 向上教學(xué) 含蓄條件句含蓄條件句 提到條件句，人們一般會想到if引導(dǎo)的條件句，而英語中某些假設(shè)的條件句不是通過if從句 表達(dá)出來，而是包含在某些短語短語、上下文或其他方式中，其謂語也常用虛擬語氣，我們稱 此種結(jié)構(gòu)為含蓄條件句含蓄條件句。 “But without the impressionists, many of these painting styles would not exist.” 這里假設(shè)的條件沒有通過條件從句表達(dá)出來，而是隱含在without介詞短語中，故名含蓄條件 句。 . It would be

14、only partly right to follow in this way. 如果用這種方式，僅僅對了一半。 （動詞不定式暗示了條件） . Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident. 要是及時得知的話，我們也許能阻止這場事故。 （-ing 分詞做條件狀語，暗示條件：If we had kown in time） . Given more attention, the tree could have grown better. 如果多留心的話，這樹本來可以長的更好。 (-ed 分詞做條件狀語，暗示: If the t

15、ree had been given more attention) .I was too busy at that time, otherwise, I would have called you. 我當(dāng)時太忙，否則我就給你打電話了。 （副詞otherwise暗示條件） 由此可知，在特定的上下文或一目了然的情況下，if條件句可以省略，或使用介詞短語、 副詞或非謂語動詞等形式來代替if條件句，這種虛擬語氣表達(dá)形式叫做含蓄條件句。 1515 向上教學(xué) IT 句型！ 1616 向上教學(xué) “虛義虛義”it it：常用于沒有具體意義的主語，：常用于沒有具體意義的主語， 出現(xiàn)于表示氣候、天氣溫度、時間、

16、地點、距離等意義 的句子中。 It is very warm and wet in south china these days. 表示一般的籠統(tǒng)的情況 It was dull when Mary was away. 常見于下列結(jié)構(gòu) It looks as if the college is very small . It seems as though our planll be perfect. Its my turn. 習(xí)慣用語中 You will catch it （=will be scolded ）for breaking the glasses. Hop it (=go away

17、 ).you are in the way here.等 1717 向上教學(xué) “先行”IT its illegal to drive without a license. 后置的真正主語可以取代先行it的位置，而出現(xiàn)句首。 To drive without a license is illegal. 1818 向上教學(xué) 分裂句分裂句：分裂句是以it為引導(dǎo)詞的強調(diào)句。 It was a parcel that she brought . 說話人還可根據(jù)上下文和語義意圖分別強調(diào)主語、間接賓語、直接賓語。 分裂句的謂語動詞be還可以采取復(fù)雜形式。 It may have been at Christ

18、mas that john gave Mary a handbag. 分裂句可以強調(diào)多種狀語成分。如時間、地點、方式、由because引導(dǎo)的 原因狀語等。 It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang. 單一方式副詞通常不做分裂句中心成分 It was very reluctantly that she agreed to agree to help。 主語補語通常不被強調(diào)，但是賓語補語可以 It is beautiful that she is. It is chairman of the committee t

19、hat he is . It is chairman of the committee that they selected him. 1919 向上教學(xué) 假分裂句假分裂句 一般分裂句是不可以用謂語動詞作中心成分用謂語動詞作中心成分的，可采用假分裂 句。 I gave her a book-what I did was (to) gave her a book. What-分句中主動詞do 以-ing分詞形式出現(xiàn) What he will be doing is taking a place to Beijin. What-分句中主動詞do是個-ed分詞 What he has done is

20、 to give/ give /given her a birthday present. 可采用其他形式，what-分句+be+名詞詞組 What he gave her was a handbag . 名詞詞組+be+what-分句 A handbag was what he gave her. 2020 向上教學(xué) 其他注意點 分裂句中的that與who在非正式文體中可以省略，如： It was the President himself spoke to me. （省去從 句主語who） 有時還可省去句首的it is，如： A good, honest trade you are lea

21、rning, Sir Peter! 彼得爵士，你學(xué)得是一種很好而誠實的一行啊！ 分裂句中的被強調(diào)部分有時可放在句首，如： Now was it that his life was done, and the fate which he could not escape was upon him. 就在這時，他的生命完結(jié)了，他所逃不脫的命運降臨了。 When was it that he arrived at the village? 是何時他到達(dá)了這個村子？ Why was it that he was late for school? 他是為什么上學(xué)遲到的？ 2121 向上教學(xué) 1分裂句引導(dǎo)

22、詞it與先行詞it的區(qū)別： It is surprising that Mary should have won the first place. 瑪麗本應(yīng)獲 得第一名，真令人吃驚！（先行詞it） It is Mary that has won the first place. 是瑪麗獲得了第一名。（分裂句 引導(dǎo)詞it） 2虛義it與分裂句引導(dǎo)詞it的區(qū)別： It was three oclock in the morning when his father came back. （虛義it指時間） 他父親回來時是凌晨3點。 It was at three oclock in the morn

23、ing that his father came back. （分 裂句引導(dǎo)詞it） 他父親是在凌晨3點回來的。 3分裂句中that/who- 從句與that/who引導(dǎo)的定語從句之區(qū)別。 比較： It is money that is most needed.（分裂句中的that-從句） 最需要的是錢。 This is the money that is most needed.（that引導(dǎo)定語從句） 這就是最需 要的錢。 區(qū)別方法區(qū)別方法：如將句型It is/was that結(jié)構(gòu)去掉，而句子能還原成普通陳述 句，則該句是分裂句，否則不是。 2222 向上教學(xué) 題目中易錯的 Let it

24、be understood that both sides are willing to reach an agrement. Be it undersood that .?.? If i _（feel)overtired，i wouldnt go on. were feeling _(be)that as it may be,our expenditure is bound to increase. be If it _(rain)tomorrow, the match would be postponed. were to rain Suppose he _(see)us! were to see I proposed he _(excuse). be excused I move the meeting_(adjourn). be adjourned 2323 向上教學(xué) 存在疑問 我們常說的“虛擬”包括：與（過去、現(xiàn)在）事實相反、 對將來的推測兩種情況，為何不能說與將來相反呢？ 這是個邏輯問題，“將來”還沒有成為事實，怎能 與之相反？過去我20幾歲，現(xiàn)在我30幾歲，都可以與此 相反，如果我那時是40歲，如果我現(xiàn)在是5歲。但將來